• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.46
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• pp.327-353
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• 2017

This study analyzed how an aspect of translation can be shown on the 'Kureru type(くれる類)' verbs in "Kokoro", which was a Japanese modern novel when it was reproduced by translators. It focused on 'the use in accordance with a subject of expression and the other person' and 'the object of movement'. 'The use in accordance with a subject of expression and the other person' could be summarized as follows: The 'Kureru type' verbs were not translated only in accordance with the use of vocabulary in a dictionary. 'Kudasaru' was used in many examples of letter writing when 'the giver' was younger and it was translated to a polite form in Korean. 'Kureru' had a characteristic when 'the giver' was older in Korean translation. The act of parents was translated to an honorific form if parents were 'givers' regardless of whether a listener was an internal character or an external character in parent-child relationships. The degree of politeness was different in English translation when the 'Kureru type' verbs were used for asking a favor request command. 'Please' was used more for 'Kudasaru' than 'Kureru'. An aspect of translation in accordance with 'the object of movement' could be summarized as follows: The 'Kureru type' verbs were used as main verbs. 'Kureru' and 'Kudasaru' were translated to 'Juda' 'Jusida' in Korean translation, but they were translated to various vocabulary words in accordance with the characteristic of 'the object of movement' and were translated to imply a specific act, the process of possession and the result of possession in English translation. The 'Kureru type' verbs were also used as auxiliary verbs. The translated vocabulary words for Korean translation and English translation were different in accordance with whether the movement of things other than the movement of act was included or not. Examples were translated predominantly to expressions of profit such as '-Jada' '-Dalla' '-Jusida' when there was a movement of act as well as specific things in Korean translation. Also, some examples were translated to expressions of profit when there was the movement of act with an abstract matter and there was only the act of the object of movement, but many examples were translated to the act of first verbs. Examples were translated predominantly to the act of first verbs when there was the movement which included specific things and abstract matters or there was only the movement of act in English translation. Expressions of asking a favor request such as 'Kureru' and 'Kudasaru' were translated to '-Dalla' '-Juseyo' in Korean translation, but they were translated to expressions which specify an act while focusing on the structure of sentences or the function of language, such as 'must', 'ask', 'wish', 'would', and 'would like to' 'please' in English translation.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.69-76
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• 2004

비트루비우스(Vitruvius)에서 벤츄리(Venturi)에 이르기까지 많은 건축사가(建榮史家) 또는 건축가(建築家)들이 건축원리에 대한 각자의 규범적 태도를 글로써 밝혀왔다. 이러한 규범적 내용 중 비례이론은 서양건축에 있어 건축미(建築美) 비밀로 간주되어, 조화로운 건축물이 꼭 갖추어야 할 덕목중의 하나로 인식되었다. 현대건축에서 비교적 근대 비례시스템이라 불릴 수 있는 것으로 르 꼬르뷔지에의 모될로르와 반 데어 란의 플라스틱 넘버를 들 수 있다. 모될로르는 현재까지 아주 제한된 성공밖에 거두지 못했는데, 이는 피보나치 수열에 기초한 수치들이 커졌을 때 단위의 배수관계가 거의 형성되지 않는다는 사실에 기인한다. 반면에 플라스틱 넘버는 모될로르의 결점들을 보완할 수 있는 매력적인 수열을 가지고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 반 데어 란의 비례시스템 분석을 통하여 유도된 수열규칙이 건축디자인과 관련되어 직접적으로 적용되어 질 수 있는 CAAD시스템을 제안한다. 본 시스템의 초점은 반 데어 란의 비례이론이 어떻게 컴퓨터 언어로 변환 및 CAAD시스템에 적용되어, 실질적인 건축 실무행위에 있어 컴퓨터가 디자인 도우미로서 역할을 수행할 수 있겠는가하는 것이다. 연구의 결과, 사용자는 이러한 시스템을 사용함으로써 반 데어 란의 비례시스템을 자신의 디자인에 손쉽게 적용할 수 있으며, 이는 복잡한 치수관계로 구성된 비례시스템의 건축실무 활용으로 발전되어질 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2005.11b
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• pp.400-402
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• 2005

