• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.979-989
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate the usage and perception jochung Self-administered questionnaires were collected from 445 living residents in the Daegu and Gyeongbuk areas. When purchasing jochung, respondents answered that they considered both health and taste. Recognition rate scores for jochung were in the order of 'brown rice', 'balloon flower', 'plum', and 'corn'. On the other hand, recognition rate scores for 'purple radish', 'sword bean', and 'sasa quelpaertensis' were very low. Preference and intake levels of jochung were in the order of 'plum', 'corn', 'sorghum', 'strawberry' and 'balloon flower'. On the other hand, preferences for 'purple radish', 'sword bean', and 'Hovenia dulcis' were very low. Reasons for eating jochung as a sweetener were identified as due to 'family, friend, or neighbor' (40.1%) and 'for health' (39.2%), and 54.6% ate it once or twice per week. Consumers showed low preference for different jochung used as sweeteners, and did not exactly recognize the characteristics of various jochung. Furthermore, 70.8% replied "increasing" prospects for jochung consumption. To increase consumption of jochung, there is a need for greater hygiene and safety with regards to jochung products as well as variations and improvements in quality.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.203-207
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• 2015

The majority of food drying processes are based on the use of thermal energy. However, such methods may deteriorate the quality of the final product. Freeze-drying is one of the most useful processes for drying thermosensitive substances. Food that contains beneficial bacteria, for example, is susceptible to heat treatment, but during freeze-drying beneficial bacteria are preserved in these food items. The primary goals of this study were to develop yogurt snacks and to compare the viability of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in yogurt snacks under different freeze-drying temperatures. In addition, the survival of LAB during storage was investigated. Survival of LAB in freeze-dried yogurt snacks gradually decreased over 16 weeks of storage. LAB had a residual viability of 25.5% after 16 weeks of storage at room temperature. LAB survived better in freeze-dried plain yogurt snacks than in freeze-dried strawberry yogurt snacks during storage. Freeze-dried yogurt snacks contained 11.9% fat, 57.1% carbohydrate, and 18.7% protein. In conclusion, the viability of LAB in freeze-dried yogurt snacks depends on the temperature during freeze-drying: the higher the freeze-drying temperature, the lower the viability of LAB in yogurt snacks. The viability of LAB in yogurt snacks was also dependent on the moisture content and nutritional value.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.262-266
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• 2009

Antifungal activity of seven natural antimicrobials, such as $\varepsilon$-polylysine, extract of Yucca shidigera, TLS (vitamin B1 derivative), BMB-FS, chitooligosaccharide, KDSP 001, and KDSP 002 were investigated for their applications in functional beverage. Five fungi including Aspergillus niger, Penicillium citrinum, Rhizopus oryzae, Fusarium moniliforme, and Mucor rouxii were applied as test fungi and mininum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antimicrobials were examined. TLS exhibited the strongst antifungal activity among tested antimicrobials and the growth of all fungi was inhibited at 100 ppm. The antifungal activity of BMB-FS appeared different. The growth of Fusarium moniliforme was inhibited by BMB-FS at 100 ppm, but it exhibit antifungal activity on P. citrinum, and M. rouxii at 1000ppm. MICs of TLS appeared to be 60 ppm for four test fungi except A. niger (100 ppm). These results indicate the possible usage of TLS and BMB-FS as natural antimicrobials in functional beverage.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.189-197
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• 2007

