• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.69-78
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• 2010

In order to investigate the degree of household dust contamination, 48 samples of household dust (24 from urban area and 24 from rural area) in Daegu city were collected in vacuum cleaner during January to February 2009. Samples were sieved below 100 ${\mu}m$, and 14 elements (Al, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, V, Zn) were analyzed using ICP after acid extraction. Results obtained from the source assessment of trace elements using enrichment factor showed that Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, and V were influenced by natural sources such as weathered rock and resuspended soil, while Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were influenced by anthropogenic sources such as fuel combustion and waste incineration. Concentrations were remarkably higher in components from natural sources than in components from urban anthropogenic sources. Household dust in urban area was more affected by anthropogenic sources compared with that of rural area. Pollution index of heavy metals revealed that urban area was 1.8 times more contaminated with heavy metal components than rural area. The correlation analysis among trace elements indicated that components were correlated with natural sources-natural sources (Al-Mg, Al-Mn, Fe-Mn) and natural sources-anthropogenic sources (Al-V, Fe-Cr, V-Mn) in both urban area and rural area. Trace element components of rural area were more correlated than those of urban area. Houses that use oil for heating fuel had relatively higher contents of heavy metals rather than those using gas or electricity for heating fuel. Houses with children also had higher contents of heavy metals. In addition, the age of houses was found to influence the heavy metal levels in household dusts, with older houses (>10years) having higher concentrations than newer houses (<10years) and houses located near the major road (<10 m) were found to have relatively higher heavy metal levels in household dust.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.151-161
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• 2014

As concerns have been raised about the increasing number of children with food allergies, the management of food allergies through the consideration of school meals is an emerging issue. This study investigated the perception and practices regarding food allergy of elementary and middle school nutrition teachers in the Jeonnam area. A total of 236 nutritionists/nutrition teachers participated in the survey and completed questionnaires. The foods most reported to cause allergic reactions were peach, eggs, peanuts, shrimps, mackerel, and milk. Participants reported that the major tasks to be completed for management of food allergies: the estimated number of students with food allergies, the offering of allergy-free or alternative foods and informing families of foods that may cause an allergic reaction. A majority of the participants (94%) recognized that the nutrition teacher has the primary role in managing students with food allergies in school. To manage these students, nutrition teachers mostly reported informing of allergic foods/ingredients in the school menu and the estimation of students with food allergy. The percentage of participants who experienced education programs on food allergies was 16.9%, whereas 97% of participants answered that a good professional education regarding allergies for nutrition teachers is required. The knowledge level evaluated with objective questions was significantly higher than the self-estimated knowledge level. In conclusion, nutrition teachers understood the tasks regarding food allergy thoroughly and that, the tasks are relatively under-practiced. To improve the management of food allergies in school meals, professional education programs regarding food allergies should be provided for nutrition teachers.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.62 no.6
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• pp.506-515
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• 2007

Background: Nosocomial pneumonia in an intensive care unit (ICU) is associated with a high mortality rate. Diagnosing a respiratory tract infection in critically ill patients is still difficult but detailed information for the pathogens is needed to establish an adequate antimicrobial treatment. This study examined the causative organisms and their antimicrobial resistance using bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from patients suspected of having pneumonia in the ICU. Methods: From January 2004 to June 2006, ICU patients with diffuse lung infiltration were prospectively enrolled. The BAL was used to diagnose the respiratory infection, with 104 > or = organisms considered a positive result. The most common organisms and their antimicrobial resistances were analyzed from the quantitative BAL cultures in the burn ICU and non-burn ICU. Results: A total 72 patients were included, 35 (M 29, F 6) in the burn ICU and 37 (M 26, F 11) in the non-burn ICU. 27 patients (77.1%) in the burn ICU and 22 patients (59.5%) in the non-burn ICU met the criteria for a positive BAL culture. The major pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All strains (100%) of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from BAL (9 cases) were methicillin-resistant (MRSA) in the burn ICU, but 5 strains (71.4%, 7 cases) were MRSA in the non-burn ICU. Regarding Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the rate of resistance to amikacin, ciprofloxacin, cefepime, imipenem, ceftazidime, piperacillin/tazobactam in the burn and non-burn ICU ranged from 45.5% to 90% and 25% to 50%, respectively. In addition, the rate of resistance of Acinetobacter species to the above drugs in the burn and non-burn ICU ranged from 81.8% to 100% and 62.5% to 100%, respectively. Conclusions: These results are expected to provide useful guidelines for choosing the effective empirical antimicrobial therapy in patients with lung infiltrations in the burn and non-burn ICU.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.51-56
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• 2005

