• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.183-203
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• 2017

Two solution approaches have been suggested globally to solve the crisis of bill of lading; that is to say, electronic bill of lading and sea waybill. Electronic bill of lading is not unsettled as a solution to solve the crisis of bill of lading but sea waybill is used on a global basis to do so. The surrendered bill of lading is applied for practical usage instead of sea waybill in a short voyage among Korea, China, and Japan, owing to faster delivery at destination and lower cost than bill of lading. To surrender the original bill of lading, the consignor should submit all originals with a request letter to the carrier of goods with necessary surrender charges, if any, in doing so. Once after receiving the original bills of lading consisting of normally three originals but in some cases five, the carrier stamped "Surrendered" on the front of original bills of lading and sent a message to his counterpart at the port of destination, stating that the original bill of lading surrendered at the port of shipment and the consignee can take delivery of the goods without production of the original bill of lading at destination. The legal regime of the surrendered bill of lading is not settled as it is not considered legally as bill of lading, and the decisions rendered by each nation's courts are different according to the usages of the surrendered bill of lading. The purpose of this paper is to prevent the disputes between parties with regard to the surrendered bill of lading by studying the causes and precautions of disputes in relation to the surrendered bill of lading.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.87-114
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• 2014

The Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP) is a set of rules on the issuance and use of letters of credit. Historically, the commercial parties, particularly banks, have developed the techniques and methods for handling letters of credit in international trade finance. This practice has been standardized by the ICC (International Chamber of Commerce) by publishing the UCP in 1933 and subsequently updating it throughout the years. The ICC has developed and moulded the UCP by regular revisions, the current version being the UCP600. This latest version, called the UCP600, formally commenced on 1 July 2007. During the revision process, notice was taken of the considerable work that had been completed in creating the International Standard Banking Practice for the Examination of Documents under Documentary Credits (ISBP), ICC Publication 745. This publication has evolved into a necessary companion to the UCP for determining compliance of documents with the terms of letters of credit. It is the expectation of the Drafting Group and the Banking Commission that the application of the principles contained in the ISBP, including subsequent revisions thereof, will continue during the time UCP 600 is in force. This paper focuses on documents including various certificates, Packing List, Weight List, Beneficiary's Certificate, Analysiis, Inspection, Health, Phytosanitary, Quantity and Quality Certificates, Courier Receipts, Shipping Advice etc. and suggests some implications in the field.

• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2009.12a
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• pp.386-389
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• 2009

본 연구는 일본 교토부가 선정한 우수중소기업을 대상으로 이들의 독특한 작업장 혁신사례를 분석하고자 하였다. 치열한 글로벌 경쟁환경 하에서도 교토기업들이 지속적으로 달성하고 있는 탁월한 성과에 대한 학계와 실무계의 관심이 커진 가운데, 이들 기업들에 대한 작업장 혁신 및 관행은 우리 중소 기업에게 많은 도움을 줄 것으로 판단되었기 때문이다. 연구대상 기업은 일본 교토부가 선정한 우수중소기업 중에서 본 연구진이 사전 접촉한 결과, 연구에 도움을 줄 의사가 있는 세 개 기업으로 선정하였다.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.255-275
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• 2013

The purpose of the study is to examine compliance criteria for documents of the Letter of Credit(L/C) by the Korean Supreme Court in practical use. The judgement criteria of the court in documents' examination is supported by the doctrine of strict compliance. And, in examination of documents by the Supreme Court, the difference between documents presented and the credit should be followed by the allowance of international standard banking practices. In this case, the Supreme Court makes a reference for ICC's opinion or decision proposed as the international standard banking practices, or otherwise admit by exploring the practices. However, when documents reviewing by the bankers' auditors, it is very difficult for them to judge in a short time due to the lack of high level of knowledges and insights. As shown the cases of this study, the doctrine of strict compliance of an L/C be relaxed, and most of the recent precedents be ruled by the exception of the doctrine. Because, therefore, it is difficult for to documents reviewers of bank to judge these consistencies, conducting arbitrary document review will be inevitable. As a result, it will be difficult for banks and applicants to ensure the strictness of the documents, and free use of L/Cs in international transactions will be avoided. Finally, the expanded usage of the electronic negotiation system that simplifies the highly difficult compliance criteria to ensure the strictness of documents will be needed, and not only be eradicated the acts of arbitrary documents examination practices, but also be promoted the freely usage of L/Cs.

• Journal of the KSME
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.95-100
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• 1982

공업전문대학은 신설된 것을 제외하고는 대부분 공업전문학교가 개편된 것이며, 교육목적, 교육 과정, 교원, 시설등에 있어서 큰 변화가 있는 것은 아니었다. 80년도말 조사에 의하면 전국 35 개 공업전문대학이 있으며, 이 가운데 기계과는 23 개교, 기계설계과는 15 개교가 각각 설치되어 있다. 교원은 대체로 일반대학교원들과 유사하며, 담당교과목과 직접 연관이 있는 현장실무경험을 갖춘 교원은 극소수에 지나지 않는다. 교육과정은 대체로 4 년제 공과대학에서 과하는 전공교 과목이 상당수 포함되어 있을뿐만 아니라 교과목내용이나 수준이 비슷하여 전문대학으로서 뚜 렷한 독립적 교육프로그램이 확립되지 못하고 있는 독점이다. 실험실습시설은 일반적으로 빈약한 편이며 교수법에 있어서도 교수중심의 강의중심이 지배적이며, 평가 또한 필기위주의 중간고사와 기말고사에 의존하고 있는 것이 일반적으로 관행으로 되어 있다.

• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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• 2010.04a
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• pp.10-13
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• 2010

세그먼트 자중 등에 의한 휨모멘트와 케이블 수직압축력에 의한 합성응력이 발생되고 바닥판 경간비가 변하는 사장교의 시공단계에서는 전단지연의 영향범위가 다를 수 있다. 이 연구에서는 1면 케이블 콘크리트 박스 사장교를 대상으로 시공단계시 보강형에 고려되어야 할 합성응력에 의한 유효플랜지폭을 분석하였다. 그 결과 바닥판 경간비가 0.38 이하의 범위에서 보강형의 전폭을 유효플랜지폭으로 적용할 수 있는 것으로 해석되었다. 따라서 시공단계시 변화되는 바닥판 경간비의 크기에 관계없이 전폭을 유효플랜지폭으로 반영하는 실무관행은 안전측 설계가 되지 못할 수 가 있다. 바닥판 경간비가 작아짐에 따라서는 전폭과 캔틸레버 구조계로 유효플랜지폭을 결정하는 것이 타당하다. 이 연구에서는 수직력에 대한 도로교설계기준의 유효플랜지폭 규정에 대한 평가도 수행하였다.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.26 no.1A
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• pp.173-181
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• 2006

Many isolated bridges are designed and constructed after the introduction of the seismic design. However those bridges designed in engineering fields have unnecessarily high serviceability limit and brittle failure mechanism, which do not satisfy the seismic design concept. Such design results are due to the excessive substructure stiffness of the conventional design method as well as the misunderstanding of the seismic design method. In this study an isolated bridge designed with the conventional design method is selected and the same bridge with steel bearings is modelled for the comparative seismic design. From the comparison, the seismic design procedures satisfying the required performance levels are provided for the two bridges. It is confirmed that the isolated bridge requires more complicated design procedure with trial and error methods and reanalyses but provides higher serviceability limit compared to the bridge with steel bearings. However, because the required serviceability limit can also be obtained by adjusting substructure stiffness, it is a resonable seismic design process that an isolated bridge is to be considered as an alternative design when the ductile failure mechanism is not obtained with a bridge with steel bearings.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.53-76
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• 2017

To solve the crisis of bill of lading, every effort has been made to introduce the electronic bill of lading and sea waybill on a global basis. In spite of these efforts, electronic bill of lading is not introduced practically so farm but sea waybill is used in western nations to cope with the crisis of bill of lading. But there is a practice that surrendered bill of lading is used insead of sea waybill in Korea, China and Japan to do so. The surrendered bill of lading faces the problem that it is not considered legally as bill of lading and the decisions rendered by each nation's courts are different according to the usages of surrendered bill of lading. So careful consideration must be made in regard to these decisions. The purpose of this paper is to avoid the disputes in advance in using the surrendered bill of lading by analyzing the precedents for the surrendered bill of lading and finding its notes. This paper analyzed the precedents regarding the surrendered bill of lading and found the notes as follows; Firstly, the surrendered bill of lading is not a kind of bill of lading but a practice that a consignee can take delivery of the cargo without loss of time at destination without redemption of original bill of lading. Secondly, the parties must take legal steps in using the surrendered bill of lading as the bill of lading acts cannot apply to the surrendered bill of lading. Thirdly, the parties should establish their practice in using the surrendered bill of lading. Fourthly, it is reasonable to use the sea waybill as a substitute for the surrendered bill of lading.

• Journal of the Korean Professional Engineers Association
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.29-31
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• 2009

A general practice in software ordering behavior in public sector has been an enormous obstacle standing in development path of Korea's software industry. Standard on software development cost estimation is supposedly based on Function Point, but in general, it is on headcounting (a number of people involved in a project). Moreover, it is difficult to change a contract in an on-going project, since statement of work is not precisely and carefully described. But it has a simple solution. Design and Implementation should be a separate project, as in construction industry, and both power and responsibility for design should be given to an expert with a national-level qualification. Here, there is a simple way for Korea to reborn as one of the strongest software country.

• Proceedings of the CALSEC Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.121-130
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• 2003

인터넷 사용의 확산과 함께 쳅 문서를 통한 정보 교환이 널리 사용되면서 전자상거래 방식과 관행에도 전통적인 EDI 방식의 한계를 극복할 수 있는 새회운 모델인 Internet EDI, WEB EDI 등으로 발전, 변화하면서 보완되었다. 이에 따라 국내 유통 업종에서도 WEB EDI 방식의 EDI 서비스를 기반으로 기업간 전자상거래를 위한 전자문서 교환이 활발하게 이루어지고 있다. 그러나 현재 유통 업종의 EDI 서비스 사업자들이 표준화되지 않은 통신 모듈의 제공 및 비표준 문서의 사용하고 있는 실정이어서 여러 사업자와 동시에 거래하는 업제들의 전자상거래의 어려움을 가중시키고 있다. 이는 유통업체와 제조업체 상호간의 전자문서 교환에 있어서 통신 모듈이나 전자문서 등의 표준화가 절실히 요구됨을 의미한다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 유통 업종의 EDI 환경의 문제점을 해결하기 위하여 차세대 전자상거래 표준 프레임워크로 자리매김하고 있는 ebXML을 유통 업종의 표준 규격으로 적용하여 실무 거래에 활용하는 방안 제안한다. 또한 유통 업종 내 기업의 IT 환경에서 적용하기 위해서 ebXML 메시지 서비스를 확장하여 설계한 ebXML 메시지 서비스 프로바이더와 ebXML 메시징 허브 시스템을 소개한다.