소프트웨어 개발의 본질은 매우 복잡하다. 이는 서로 맞물려 돌아가도록 여러 컨셉들을 명세화하고 설계하여 검증해야 하기 때문이다. 또한 문제영역에 들어맞도록 개발해내도 여전히 실세계 엔티티(entities)간의 관계를 정의해 줘야 하고, 예외적인 상황을 식별해야 하며, 각각의 상태 변화를 예측해야 하기 때문에 여전히 복잡한 행위일 수밖에 없다. 이와 같은 복잡도를 낮추기 위해 비주얼한 기호형태에 기반을 둔 개발에 도움을 받을 수 있다. 그러나 개발의 중심에 인간이 있다는 데에는 변함이 없어야 한다. 또한 기계가 아닌 좀 더 인간적이고, 자동화가 아닌 실제적인 창작의 주체로서 개발자들을 '인간'이라는 사회적 대상으로서 초점을 둘 필요가 있다. 본 논문의 목적은 개발자간의 의사소통과 자유로운 창작활동을 위한 설계법을 인문사회영역에서 접근함으로서 개발자간에 '이해'의 폭을 증대시키기 위한 객체의 관계와 설계에 대한 재 정립이다. 이를위해 소프트웨어 개발상의 요소의 선택과 관계의 표현에 대해 기존의 기호체계에만 의존하지 않고 인간의 언어구조에 기반을 둔 구문체계에 상응하는 방식을 사용하는 것으로 구문기반의 관계의 성립과 그것을 지배하는 원리를 수립한다.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.85-124
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• 2016

The Human gene testing act (GenDG) in Germany starts from the characteristic features of gene testing, i.e. dualisting structure consisted of anlaysis on the one side and the interpretation on the other side. The linguistic distincion of 'testing', 'anlaysis' and 'judgment' in the act is a fine example. Another important basis of the regulation is the ideological purpose of the law, that is information autonomy. The normative texts as such and the founding principle are the basis of the classification of testing types. Especially in the case of gene testing for medical purpose is classified into testing for diagnostic purpose and predictive purpose. However, those two types are not always clearly differentiated because the predictive value of testing is common in both types. In the legal regulation of gene testing it is therefore important to manage the uncertainty and subjectivity which are inherent in the gene-analysis and the judgment. In GenDG the system ensuring the quality of analysis is set up and GEKO(Commity for gene tisting) based on the section 23 of GenDG concretes the criterium of validity through guidelines. It is also very important in the case of gene testing for medical purpose to set up the system for ensurement of procedural rationality of the interpretation. The interpretation of the results of analysis has a wide spectrum because of the consistent development of technology on the one side and different understandings of different subjects who performs gene testings. Therefore the process should include the communication process for patients in oder that he or she could understand the meaning of gene testing and make plans of life. In GenDG the process of genetic counselling and GEKO concretes the regulation very precisely. The regulation as such in GenDG seems to be very suggestive to Korean legal polic concerning the gene testing.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.381-398
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• 1990

Nursing involves deep human interpersonal relationships between nurses and patients. But in modem Korea, the nurse - patient relationship tends to be ritualistic and mechanestic. Patients usually express the hope that nurses be more tender and kind. Patients expect nurses to express their warmth especially through nonverbal behaviour. This study was conducted to identify patients' preferences for nurse's nonverbal expressions of warmth. Through the confirmation of these preferences, nurses may learn how to enhance their interpersonal relationships with patients. Subjects for the study were 73 patients who had been admitted to a university teaching hospital for at least three days and agreed to be interviewed by the investigator. The interactions were studied nonverbal expressions of warmth during nursing rounds and administration of oral medication. The interview schedule was expecially designed by the investigator to measure the nurse's posture, the distance between the nurse and the patient, the nurse's eye contact, facial expression, hand motion and head nodding. Data analysis included frequencies, percentages and X²-test. The results of this study may be summerized as follows : 1. Patient's preferences for nurse's nonverbal expressions of warmth during nursing rounds. Preferred nurse's posture was sitting(50.7%) or standing(49.3%) opposite the patient. Preferred distance between the nurse and the patient was close to the bed(93.2%), less than 1m. Preferred eye contact was directed to the patient's eyes or their affected part (41.1%). Preferred facial expression was a smile(97.3%). Preferred hand motions were light gestures(41.1%). Patients preferred head nodding which approved their own opinions(69.9%). 2. Patient's preferences for nurse's nonverval expressions of warmth during administration of oral medication. Preferred nurse's posture was standing and waiting to confirm that the medication had been taken(58.9%). Preferred distance from the patient was at arm's length, 0.5-1m(64.4%). Patients preferred direct eye contact(58.9%) and a smile(94.5%). Patients preferred that the nurse put the medicine directly the patient's hand(64.4%). Whether the nurse nodded her head or not was not considered important. 3. The relation of general characteristics and patient's preferences for nurse's nonverbal expressions of warmth during nursing rounds and administration of oral medication. During nursing rounds, the age of subjects(p＝0.010) and the standard of education(p＝0.026) related to the distance between the nurse and the patient. The sick hospital ward related to the eye contact(p＝0.017) and facial expression(p＝0.010). During administration of oral medication, the age of subjects(p＝0.044) and days of hospital treatment (p＝0.043) and the sick hospital ward(p＝0.0004) related to the facial expression. From this study, nurses can learn what kind nonverbal expressions of warmth are preferred by patients during rounds and administration and thus will enhance nurse- patient interpersonal relationships.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.11
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• pp.111-119
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• 2011

