• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.73-86
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• 2007

Risk-based remediation strategy (RBRS) is a consistent decision-making process for the assessment and response to chemical release based on protecting human health and the environment. The decision-making process described integrates exposure and risk assessment practices with site assessment activities and remedial action selection to ensure that the chosen actions are protective of human health and the environment. The general sequences of events in Tier 1 is as follows: initial site assessment, development of conceptual site model with all exposure pathways, data collection on pollutants and receptors, and identification of risk-based screening level (RBSL). If site conditions do not meet RBSL, it needs further site-specific tier evaluation, Tier 2. In most cases, only limited number of exposure pathways, exposure scenarios, and chemicals of concern are considered the Tier 2 evaluation since many are eliminated from consideration during the Tier 1 evaluation. In spite of uncertainties due to the conservatism applied to risk calculations, limitation in site-specific data collections, and variables affecting the selection of target risk levels and exposure factors, RBRS provides us time- and cost-effectiveness of the remedial action. To ensure reliance of the results, the development team should consider land and resource use, cumulative risks, and additive effects. In addition, it is necessary to develop appropriate site assessment guideline and reliable toxicity assessment method, and to study on site-specific parameters and exposure parameters in Korea.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.107-114
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• 2005

Clownfish are important and very popular fish in the ornamental aquarium industry. Demand for the fish is increasing dramatically. The present study was conducted to verify methods of broodstock management, patterns of spawning, rates of egg hatching and estimates of larval growth fur the saddleback clownfish, Amphiprion polymnus. Spawning occurred 8 times between August 2002 to June 2004 with 2 females and 1 male participating. Fertilized eggs were separated by an adhesive matrix and were oval in shape. The eggs were $2.46{\pm}0.13mm$ in size as measured along the longest axis. The percentage of fertilized eggs was 96.7%. Hatching was observed seven days post-spawning and hatching rate was 85.5%. The sizes of the newly-hatched larvae were $4.58{\pm}0.21mm$ TL (total length). Larvae had an open mouth and anus, and an oval yolk sac. At the 1 st day after hatching, the sizes of the larvae were $4.90{\pm}0.35mm$ TL. The larvae began to eat rotifers after complete yolk absorption. On the 5th day post-hatch, larvae were $5.88{\pm}0.31mm$ TL with complete fins and the survival rate was 48.6%. At 8 days after hatching, a band began to appear on head and back of the larvae indicating the beginning of metamorphosis. Metamorphosis was completed at an average TL of $15.00{\pm}2.12mm$ on the 23rd day after hatching. By the 45th day after hatching, juveniles averaged $22.76{\pm}3.22mm$ TL and survival rate was 28.4%.

• Journal of Life Science
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.683-690
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• 2006

The chemical compositions of amino acids, minerals, betaine, and polyphenolic compounds from Salicornia herbacea (Hamcho) according to harvest periods were analyzed. Changes of chemical characteristics in water and ethanol extracts from Hamcho were evaluated for titratable acidity, pH, soluble solid, and Hunter's color values. The antioxidative activity of water extract from Hamcho was also determined by DPPH $({\alpha},{\alpha}'-diphenyl-{\beta}-picrylhydrazyl)$ scavenging radical activity. Total polyphenolic compounds of Hamcho were shown the highest in August harvested by 201.6 ppm. The betaine of Hamcho water-extract was identified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), which content was 0.248%, 0.269% and 0.204% in June, August, and October, respectively. Major compositional amino acids (mg%) were glutamic acid (582: 519: 664), proline (552: 471: 322), phenylalanine (480: 431: 424), aspartic acid (322: 297: 330), and arginine (282: 321: 483) in June, August, and October, respectively, and major free amino acids (mg%) were proline (9.7: 3.4), asparagine (6.7: 1.4), hydroxyproline (6.4: 2.8), valine (3.9: 2.5), arginine (1.7: 3.0) in June and August, respectively. Mineral contents (mg%) were Na (5,695: 7,536: 5,529), K (1,640: 963: 931), Mg (359: 428: 348), Ca (221: 234: 251), and P (207: 189: 259) in June, August, and October, respectively. Especially, K was high in June, Na and Mg were high in August, and Ca and P were high in October, respectively. DPPH scavenging radical activity was shown in the following order; 0.05% butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)> August> June> October harvested Hamcho. The chemical components of polyphenolic compounds, betaine, amino acids and minerals were changed by harvest periods according to the growing season, and the highest concentrations of polyphenolic compounds and betaine of Hamcho were shown in August harvested.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.105-134
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• 2008