This study investigated the medicines prescribed in dental services in order to provide information and materials on dental clinics and hospitals, for the intention of leading the dental circle to make efforts for voluntary improvement, do adequate prescription, and attempt for bench marking through this unfolding of their tendency in continuous prescription behaviors, and leading the people to have a right recognition on adequate medicine use through this information on their medicine-taking behaviors including antibiotics and injections. From the records of outpatient prescriptions of medicines under health insurance over the period of June 1st to September 31th in 2003 in the 34,226 recuperation institutions, antibiotics and injections were analyzed into administration days, prescription frequency, medicine cost per administration day, the number of medicines per prescription, and the number weight of high priced medicines. The findings were as below: 1. Adminstration days of antibiotics was 90.11% in the dental clinics, which was a decrease than the same quarter and the previous quarter of the previous year. While the prescription frequency of antibiotics was 15.5%, higher than the same quarter and the previous quarter of the previous year. In dental hospitals, administration days and prescription frequency of antibiotics were 71.57% and 21.05%, respectively, a little higher than the previous quarter. Compared to other kind of recuperation institutions, dental clinics and hospitals had higher administration days and lower prescription frequency. 2. For injections, adminstration days and prescription frequency in dental clinics were 0.13% and 0.05%, respectively, which were decreases than the same quarter of the previous year. In dental hospitals, adminstration days and prescription frequency were 1.03% and 0.88%, respectively, a little lower than those of the previous quarter. Compared to other kind of recuperation institutions, dental clinics and hospitals were very lower in injection administration days and injection prescription frequency. 3. The number of prescribed medicines was 2.79 in the dental clinics, which was lower than the same quarter of the previous year but higher than the previous quarter. Dental hospitals put 2.67 numbers of medicines per prescription, an increase than the same quarter of the previous year and the previous quarter. Compared to other kind of recuperation institutions, dental clinics and hospitals put smaller number of medicines per prescription. 4. Medicine cost per administration day was 863 won in the dental clinics, which was an increase than the same quarter of the previous year and in the previous quarter. Compared to other kind of recuperation institutions, dental clinics and hospitals had lower medicine cost per administration day. 5. The number weight of high priced medicines was 46.43% in dental clinics, which was an increase than the previous quarter. In dental hospitals, it was 54.05%, so remarkable an increase than the previous quarter. Compared to other kind of hospitals and clinics, dental clinics and hospitals prescribed larger number of high priced medicines. 6. By districts, the frequency of antibiotics prescriptions was the highest in Kwanju and the lowest in Daejeon. The frequency of injection prescriptions was high in all Youngnam districts as was in the second quarter, while low in all the Metropolitan districts. There was a large variation in the prescription frequency to the districts, as the district of the highest prescription frequency had more than 2 times larger frequency than the district of the lowest frequency. Medicine cost per administration day was the highest in Ulsan but the lowest in the north part of Cholla province. The number of medicines per prescription was the largest in Kyonggi province while the smallest in Cheju-do.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.227-252
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• 2015