Movie research in the 1980's structuralism looks tendency to escape director or text research and analyze spectator or inspection action. These post-structuralist divert interest by analytic convention of spectators in analysis by director's intention or text type correctly. There is the age that spectator, inspectional action and inspectional subject weighs more than director, work and text itself. But, inspection of movie can be person's enemy by director's narrative strategy or spectator's analytic quality that depend on a text and spectator and their interaction usually, and only method to acquire universality chooses full analytic discourse to principle. We should be structured by symbol system that the event is consisted of movie language to reappear the event through narrative in movie and this symbol system, director's narrative strategy can cause fixed esthetic distance between spectator. Researches to analyze this distance need to keep universal validity as much as being accepted by effort to gap with director and spectator. Therefore, narrative poetry that I analyze movie narration style by 'narrated' and unit of 'narrating' and study the form and function so-called, is going to follow narratology's access method. The consistent argument of this narrative poetry is that story is consisted of the events and these observe to structured thing by unit that is sequence through arrangement with the other event that adjoin in the event. Also, director need consensus with spectator to reappear connection of this event logically and it is thing which this reappearance form can be done characteristic by narrative strategy in directing. I am going to try narrative structure analysis of movie by narrative that is connected at structure of the event and 'narrating-narrative acts' that is interested in way to reappear this story to spectator hereupon. Of course, at process of research, Roland Barthes and his followers wish to apply 'narrative function' and concept of 'narrative acts' that prefer from time to time.

• Journal of KIISE
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.80-86
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• 2016

A speech-act is a behavior intended by users in an utterance. Speech-act classification is important in a dialogue system. The machine learning and rule-based methods have mainly been used for speech-act classification. In this paper, we propose a speech-act classification method based on the combination of support vector machine (SVM) and transformation-based learning (TBL). The user's utterance is first classified by SVM that is preferentially applied to categories with a low utterance rate in training data. Next, when an utterance has negative scores throughout the whole of the categories, the utterance is applied to the correction phase by rules. The results from our method were higher performance over the baseline system long with error-reduction.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.208-216
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• 2019

Rural houses are losing their original shape as they mimic the spatial composition of urban houses. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to extract the design elements needed for rural housing by applying Christopher Alexander's "A PATTERN LANGUAGE" to Standard Rural-House Design (SRHD). The scope and method of research was to compare and analyze the standard designs (SD) produced and distributed by the 'Korea Rural Community Corporation' from 2009 to 2014. The research result is summarized as follows. 1) The housing layout in the SD ignored the site conditions of various rural areas. 2) Most of the houses were not actively planned, considering that they contain various activities of rural life. 3) There was no room for children and the kitchen was planned to integrate the interior into a flexible space in the form of L.D.K. 4) There was no space plan that could be used as both a leasable annex and office space for the farming community. 5) Many small area plans were made because of the SD plan for couples only in 2014. Although the rural environment and living patterns were ignored in the SD, the diverse pattern language provided by the pattern language was developed as a SD element for rural houses, which is the most suitable housing plan for the farmers' livelihood pattern.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.240-244
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• 2002

Argument alternation in English sentences such as “load hay onto the truck" vs. “load the truck with hay" or “Bees are swarming in the. garden" vs. “The garden swarms with bees" present an interesting dilemma for linguistic theory in several ways. Along with each kind of syntactic rearrangement of arguments goes a subtle but significant and systematic change in the verb's meaning. This has been called as different terminology such as “Double-faced", “Verbal diathesis", and most commonly as “Argument alternation", Dowty adopts terminology: Agent-subject (A-subject) form and Location-subject (L-subject) form in referring the two kinds of sentences and analyses as well as describes their different properties. In this paper, I basically follow the Dowty(200l)'s assumption while surveying several linguists's analysis and show its theoretical adequacy. and show its theoretical adequacy.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.19-24
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• 2018

In this study, for evaluating the cyber threat, we presented a quantitative assessment measures of the threat-level with multiple factors. The model presented in the study is a compound model with the 4 factors; the attack method, the actor, the strength according to the type of the threat, and the proximity to the target. And the threat-level can be quantitatively evaluated with the Fuzzy Inference. The model will take the information in natural language and present the threat-level with quantified data. Therefore an organization can accurately evaluate the cyber threat-level and take it into account for judging threat.