• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.26-33
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• 1998

This experiment was conducted to classify the plant species occurring in the saline reclaimed land by saline tolerance. The vegetation of reclaimed land was composed of various plant species from halophyte to glycophyte showing different saline tolerances. In the investigated saline region, reclaimed land of Youngjong island, Inchun city, 175 species belonging to 32 families were found. Our survey was carried out in two region, having different salinity due to different desalinization. The electricalconductivity (EC) of more saline region showed 48.0mS/cm nd the other region showed 13.0mS/cm. It is assumed that intensity of precipitation and runoff of rainfall may cause salinity gradient in the investigated region. The plant species occurred in the experimental region were classified as 72 species of annual, 42 species of biennial, and 61 species of perennial according to life cycle. For knowing relationship between vegetation of saline region and saline tolerance of occurring species, we tested the saline susceptibility of plant species collected at the saline regions. Testing plants were cultured by nutrient solution containing 200 mM NaCl, the critical concentration of survival in glycophytes. The saline tolerance was graded by the growing capacity in the sand-culture system. The more saline-tolerant species screened by sand culture were Atriplex gmelini, Suaeda asparagoides, Aster tripolium, Suaeda maritima, Salicornia herbacea, and Suaeda japonica. The most saline tolerant family was Chenopodiaceae. Poaceae, Cyperaceae, and Brassicaceae showed relatively high tolerance to saline stress. In the course of growth under the high saline condition, the most noticeable change was the darkening of leaves by increasing of chlorophyll content. The chlorophyll contents were increased with saline stress in most species.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.35-44
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• 2009

This study was carried out to examine the growth performance of 4 species of cool-season grasses and 4 species of zoysiagrasses under salt injury in Seo-san reclaimed area. Grasses were grown on the plots with capillary water interruption layer (WCWIL) and without capillary water interruption layer (WOCWIL) soil systems. Cool-season grass and seeding-type zoysiagrass plots were seeded on 6 Jun, 2006. Vegetative zoysiagrass 'Junggi' was established by sprigging and 'Senock' and 'Millock' were plugged. Electric conductivities of irrigation water (ECw) ranged from 0.28 to $3.3\;dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. Electric conductivities (ECe) of the soil with capillary water interruption layer and without capillary water interruption layer ranged from 0.55 to $9.4\;dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ and from 1.84 to $9.4\;dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ respectively. Leaf color, turf quality, coverage rates, and growth rates were rated visually for 2 years. Zoysiagrass 'Junggi', creeping bentgrass, zoysiagrass 'Senock' and 'Millock' showed acceptable growth at salty fairway condition, while Kentucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass, Kentucky bluegrass mixed with perennial ryegrass, and seeded zoysiagrass 'Zenith' showed establishment rates below 70%. These results will be useful when choosing turf grass species and cultivars for the golf courses in reclaimed land area.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.279-282
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• 2017

Chloride is known as the most important anion in salt-affected soils. We observed the degree of EC change upon AgCl precipitation was quantitatively related with the chloride concentration. Method validation and intercomparison with ion chromatography revealed the proposed method can provide rapid and moderately precise chloride concentrations in salt-affected soils.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.79-88
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to obtain information on rates and salinity levels of irrigation for growth of Kentucky bluegrass by minimizing the hazard of salt accumulation in the sand based growing medium. Root zone profile consists of 20 cm sand based top soil, 20 cm of coarse sand as layer to interrupt capillary rise and 10 cm of reclaimed paddy soil as a base of the root zone profile. Topsoil was a mixture of dredged sand and peat with a ratio of 95%: 5% by volume. The columns were soaked into 5 cm depth saline water reservoir with salinity level of 3-5 $dSm^{-1}$. Salinity levels of irrigation water were 0, 2 and 3 $dSm^{-1}$. Irrigation rates were 3.8, 5.7 and 7.6 mm $day^{-1}$ which were equivalent to 70%, 100% and 130% of average ET (evapotranspiration) rate of Kentucky bluegrass, and irrigation interval was 3 days. Salt accumulation was due to irrigated water and moved up water from shallow water base. At the end of second year, the accumulation of salt in the rootzone showed ECc of3.86, 4.7 and 5.1 $dSm^{-1}$, and SAR of 19.2, 23.9 and 27.5 when the salinities were 0, 2 and 3 dS $m^{-1}$, respectively. Irrigation rates of 100% and 130% of ET rate with saline water did not decrease ECe and SAR in growing media. The growth of KEG was influenced by irrigation rate in the $1^{st}$ year, however, salinity level was more critical in the $2^{nd}$ year. Compared to non-saline water, saline water of 2 and 3 dS $m^{-1}$ resulted in decreased visual quality by 3.2% and 16.5%, by 6.4% and 39.3% in clipping weight, and by 5.5% and 5.0% in root mass, respectively.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.208-216
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to find soil-amendment materials those support the growth of Kentucky bluegrass and reduce salt accumulation at the sand based growing media in saline conditions. Rootzone profile in columns consisted of 20 cm of top soil, 20 cm coarse sand as capillary rise interruption layer and 10 cm reclaimed paddy soil as the base of the profile. Top soils were mixtures of dredged sand (DS) and amendment with compositions of 90% sand + 10% peat moss (SP), 80% sand + 10% soil + 10% bottom ash (SSoBa), 80% sand + 20% soil (SSo), 90% sand + 5% peat + 5% zeolite (SPZ), and 80% sand + 20% bottom ash (SBa). The top soil mixtures of DS and amendments were treated with and without gypsum (Gp). The columns were soaked into 5 cm depth saline water reservoir with the salinity level of $3-5dSm^{-1}$. Irrigation of $2dSm^{-1}$ saline water with rate of $5.7mm\;day^{-1}$ was applied by 3 day interval. Application of zeolite decreased SAR, application of gypsum decreased ECe of the sand amended by peat + zeolite and decreased the SAR of sand amended by bottom ash. The SP and SSoGp resulted in higher clipping dry weight of Kentucky bluegrass. The SSoGp and SPZGp showed longer root lengths. The SP and SBaGp showed higher visual quality. Addition of gypsum to soil and bottom ash treatments resulted in the increased shoot growth, whereas additional gypsum to the treatments of peat, soil and zeolite increased the root growth of Kentucky bluegrass.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.717-721
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• 2011

In case of plastic film greenhouses cultivating fresh vegetables on paddy soil, soil characteristics must be considered as more important factor than any other factors. Generally after the four years of cultivation, soils tend to increase electrical conductivity value, nutrient unbalance and soil pests. As a result, degradation of agricultural products occurred, therefore it is necessary to improve soil conditions. In this study, yield and economic cost of cucumber were analyzed. The best soil conditions for cucumber cultivation were alluvial or valley in soil topology, moderately or poorly drainage in soil drainage classes, coarse loamy soil in texture. In addition, rich-sunlight and-deep groundwater would be proper for the cucumber cultivation. Good environmental managements of plastic film greenhouse were as follows. The temperature needed to be adjusted three times. The optimal daytime temperature could be $22{\sim}28^{\circ}C$, the one from 12 until night could be $14{\sim}15^{\circ}C$, and the temperature from 24 to sunrise could be $10{\sim}12^{\circ}C$. During plant growth period, soil moisture content was as low as 10~15%, and it needed to be maintained as 15~20% during reproductive growth period. To control pests, catch crop cultivation and solar treatment were carried out, after those EC was reduced and the root-knot nematode was controled too. Cucumber yield from the plot with improved soil managements increased to $158.4Mg\;ha^{-1}$, but plot with successive cropping injury yielded $140.3Mg\;ha^{-1}$. The income from the plot with improved soil managements was 215,676 thousand won $ha^{-1}$, the plot with successive cropping injury was 131,649 thousand won $ha^{-1}$. Income rate of each plot was 51.8% and 38.4%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.209-221
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• 2010

This study was carried out to apply basic data of the native trees for planting in the salinity area by the vegetation ecological selection. Which focused on native woody species to the tolerances of saline soil and salt spray drift on the coastal forests in the West-Sea, Korea. The soil salinity($EC_{1:5}$) was 0.11dS$m^{-1}$, ranging of 0.00dS$m^{-1}$~0.68dS$m^{-1}$. The soil salinity was gradually decreasing from Belt I to Belt Ⅳ except the Belt I in some coastal windbreaks. The order of decreasing soil salinity was Belt I>Belt II>Belt III>Belt Ⅳ and the soil salinity was $EC_{1:5}$ 0.14dS$m^{-1}$, 0.11dS$m^{-1}$, 0.10dS$m^{-1}$, and 0.08dS$m^{-1}$, respectively. The total 181 taxa consisted of 52 families, 104 genus, 157 species, and 24 varieties were recorded as the trees tolerating to both soil salinity and salt spray drift. The trees emerged in the highest degree of salinity($EC_{1:5}$ 0.51dS$m^{-1}$) was nothing but appearanced Pinus thunbergii Parl., Smilax china L., Quercus dentata Thunb. ex Murray, Quercus serrata Thunb. ex Murray and so on at the level of singular and ideal value. The emerged trees in the high salinity of $EC_{1:5}$0.41dS$m^{-1}$~0.50dS$m^{-1}$ were Albizia kalkora Prain, Melia azedarach L., Paederia scandens (Lour.) Merr. var. scandens These species were trees of tolerance to saline soil. The emerged woody species in all belts were Pinus rigida Mill., Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc., Pinus thunbergii Parl., Juniperus rigida Siebold & Zucc. and so on. The woody species with high important value(I.V.) were Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc., Pinus thunbergii Parl., Pseudosasa japonica (Siebold & Zucc. ex Steud.) Makino, Smilax china L., Platycarya strobilacea Siebold & Zucc. var. strobilacea for. strobilacea and so on, which can be classified as highly tolerant native trees to salt spray drift.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.405-412
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• 1991