Local opposition and protest constitute single greatest hurdle to the siting of locally unwanted land uses(LULUs), especially siting of high-level radioactive disposal not only throughout Korea but also throughout the industrialized world. It can be attributed mainly to the NIMBYism, equity problem, and lack of participation. These problems are arisen from rational planning process which emphasizes instrumental rationality. But planning is a value-laden political activity, in which substantive rationality is central. To achieve this goals, we need a sound planning process for siting LULUs, which should improve the ability of citizens to influence the decisions that affects them. By a sound planning process, we mean one that is open to citizen input and contains accurate and complete information. In other word, the public is also part of the goal setting process and, as the information and analyses developed by the planners are evaluated by the public, strategies for solutions can be developed through consensus-building. This method is called as a co-operative siting process, and must be structured in order to arrive at publicly acceptable decisions. The followings are decided by consensus-building method. 1. Negotiation will be held? 2. What is the benefits and risks of negotiation? 3. What are solutions when collisions between national interests and local ones come into? 4. What are the agendas? 5. What is the community' role in site selection? 6. Are there incentives to negotiation. 7. Who are the parties to the negotiation? 8. Who will represent the community? 9. What groundwork of negotiation is set up? 10. How do we assure that the community access to information and expert? 11. What happens if negotiation is failed? 12. Is it necessary to trust each other in negotiations? 13. Is a mediator needed in negotiations?

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.23-39
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• 2017

This study began from the question, "is there a way to efficiently apply industrial demand in the university curriculum?" Research focused on how to actively accept and respond to the era of the NCS (National Competency Standards). In order to apply NCS to individual departments of the university, industrial personnel must positively participate to form a practical-level curriculum by the NCS, which can be linked to the work and qualifications. A valid procedure for developing a curriculum based on the NCS of this study is as follows: First, the university must select a specific classification of NCS considering the relevant industry outlook, the speciality of professors in the university, the relationship with regional industries and the prospects for future employment, and the need for industrial manpower. Second, departments must establish a type of human resource that compromises goals for the university education and the missions of the chosen NCS. In this process, a unique competency unit of the university that can support the basic or applied subjects should be added to the task model. Third, the task model based on the NCS should be completed through the verification of each competency unit considering the acceptance or rejection in the curriculum. Fourth, subjects in response to each competency units within the task model should be developed while considering time and credits according to university regulations. After this, a clear subject description of how to operate and evaluate the contents of the curriculum should be created. Fifth, a roadmap for determining the period of operating subjects for each semester or year should be built. This roadmap will become a basis for the competency achievement frame to decide upon the adoption of a Process Evaluation Qualification System. In order for the NCS to be successfully established within the university, a consensus on the necessity of the NCS should be preceded by professors, students and staff members. Unlike a traditional curriculum by professors, the student-oriented NCS curriculum is needed sufficient understanding and empathy for the many sacrifices and commitment of the members of the university.

• Journal of Life Science
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• 제17권12호
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• pp.1689-1694
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• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate both fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamin contents of commercial powdered infant formula for obtaining basic data on infant nutrition. Ten commercial infant formula based on cow's milk were collected and the contents of fat-soluble vitamins (vitamin A, D, E, K) and water-soluble vitamins (vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, $B_6$, folate, $B_{12}$, pantothenic acid, biotin) were compared with Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs). The overall vitamin contents in 100 g and in 100 kcal of infant formula satisfied the recommended formula regulation (KDRIs) and Codex. In infant formula during 0-5 monthly age, fat-soluble vitamin A, D, E, K could supply 178.6%, 205.3%, 208.4%, 976.3% of adequate daily vitamin intakes, respectively. Water soluble vitamins, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, $B_6$, folate, $B_{12}$, pantothenic acid, biotin could supply 173.2%, 237.2%, 269.8%, 295.9%, 431.6%, 165.8%, 1186.3%, 203.8%, 408.3% of adequate daily vitamin intakes, respectively. In infant formula during 6-11 monthly age, all vitamins satisfied their adequate daily intakes as well. Vitamin A, D, E, K supplied 199.2%, 262.3%, 220.5%, 626.46% of adequate daily vitamin intakes. Vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, $B_6$, folate, $B_{12}$, pantothenic acid, biotin could supply 179.5%, 210.2%, 264.7%, 241.5%, 206.0%, 166.9%, 699.5%, 247.0%, 475.0% of adequate intake of KDRIs. From this study, evaluation of vitamin contents of commercial infant formula was established, which could strengthen the basic information on infant nutrition.

• Korean Journal of Comparative Education
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.145-169
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to investigate the influences of educational policy transfer on transitional countries by analyzing the impacts of the Bologna Process on the educational systems of former socialist countries in Europe including Russia, Ukraine, and Hungary. For this purpose, documents published by European Union and its associated educational institutions, as well as academic institutions and scholars were analyzed to evaluate the changes made not only in the systemic level but also institutional and personal levels. The Bologna Process, instigated by the rise of knowledge economy and globalization, is purported to be the most influential educational reform conducted by the member countries since the formation of EU. However, unlike its original intentions to promote the voluntary participation of universities and students, the Bologna Process strengthened the structure of centralized bureaucracy in the educational systems, and restricted the freedom of professors, since most of the universities in these countries relied on governments for their funding. This indicates that in analyzing the influences of educational policy transfer in transitional countries, it is important to analyze the roles and motivations of actors participating in the decision-making processes. Moreover, Bologna Process reforms, made under the direction and control of government, were often turned into cases in which administrators hurriedly implement new policies against the will of faculty members and students, thus impeding the efficient localization of the reforms. This case, thus, implies that while educational reforms driven by policy transfer can change external systems and policies of universities, the fundamental reforms in the minds of faculty and inner workings of organization can only come about after a careful consideration of the societal and cultural values embedded within society.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• 제34호
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• pp.221-250
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• 2012

This paper introduces the characteristics of the records and archives management of Korea from Joseon dynasty to now. This paper also explains historical background of making the records and archives management in Joseon dynasty. This paper introduces the process of establishment of modern records management system by adopting records management system and public administration of USA after liberation in 1945. The Joseon bureaucrats established systematic methodologies for managing and arranging the records. Jeseon dynasty managed its records systematically since it was a bureaucratic regime. It is also noticeable that the famous Joseonwangjosilrok(Annals of Joseon dynasty) came out of the power struggles for the control of the national affairs between the king and the nobility during the time of establishment of the dynasty. Another noticeable feature of the records tradition in Joseon dynasty was that the nobility recorded their experience and allowed future generations use and refer their experiences and examples when they performed similar business. The records of Joseon period are the historical records which recorded contemporary incidents and the compilers expected the future historians evaluate the incidents they recorded. In 1894, the reformation policy of Gaboh governments changed society into modernity. The policy of Gaboh governments prescribed archive management process through 'Regulation(命令頒布式)'. They revised the form of official documents entirely. They changed a name of an era from Chinese to unique style of Korean, and changed original Chinese into Korean or Korean-Chinese together. Also, instead of a blank sheet of paper they used printed paper to print the name of each office. Korea was liberated from Japanese Imperialism in 1945 and the government of Republic of Korea was established in 1948. In 1950s Republic of Korea used the records management system of the Government-General of Joseon without any alteration. In the late of 1950's Republic of Korea constructed the new records management system by adopting records management system and public administration of USA. However, understanding of records management was scarce, so records and archives management was not accomplished. Consequently, many important records like presidential archives were deserted or destroyed. A period that made the biggest difference on National Records Management System was from 1999 when was enacted. Especially, it was the period of President Roh's five-year tenure called Participation Government (2003-2008). The first distinctive characteristic of Participation Government's records management is that it implemented governance actively. Another remarkable feature is a nomination of records management specialists at public institutions. The Participation Government also legislated (completely revised) . It led to a beginning of developing records management in Republic of Korea.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• 제34호
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• pp.39-62
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• 2009