Low glycemic index (GI) foods have been reported to be very important in the control of blood glucose levels in diseases such as diabetes mellitus and obesity, which are becoming more prevalent in Korea. Bread consumption at breakfast and as a snack is also on the rise. To provide low GI alternatives, breads supplemented with dietary fibers-fructooligosaccharide (FOS), ground whole rye, and 2 types of resistance starch (RS2 and RS4)-were developed. The GIs for these breads were evaluated with 13 healthy college students (M6, F7) and sensory tests were done. Four kinds of breads were made through the modification of a basic recipe for white bread (the control, B) as follows: for Bf, the entire amount of sugar was replaced with FOS. For Ryef, 50% of the white wheat flower was replaced with roughly ground wholerye (20 mesh: 12-20 mesh = 1 : 3) in addition to replacing sugar with FOS. For RS2f and RS4f, 20% of the white wheat flower was replaced with RS2 or RS4, in addition to replacing sugar with FOS. The overall preference score of Bf was similar to that of B, while those of Ryef, RS2f and RS4f were lower than that of B, but showed the acceptable degree of the overall preference. The glycemic indices of Ryef and RS2f were 46.1 and 45.9 respectively, which were significantly lower than the GI of B, 67.8. The GIs of Bf and RS4f were, however, 66.7 and 80.5 respectively, showing no significant difference compared to B. The glycemic loads for a 30 g serving were 9.5, 5.9, 6.2, 11.0 and 9.0 for B, Bf, Ryef, RS2f and RS4f, respectively. In conclusion, addition of RS2 or roughly ground whole rye to the dough formula significantly lowered the GI. Since the preferences shown for those two breads were acceptable, they may be recommended as a substitute for white bread fir persons who need blood glucose management. More studies on the bread making process are required to improve preference and acceptance. Although GI lowering effects for F and RS4 were not found in this study, further studies are needed to verify their effects.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.829-834
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• 2015

To decrease excessive sugar intake, and increase vegetable and calcium intake, we manufactured sugar free fruit-vegetable jam containing calcium and fructo-oligosaccharide to substitute for sucrose. We evaluated jam for physico-chemical and sensory properties. When the amount of apple was replaced with the amount of kale, $^{\circ}brix$ decreased, whereas there were no significant changes in pH. As the amount of kale increased, lightness and yellowness increased. However redness did not show trend to increase or decrease. In the texture profile analysis, hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess and chewiness significantly decreased with increased amount of kale, but adhesiveness gradually increased. The sensory parameters including taste, flavor, color, spreadability and overall acceptance of jam added 10.0~12.0% amount of kale were the highest acceptance. As the amount of kale added in the jam, sensory properties decreased. In general, when sugar free fruit-vegetable jam was manufactured, apple and kale ratio of 3:1 or 4:1 was considered appropriate.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.1685-1688
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• 2004

This study mechanically measured physical properties of jelly made by adding kappa carrageenan and agar-agar to the sipjeondaebo extract, varying the addition ratio. The sipjeondaebo extract used in the study showed 4.95 pH, 7.0 Brix$^{\circ}$, and high turbidity of more than 3.0 NTU. The sugar content was fixed at 25.2 Brix$^{\circ}$ when isomaltooligosaccharide was added in a 25-percent concentration. When the jelly was mechanically measured after it became hard in the refrigerator, the measurement results did not show any significant difference in cohesiveness between different addition ratios of agar-agar to kappa carrageenan. In the measurement of chewiness and gumminess, the jelly show a significantly decreasing tendency in both the two properties as the increase in the addition rate of agar-agar was made. Hardness was also measured lower as the more addition of agar-agar was made, and its the highest level was shown when there was the addition of kappa carrageenan only. Springiness was the highest when the ratio of kappa carrageenan to agar-agar was 0.7%:0.3%, while it was measured the lowest when agar-agar was added in a 1.0% concentration. In the measurement of the jelly's physical properties, the results showed the highest level of appearance when the ratio of kappa carrageenan to agar-agar was 0.7% but indicated that there was no significant difference in flavor. The overall Quality was evaluated to maintain the highest level at the kappa carrageenan to agar-agar ratio of 0.7%:0.3%, followed by a 0.5%:0.5% addition ratio.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.438-444
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• 2015

The aim of this research was to apply a HACCP system (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) to fermented milk. The main ingredients of fermented milk, work facilities and workers were obtained from a company named YD, which is located in Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si between November 5 2013 to April 13, 2014. A manufacturing process chart was prepared by referring to the manufacturing process of fermented milk manufacturers in common. The manufacturing process chart was made with raw materials; Raw milk, High Fructose Corn Syrup, Oligosaccharides, Lactic Acid bacteria and Subsidiary ingredients, Warehousing of packaging materials, Storage, Input, Preheating, Mixing, Homogeneity, Sterilization, Precooling, Culture, Filtration, In packaging, Out packaging, Storage, and Consignment, as listed Table 1. The results of the microbiological hazard analysis on the raw materials was safe after sterilization($90^{\circ}C{\pm}5^{\circ}C$, $35{\pm}3min.$) On the other hand,a microorganism test of an environment and workers suggested that the microbiological hazard should be reduced through systematic cleaning and disinfection accompanied by improved personal hygiene based on hygienic education on workers and the management of microorganisms in air.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.105-110
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• 1993