Whitefish(Coregonus clupeaformis) and Burbot(Lota iota) muscle was filleted, treated with dipotassium phosphate(pH 8.0) by means of high pressure injection method, and finally stored at $-l2^{\circ}C$ for 3 months. Factors, the pH, moisture content, and total amount of collagen were analyzed on the samples before and after the frozen storage. The pH of the sample showed substantially higher values in the phosphate treated muscles than the controls and decreased after 3 months storage in all of the whitefish and burbot samples, there was no significant differences in the moisture content between the control and treated but some reduction occurred during frozen storage. The amount of total collagen in the tail sections of burbot was significantly high comparing with head sections and hardness of the tail section also showed high values which indicated that total collagen might be related to the texture of fish muscle. However, in the case of whitefish the effect was not apparent. The effects of these factors on the hardness determined by Instron texturometer were analyzed through standardized multiple regression. A specific factor was not apparent to the texture of white fish while pH showed the highest correlation to the hardness of the burbot muscle.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.125-125
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• 2016

남강 권역은 5개의 단위유역으로 구성되어 있으며, 남강A, 남강B, 남강C, 남강D와 남강E로 명명되고 1단계 수질오염총량관리제도 시행 이후 유역 내 개발 등으로 인한 오염원이 증가하고 장기간 퇴적된 저니층으로부터 오염물질이 용출되는 등 수질의 자정능력보다 더 많은 오염물질이 수체내로 유입됨으로써 수질이 악화되자 수량확보 뿐만 아니라 남강의 수질관리에 대해서 관심을 가지기 시작하였다(GNDI, 2010). 남강 하류수계는 하상구배가 매우 완만하며 유속이 느리다. 따라서 물의 체류시간이 호수와 비슷한 양상을 보이고 있다. 더욱이 남강 하류수계는 주변의 도시와 농경지로부터 물의 소모량이 크기 때문에 하류수계의 물의 흐름이 더욱 완만해지고 이로 인하여 수질 악화가 가속화되고 수역의 영양단계가 점점 증가하는 부영양화현상이 발생되고 있다. 남강하류수계와 같이 부영양화 된 수계내의 미처리 된 영양염을 이용한 식물플랑크톤의 생산에 의해 자생BOD가 공급된다. 따라서 남강댐 하류지역과 같은 수리 수문학적 특징을 가진 유역은 수질관리를 위해서 특정 수역에 유입 BOD와 자생 BOD가 어느 정도 기여하는가를 정량적으로 파악한 후, 기여도에 따라 오염원인 물질을 줄이기 위한 수질관리 방안이 설정되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 남강유역의 오염원의 기여율 분석을 위해 하천수질모델인 QUALKO2를 사용하였으며, 점오염원 뿐만 아니라 수질에 상당한 영향을 끼치는 비점오염원의 영향을 통합적으로 고려하기 위하여 유역 모델인 SWAT과의 연계방안을 제시하였다. 또한 모델의 연계 적용을 통해 산정된 내부오염원과 내부오염원의 기여율과 수질측정결과를 활용하여 분석한 기여도와의 비교를 수행하여 신뢰성을 확보하였다.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.422-426
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• 2002

In other to find out the basic information on cultivation and breeding for salt tolerance in rice, these studies were conducted at salinity paddy fields containing 0.2, 0.3, 0.4% of salt and normal paddy field using 6 Japonica type, 5 Tonsil type varieties and Annapurna. On these fields a series of investigation was made for the responses of rice growth and yield to salt content of saline sails. The heading dates of the rice cultivated at salinity 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4% were delayed compared by 2 or 3,5 or 8 and 10 or 13 days respectively in Japonica and Tonsil type varieties to those at the normal paddy fields. The culm length at salinity paddy fields decreased by 13-39% in Japonica type and 14-35% in Tongil type varieties. But the number of panicles per hill decreased by 16-40% in Japonica type and by 14-35% in Tongil type varieties. The number of grains per panicle in saline paddy fields decreased by 10 to 40% in all varieties, but the percent ripened grain decreased by 20-48% in Japonica type and by 19-51% in Tongil type varieties. 1000 grains weight was decreased by lower than 23% in all varieties, but yield was reduced to 20-62% in Japonica and 25-67% in Tongil type varieties.