In this paper, the researcher investigated the standpoint of Lee EonJeok(李彦迪), also known as HoeJae(晦齋), with regard to interpretation of Daxue("大學"), through Daxuezhangjubuyi("大學章句補遺") and XuDaxuehuowen("續大學或問"). It is true that HoeJae accommodates a fairly large portion of interpretations made by Zhuzi, however, he strived to pass over Zhuzi's Daxuezhangju by attempting a new interpretation on the Gewuzhizhi(格物致知). The greatest reason that HoeJae couldn't admit Zhuzi's view was derived from the differences in interpretation of Gewuzhizhi. The differences between Zhuzi and HoeJae concerned with Gewuzhizhi is that, while Zhuzi perceived the objects thereof from the perspective of Li(理) of things(事物), HoeJae considered the root and branch, the beginning and end of the physical world(萬物) and also all events(萬事) as the subjects of Gewuzhizhi. Meanwhile, having the chapter, dubbed, 'Weyoubenmo'(物有本末), and the chapter, 'ZhiZhi'(知止) also as expositions of Gewuzhizhi, HoeJae was able to avoid such critiques as that he complemented or added new topics to the sutra. In addition, he could have clarified the stepwise elucidations of Sangangling(三綱領) and Batiaomu(八條目) edited and compiled by Zhuzi(朱子). And the issues in the chapter of Tingsong(聽訟) lies on the extended line of theory of Gewuzhizhi. In the end, it suggests that the differences between Zhuzi and HoeJae are arisen from the discrepancies of interpretation on Gewuzhizhi. HoeJae proposed his ideology concerned with Zhizhizhuyi(至治主義) through his book, XuDaxuehuowen, and he stressed that Ren(仁) must be foundation in order to Pingtianxia(平天下). Furthermore, HoeJae emphasized that Ren which is the founding virtue in order for Pingtianxia must be begun with such very basic behavioral practices, known as, Xiao(孝), Ti(弟), and Ci(慈), and that such desirable states would be accomplished through relationships with others, not merely through self-endeavors or by self-ego.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• 제36권8호
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• pp.588-595
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• 2014

Carbon nanomaterials such as fullerene, carbon nanotube and graphene are representative nanomaterials and widely used in various fields. Carbon nanomaterials can be exposed to environments during their production, usage and disposal, spreading to different systems and posing a great threat to various ecological receptors. Researches are conducted in order to determine the possibility of groundwater exposure to carbon nanomaterials due to their release and passage through soils. If soils can play a significant role in limiting the transport of carbon nanomaterials, the possibility of groundwater exposure to carbon nanomaterials can be reduced greatly. This review paper presented the research works performed for the mobility of carbon nanomaterials in soil media. Also, the paper provided the factors affecting the transport of carbon nanomaterials in soil media along with the DLVO theory/colloid filtration theory/transport model, which are used to describe the transport of carbon nanomaterials in soil media. Recently, production of carbon nanomaterials and their commercial and environmental applications increase rapidly in Korea. Therefore, researches regarding the fate and transport of domestic carbon nanomaterials in soil environments should be performed in various environmental conditions.