Inulin fructotransferase from Enterobacter sp. S45 was purified with DEAE-cellulose column chromatography and fast protein liquid chromatography. The purified enzyme gave a single band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight was estimated to be 42,800 by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The optimal pH and temperature for the enzyme reaction were pH 5.5 and $55^{\circ}C$, respectively. $Mg^{2+}$ activated the enzyme activity, but $Fe^{3+}$, $Cu^{2+}$, $Hg^{2+}$ significantly inhibited. After exhaustive digestion of inulin by the enzyme, DFA III, sucrose, 1-kestose and nystose were produced. Sucrose, 1-kestose, raffinose and melezitose can't be used as substrates by the enzyme, but nystose and 1-F-fructofuranosyl nystose were hydrolysed. The Km and Vmax for inulin of the enzyme were 1.4 mM and $0.196\;{\mu}mole/min$, respectively.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.218-222
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• 1999

The effects of storage temperature, moisture content and the concentration of additives, such as sucrose fatty acid ester(SE), isomaltooligosaccharide(IO) and glycerin(GL), on texture properties, hardness(HA), cohesiveness(CO) and chewiness(CH) of Baikseolgi after 7 days storage were analyzed by response surface methodology(RSM). The contour values of HA of SE added Baikseolgi at 20, 50 and $80^{\circ}C$ of storage temperate were $1500{\sim}3200,\;500{\sim}1300$ and $100{\sim}400\;g_f$, respectively. The HA of IO or GL added Baikseolgi decreased with increased storage temperature, moisture content and additive concentration. The storage temperature was the most significant factor affecting the HA of Baikseolgi. However, the second and third significant factors were moisture content and additive concentration, respectively. These results imply that the control of storage temperature is the most effective method to increase the storage stability of Baikseolgi. The CO of IO or GL added Baikseolgi was increased by the change of strage temperature from $20{\circ}\;to\;50{\circ}$. While, there was no significant difference between $50{\circ}\;and\;80{\circ}$ of storage temperature. The CO of IO or GL added Baikseolgi was maximized around 40% of moisture content and that of GL added Baikseolgi was minimized around 0.5% of GL concentration. The storage temperature, additive concentration and moisture content were the first, second and third affacing factors on the CO of Baikseolgi, respectively. The CH of Baikeolgi was decreased by increasing storage temperature, moisture content and additive concentration. The storage temperature, moisture content and additive concentration were the first, second and third affacting factors on the CH of Baikseolgi, respectively.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.367-375
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• 2003

The puree of Rubus coreanus was fermented using lactic acid bacteria and its biological activities were examined. Lactobacillus acidophilus KCCM 32820, L. casei KCCM 12452, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis KCCM 40104, and Streptococcus thermophilus KCCM 40430 were used as a single or mixed starter for the lactic acid fermentation, and their cultures at the late logarithmic growth phase were inoculated to final concentration of 2% (v/v). L. casei fermented the puree of Rubus coreanus best when used as a single starter, and the culture of L. casei and L. lactis with the inoculation ratio of one to one showed the highest fermentation activity when used as a mixed starter. However, the fermented broth of the puree of Rubus coreanus using L. acidophilus and S. thermophilus showed the best results in the sensory evaluation. The optimal lactic acid fermentation conditions were as follows; the concentration of oligosaccharide added was 1% (w/v), pH of puree and fermentation temperature were 4.0 and $37^{\circ}C$, respectively, and fermentation time was $72{\sim}96$ hours. Glucose and fructose were major free sugars, and the content of lactic acid was 698.2 mg/100 g in the fermented broth. The fermented broth of the puree of Rubus coreanus showed the electron donating ability and nitrite scavenging ability with the value of 69% and 38.3% at pH 1.2, respectively. SOD-like activity and inhibitory activity on xanthine oxidase were also found in the fermented broth with the value of 60.3% and 41.8%, respectively. When the antimicrobial activities of the fermented broth were examined, it showed the highest growth inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli O-157:H7, and also contained antimicrobial activities against Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus.