• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.594-600
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• 2006

The optimization has been performed to search an economical running pattern in the view point of trip time and energy consumption. Fuzzy control model has been applied to build the meta-model. To identify the structure and its parameters of a fuzzy model, fuzzy c-means clustering method and differential evolutionary scheme ate utilized, respectively. As a result, two meta-models for trip time and energy consumption are constructed. The optimization to search an economical running pattern is achieved by differential evolutionary scheme. The result shows that the proposed methodology is very efficient and conveniently applicable to the operation of railway system.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.105-116
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• 2017

In recent years, large Korean construction companies have suffered serious losses in their overseas business. Many practitioners and researchers have analyzed causes of cost overrun in these projects. However, these arguments have not been empirically verified based on acutal project cases. This study investigated cost overrun rate, contingency, allowance, predicted risk before bidding, and actual and residual risk after award in the 67 international infrastructure projects conducted by 13 large construction companies. The causes of cost overruns are derived as follows. First, they identified the possibility of cost overrun to some extent before the bidding, but did not reflect the enough risk money to bid price. In particular, this behavior was more severe in badly cost-overrun projects. Second, the causes of cost overrun were more influenced by external environmental risk than internal capability risk. However, the internal risk in badly cost-overrun projects was relatively high compared to cost-underrun projects. Third, badly cost-overrun projects failed to mitigate risk. However, cost underrun projects were affected more by low exterior risk conditions than by well mitigated risk. This study provides more informed knowledge in controlling project costs in international infrastructure projects.

• Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2001

본논문은 이중의 비실시간 네트워크 상에서의 실시간 원격 프로시쥬어 호출(RPC)을 위한 메시지 스케쥴링 기법을 제안하고 평가한다. 제안된 기법은 시간제약 조건을 고려한 메시지 스케쥴에 의해 RPC 트랜잭션의 종료시한 만족도를 향상시키기 위하여 각 네트워크에 메시지 분배 비율을 달리함으로써 부하를 차별화하고 종료시한이 촉박한 메시지는 낮은 부하의 네트워크를 통해 전송한다. 생성 간격 시간 서버실행시간 여유시간 등과 같은 네트워크 인자를 기반으로 SMPL에 의해 수행된 모의실험 결과는 적절한 분할 기준치를 설정했을 때 제안된 기법이 실시간 RPC의 성능을 향상시킬수 있으며 분할 기준치는 통계적 모델에 의해 효율적으로 찾아질수 있음을 보인다.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.27 no.3C
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• pp.248-255
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• 2002

An RF module in compliance with the IEEE 802.11a standard has been designed and its performance has been measured. Conventional heterodyne architecture with 580MHz intermediate frequency has been realized. Measurement results show that the receiver has a low Noise Figure of 5dB, the maximum gain of 70dB, and dynamic range as wide as 61dB. Also, the SAW filter used for channel selection in the IF section allowed minimum inter-channel interference. in addition to satisfying the RF output power requirement, the transmitter features its output P1dB as high as 34dBm so that the high peak-to-average ratio of the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) modulation scheme can be handled with minimum nonlinear distortion. The output P1dB of 34dBm of the transmitter corresponds to back-off powers of 18dB and 11dB with respect to the output power for the low and the middle frequency bands, respectively.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.912-922
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• 2012

With a long crotch length and much ease in the hip area, baggy pants are visually expressed in a variety of designs when compared with regular pants. The purpose of this study is to define the image differences of various baggy pants designs according to hip circumference and crotch length ease. To that end, this study deduced the visual image variable of experimental baggy pants and analyzed visual images according to changes in hip circumference and crotch length. Nine baggy pants with different levels of hip circumference and crotch length ease were produced as experimental pants. The image of each pair of experimental baggy pants was evaluated based on pictures taken of the pants worn by a woman in her 20s with a standard body figure. The image assessment team was composed of 105 clothing majors. The research results are as follows. Four visual image factors of experimental baggy pants were extracted: whole body compensation, lower body compensation, hip compensation, and waist compensation. Among the 4 factors, the whole body compensation factor was shown as the most representative factor. The body compensation image was higher with less hip circumference ease in the experimental baggy pants, and more hip circumference ease created the optical illusion of a larger body figure, presenting a significant difference between waist circumference and hip circumference. The lower body compensation factor, hip compensation factor, and waist compensation factor all showed a significant influence on changes in hip circumference ease. This result shows that changes in hip circumference ease exerted more influence on the body compensation image than did changes in crotch length ease. The results of this study provide basic data for predicting visual images according to differences in the level of ease in baggy pants, helping people select clothing suitable to their preferences and body shapes.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.652-663
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to make clear reduction ratio due to the stretch ratio and to find out the ease for the patterns of stretch skirt according to the body types to improve the aesthetics and wearing satisfaction. Therefore, fundamental data for aesthetic and functional patternmaking of the stretch skirt can be suggested. The results from the study were as follows: 1. The results from the appearance test were as follows. For the ease on waist, W+0cm and W - lcm for thin body type were suggested for the best fit. For the ease on hip, H+0cm and H-2cm for thin body type were suggested for the best fit. 2. The results from wearing satisfaction test were as fDllows. W+Ocm, H+Ocm for thin body type were suggested for the best wearing satisfaction. 3. Based on the results from the above tests, the pattern reduction ratios for stretch skirt were as follows: pattern reduction ratio 3.3 ∼ 5.0% of waist, 4.8 ∼7.2% of hip for thin body type were suggested for the appropriate reduction ratio for stretch skirt. 4. The result from this study for stretch skirt was as follows: For thin body type, W+0cm, W - lcm for waist and H+0cm, H-2cm for hip were appropriate for stretch skirt pattern. Therefore, different ease has to be applied to stretch skirt pattern according to the body parts, to make the skirt looks good, is appropriate for thin body type, and is satisfied with appearance and wearing satisfaction test.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.433-446
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• 2001

Recently, according to changes in fashion trends, the importance of stretch fabric stands out. A lot of studies on non-stretch woven fabrics have been made, but few studies on stretch fabrics has been made yet. Especially, the study on ease for the patterns, according to body types, of stretch has not been made at all. The purpose of this study was to make clear reduction ratio due to the stretch ratio and to find out the ease for the patterns of stretch skirt according to standard body type to improve the aesthetics and wearing satisfaction. Therefore, fundamental data for aesthetic and functional patternmaking of the stretch skirt can be suggested. The results from the study were as follows: 1. The results from the appearance test were as follows. For the ease on waist, W+0㎝ and W-1㎝ for standard body type were suggested for the best fit. For the ease on hip, H+2㎝ and H+0㎝ for standard body type were suggested for the best wearing best fit. 2. The results from wearing satisfaction test were as follows. W+0㎝, H+2㎝ for standard body type were suggested for the best wearing satisfaction. 3. Based on the results from the above tests, the pattern reduction ratios for stretch skirt were as follows: pattern reduction ratio 3.0∼4.6% of waist, 2.1∼4.3% of hip for standard body type were suggested for the appropriate reduction ratio for stretch skirt. 4. The result from this study for stretch skirt was as follows: For standard body type, W+0㎝, W-1㎝ for waist and H+2㎝, H+0㎝ for hip were appropriate for stretch skirt pattern.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.51 no.8
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• pp.111-121
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• 2001