This study was intended to examine child abuse experience, response to child abuse, perception of the cause of child abuse, and need for counseling to prevent and eliminate child abuse among 514 day care center teachers across the country. First, 17.9% (92) of the teachers had experience of witnessing child abuse at day care centers. After such witness, the teachers mostly "paid attention to abused children and provided them with warm treatment" when they were abused by other teachers and "took no actions" when they were abused by directors of the day care centers. The biggest reason of not taking any actions was: they "had no authority to intervene in child care of other teachers" in case of child abuse by other teachers and "were afraid of responsibilities or roles that could be placed on them after reporting" in case of child abuse by day care center directors. Second, the biggest reason of child abuse by teachers was job stress followed by excessive work and mental health of teachers. Third, necessary actions when child abuse cases were found and confirmed were suspension of involved teachers and psychological evaluation for involved children and parents. Fourth, 88.9% (457) of the teachers responded that they would use an organization specialized in child abuse if such organization was built and that the organization would help them to decide on whether to report child abuse and prevention of and intervention in child abuse. They also said that such organization should be installed in the Counseling Center in the Comprehensive Child Care Support Center. Fifth, 95.3% (490) of the teachers answered professional counselors specialized in development and counseling of infants and toddlers were needed to address child abuse at day care centers. They demanded that such counselors should be able to administer psychological evaluation for young children and assess child abuse cases. Qualification of the counselors was at least college graduates who majored in psychology and child care, three to five years of experience in the field, and appropriate certificates or licenses. Finally, the teachers said that training and professional counseling about child abuse were required to prevent and eliminate child abuse at day care centers. Implications and follow-up studies were provided and suggested based on these findings.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.476-491
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• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the energy and nutrient contents of home meal replacement (HMR) rice products per single serving package based on nutrition labels. Methods: The market research was conducted from February to July 2021 on products sold on the internet, at convenience stores, etc. A total of 406 products were investigated. The products were divided into the following 6 classifications: instant rice (n = 45), cup rice (n = 64), frozen rice (n = 188), rice bowls with toppings (n = 32), gimbap (n = 38), and triangular gimbap (n = 39). Results: The mean packaging weight per serving was the highest in the rice bowl with toppings at 297.1 g, followed by cup rice (264.0 g), frozen rice (239.5 g), gimbap (230.2 g), instant rice (193.4 g), and triangular gimbap (121.6 g) (p < 0.001). The energy per serving package for the rice bowl with toppings was significantly the highest at 496.0 kcal (p < 0.001). The sodium content per serving package of gimbap was the highest at 1,021.8 mg and that of the instant rice was lowest at 37.4 mg (p < 0.001). The price per serving package of the rice bowl with toppings at 4,333.8 won was the highest. The contribution to the daily nutritional value per serving package of all types of HMR rice products surveyed showed an average range of 10-25% for energy, 11-22% for carbohydrates, and 2-51% for sodium. Conclusion: These results indicate the energy and nutrient contents of HMR rice products, vary by type. Therefore, consumers should review the nutrition labeling to select an appropriate HMR rice product based on their intended consumption.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.67 no.2
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• pp.95-110
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• 2022

This study was conducted to determine the extent to which climate change is expanding areas in which barley can be successfully cultivated. In 2019 and 2020, we collected data on areas that had requested certified seeds from the Korea Seed and Variety Service to determine potential cultivation areas. In addition, we surveyed the growth and yield of different types of barley in fields. Certified seeds of hulled and dehulled barley were requested by farmers across Korea from the Korea Seed and Variety Service in both years. Areas that were provided with certified seeds were considered potential barley cultivation areas. The varieties and use rates of certified seeds varied based on the barley type and region. For example, certified seeds of dehulled barley in 2019 and 2020 were not used in some areas, whereas in others, these seeds constituted 100% of the seeds sown for barley crops. In 2019 and 2020, the average sowing days in Korea were from October 17 to November 9 for dehulled barley, October 26 to November 13 for hulled barley, October 19 to November 5 for malting barley, and October 3 to November 1 for naked oats. Thus, the sowing days of the barley types varied depending on the area and year they were used. For example, in the case of hulled barley in Jeonnam, some farmers sowed until December 12. The yield per 10 a of barley cultivation was typically higher in the main production areas than in the cultivation limit areas. In extreme cases, harvest was impossible in some cultivation limited areas, such as Gangwon-do. Based on the current 20-year January minimum average temperature (JMAT) in Korea (2002-2021), climate change scenarios suggest that barley cultivation is feasible, provided that the minimum temperature in January is no lower than -10℃, -8℃, and -4℃ for hulled barley, dehulled barley, and for malting barley and naked oats, respectively. Additionally, cultivation of barley across South Korea seems feasible based on data on certified barley seeds by area. Although both JMAT and certified seed data suggest that barley cultivation across Korea is feasible, our survey results of barley growth and yield showed that harvest was impossible in certain cultivation areas, such as Gangwon-do. Therefore, climate change scenarios related to the cultivation limits of different barley types need to be re-estimated by factoring in survey data on the growth and yield of crops within those cultivation areas.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.46-55
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• 2012