본 연구는 중년여성의 상반신을 대상으로 기존원형에 대한 평가를 실시한 후 이를 기본으로 제도법을 수정·보완하여 중년여성 체형에 맞는 상반신 토루소 연구원형을 제작하기 위한 목적으로 연구되었다. 연구 대상은 35세에서 59세의 중년여성으로 하였으며, 45세를 전후로 체형이 변한다는 선행 연구를 토대로 중년 전기(35세∼45세), 중년 후기(46세∼59세)로 나눠 연구하였다. 연구원형 제작을 위해서 97년 국민체위조사보고 자료에 나온 35세∼59세에 해당하는 신체치수를 사용하여 대학에서 교재로 사용되고 있는 4가지 원형을 설계하고 이를 CADsystem을 이용하여 각 Pattern간의 차이를 정확하게 비교하고, 4가지 원형의 실험복을 제작하여 착의 실험을 통해 객관적 평가 11항목, 주관적 평가 23항목에 대해 설문 조사를 하여 문제점을 파악하였다. 이를 기초로 연구원형을 제작하였고 제작 후 연구원형의 신체 적합성을 알아보기 위해 기존원형과 마찬가지로 착의 실험을 하여 평가하였다. 실험 결과 기존원형들이 착용시 진동부분과 뒤중심부분의 당김으로 인해 착용자가 불편함을 느끼는 것으로 나타났고 외관상으로는 가슴둘레와 엉덩이둘레 부분에 여유분량이 중년여성 체형에 비해 상대적으로 적었으며 가슴선, 허리선, 엉덩이선의 위치 역시 중년여성의 체형과는 맞지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 대체로 중년 전기에 비해 중년 후기에서 수정 보완이 더 요구되었는데 특히 나이가 들수록 등이 뒤로 젖혀지는 현상으로 인해 측면에서 봤을 때 허리가 들어가는 현상이 두드러져 뒤 허리부분의 수정이 요구되었다. 이에 연구원형에서는 기존원형에서 나타났던 가슴선, 허리선, 엉덩이선의 위치 조절을 위해 앞목기준선을 위로 2cm 올려 주었고 가슴둘레와 엉덩이둘레 부분에 여유분을 각각 2cm더 주어 제작하였으며 중년 후기에서 두드러지게 나타났던 뒤허리부분의 문제점을 허리중심선 설정시 1∼2cm안쪽으로 설정하여 체형변화를 반영하였다. 이에 따른 연구원형에 대한 주관적·객관적 착의 평가 결과는 착용시 기존원형에서 나타났던 진동부분과 뒤중심부분의 당김이 없어지고 외관상 가슴선, 허리선, 엉덩이선이 기존원형보다 개선된 것으로 나타났으며, 전체적인 외관에서도 전·후기 모두 기존원형 보다 좋은 것으로 평가되었다.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.576-584
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to define the detailed factors related to expressing the aesthetic image of various baggy pants with changes to the hip circumference and crotch length ease. For this, detailed factors expressing the aesthetic image of baggy pants were deduced, and the aesthetic image and mutual influence according to the change in the hip circumference and crotch length ease were analyzed. Nine baggy pants with different levels of hip circumference and crotch length ease were produced as experimental pants. The image of each pair of experimental baggy pants was evaluated based on pictures taken of the pants worn by a woman in her 20s with a standard body figure. The image assessment team was composed of 105 clothing majors. The research results are as follows. Three aesthetic image factors of baggy pants were extracted: attractiveness, elegance and activity. When there was not much ease in the hip circumference and crotch length of the baggy pants, it appeared to look more attractive, younger and fashionable. A dignified and feminine image was perceived more when there was less ease in the hip circumference regardless of the crotch length. Because there was less ease in the hip circumference and crotch length, it appeared to be more comfortable, active and soft. These research results show that baggy pants with too much ease in the hip circumference or crotch length are perceived to be less attractive and actually as inactive. As seen here, there is a difference in the aesthetic image according to the change in the hip circumference and crotch length of the baggy pants; therefore, baggy pants which suits a person's own body type can be chosen to enhance the preferred aesthetic image of individuals.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.392-403
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to make clear reduction ratio due to the stretch ratio and to find out the ease for the patterns of stretch skirt according to fat body type to improve the aesthetics and wearing satisfaction. For this study, three college students were selected according to the fat body types; According to fat body types, 15 experimental skirt which were different each other in terms of the amount of ease on wait and hip, were made for the appearance test and wearing satisfaction test. The results from the study were as follows: 1. The results from the appearance test were as follows. For the ease on waist, W+2cm and W+0cm for fat body type were suggested for the best fit. For the ease on hip, H+2cm and H+0cm for fat body type were suggested for the best fit. 2. The results from wearing satisfaction test were as follows. W+2cm, H+2cm for fat body type were suggested for the best wearing satisfaction. 3. Based on the results from the above tests, the pattern reduction ratios for stretch skirt were as follows. pattern reduction ratio 0∼2.4% of waist, 1.9∼3.8% of hip for fat body type, were suggested for the appropriate reduction ratio for stretch skirt. 4. The result from this study for stretch skirt was as follows. For fat body type, W+2cm, W+0cm for waist and H+2cm, H+0cm for hip were appropriate for stretch skirt pattern. Therefore, different ease has to be applied to stretch skirt pattern according to the body parts, to make the skirt looks good, is appropriate for fat body type, and is satisfied with appearance and wearing satisfaction test.