This study proposes an estimate method of willingness to pay(WTP) for real-time route guidance systems using contingent valuation method(CVM) under double bounded dichotomous choice question(DBDCQ) and analysis for impact factors of WTP estimation. This study assumed that provided real-time traffic information service is optimal route concepts dealing with traffic conditions on origin-destination. Analysis targets were classified into two groups as short distance path and middle distance path for estimating WTP for realtime route guidance system in a year using the survival analysis method and the regression model with personal information, actual condition and satisfaction of information usage and users' awareness and usage of facilities. As a result, mean WTP of realtime route guidance system is 4,034won/year in short distance path, and 4,884won/year in middle distance path. Therefore real-time route guidance system for longer distance path is recognized as more valuable than shorter distance path. Moreover, the necessity of information was required on a higher income group and higher WTP was estimated on owners of vehicle group and lower awareness of a route group.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.87-99
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• 2015

Prior hardware-centered rural development projects implemented top-down rural community regeneration via the local government in accordance with central government agency policies. To improve this, software-centered projects have been promoted since 2000. With central agency-led rural development projects changing into local government-led ones, rural community regeneration has been built per village. Although rural community regeneration projects appear to have implemented a bottom-up development currently, the top-down development procedures being facilitated by the intervention of administrative institutions have not disappeared. In this regard, the purpose of this research thesis is to effectively perform bottom-up development methods that go one step further from the current process of rural community regeneration. As the research site, this thesis selected Geochang, which has difficulties in being steadily maintained and operated despite the development of various rural community regeneration projects. Subsequently, it determined the current status and substantial analysis of a project of the rural community regeneration in Geochang through 1:1 interviews with civil servants in charge of administration as well as conducted a prior study on rural resident awareness of rural community regeneration through a survey of village head members and in-depth interviews with rural residents. Based on these data, a 10 times-round table conference was held under the participation of pertinent civil servants, professionals and rural residents to select practical strategies for cooperative rural community regeneration in Geochang as five key areas: local food, culture & welfare, rural villages, community development, and urban and rural interchanges. In addition, it is considered that the project of building villages must be implemented by establishing steadfast administrative co-operation systems, strengthening rural residents' participation capacities and supporting professionals' systemic integrated operation and maintenance. By doing so, this research thesis sought to determine practical strategies in the cooperative rural community regeneration in Geochang. It is expected that bottom-up development rural community regeneration will be built and introduced in each rural community in the future.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.163-173
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• 2018

This study aims to diagnose and analyze the business model of domestic e-sports industry and draw its implications. In-depth interviews with business executives of the e-sports teams, the e-sports media, the e-sports stadium and the game companies was had to identify the cost and revenue of each e-sports industry. The results was that the revenue of the e-sports team, stadium and game company mainly consisted of the sponsorship of the parent company. And main revenue of e-sports media was advertising, subscription fees and copyright income, whereas their expenses was the production costs. Especially the purpose of sponsorship of the game companies was not the profit of e-sports, but the promotion of the parent company game. Result implies the necessity of the development of revenue sources, executing the admission ticket charge in stadium and the development of new sponsorship. This study is expected to contribute to opening the new area of the business model of the e-sports industry that was not nearly so far treated, and consequently the development of the e-sports industry in Korea.