• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.760-766
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• 2011

This study was analyzed between actual vegetation type and 4 Paridaes of Korea (Great tit Parus major minor, Marsh tit P. palustris hellmayri, Coal tit P. ater amurensis, Varied tit P. varius varius) in the urban forests in Seoul. The population size of total Paridaes was highest in Robinia pseudoacacia community. When supposed the same area for revision of the difference of each type, the population size was highest in Alnus hirsuta community. The next orders of total observed population was Alnus hirsuta - Pinus desniflora - Quercus acutissima - Castanea crenata. In the urban forest, Paridaes are looks not affected by the naturality of vegetation but other key figure.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 1969

As one phase of the biological control of the Pine gall-midge, Thecodiplosis japonensis Uchida et Inouye, this investigation on birds as a vertebrte predator of the larvae of Pine gall-midge was carried out. Species of the birds as predator, number of the larvae as prey for individual birds and seasonal trends of the prey quantity were studied. This work was carried out during the late fall of 1967 and 1968 at Kwang Nueng Forest which is one of the heavily infested districts by the Pine gall-midge. 1. Korean Great-Tit, East China Marsh-Tit, Quelpart Coal-Tit, White-headed Long-tailed Tit, Varied Tit, Kamchatkan Rustic Bunting, Yellow-thrated Bunting, Chestnut Bunting and Korean Goldcrest were found to be the predator of the larvae of Pine gall-midge. 2. The average number of larvae as prey found from individual predator bird species were approximatly 108 for Kamchatkan Rustic Bunting, 17-64 for East China Marsh-Tit, 25-28 for Korean Great Tit and 36 for Quelpart Coal Tit. 3. The seasonal change in the number of the larvae which fell into the ground affected the seasonal trends of the prey quantity of the predator birds 4. Among the 380 birds examined, 157 birds were found to attack the larvae of Pine gall-midge.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.73-81
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• 1997

한국산 조류 중 박새속(genus Parus)에 속하는 4종 Parus major wladiwostokensis (박새), P. ater amurensis(진박새), P. palustrius hellmayri(쇠박새) 및 P. varius varius(곤줄 박이)를 대상으로 이들의 계통적 유연관계를 구명하기 위하여 mtDNA분석을 실시하였다. 6 base를 인지하는 10개의 제한효소를 처리하여 얻어진 mtDNA의 크기는 16.6~17.0Kb였으며 Pst I과 Pvu II는 종간 차이가 뚜렷하였다. 각 종간의 절편양상을 비교하여 Parus속의 종 간 분화정도를 비교한 결과 P. m. wladiwostokensis와 P. a. amurensis의 유전적 근연관계 가 가장 가까웠고(p=0.073, F=0.294) P. a. amurensis와 P. v. varius는 비교적 현저한 유전 적 차이를 보였다.(p=0.119, F=0.143). Brown 등 (1979)의 공식을 이용하여 박새속 4종의 분 화시기를 추정한 결과 이들은 후기 선신세(Pliocene)와 초기 홍적세(Pleistocene) 사이에 분 화된 것으로 추정되었다.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.358-364
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• 1989

한국산 박새속 조류 Porus major(박새), Porus atter(진박새), Porus poiustris(쇠박새), Parus varius(곤줄박이)의 핵형을 일반염색 방법으로 분석한 결과 4종의 염색체 수는 모두 2n=78∼80으로 나타났고, 성 염색체를 포함한 7쌍이 macrochromosome, 그 외 32∼33쌍이 microchromosome이었다. 종간 차이를 나타내는 염색체는 5번째 염색체와성염색체인 Z·W-염색체였다. 이러한 핵형의 차이는 5번째 염색체에서는 pericentric inversion, 성 염색체에서는 전좌에 의한 것으로 생각된다. The chromosomal analysis of Pows major, Paws after, Paws palustris and Paws vorius of the genus Paws in Korea were performed by conventional Giemsa staining method. The diploid number of four species were 2n=78-80, and there were 7 pairs of macrochromosomes and 32 or 33 pairs of microchromosomes. The 5th and Z·W-chromosomeswere distinctly different between interspecies. Probably these karyological differences were speculated by pericentric inversion in 5th chromosome and translocation in Z·W-chromosomes.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.365-373
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• 1989

한국산 박새속 조류 Porus maior(박새), Parus ater(진박새), Parus palustris(쇠박새), Parus varius(곤줄박이)의 핵형을 C-banding 방법으로 분석한 결과 ZZ-ZW 염색체를 동정, 확인할 수 있었으며, 구조적 이질염색질의 부위가 일반염색 방법에 의한 핵형 비교에서 보다 종간에 더 많은 차이를 나타냈다. 그러나 일반염색 방법과 C-banding 방법 만으로는 4종간의 종분화 기작을 추측할 수 없었다. The chromosomal analysis of Paws motor, Paws ater, Pahs palustris and Pows varius of the genus Paws in Korea were performed by C-handing method. The identification of sex chromosones was ascertained and the part of constitutive heterochromatin was more different between interspecies than by conventional Giemsa staining method. However, conventional Giemsa staining and C-banding methods could not explain mechanisms of speciation between four species.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.268-279
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• 2001

본 연구는 계룡산국립공원을 대상으로 계절별 야생조류의 서식 분포현황을 밝히고, 야생조류의 보호 관리를 위한 기초자료를 제공하기 위하여 실시되었다. 조사를 위하여 5개 지역을 조사지로 설정하여 2000년 4월부터 2001년 1월까지 4회에 걸쳐 야생조류 및 서식환경을 조사하였으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 계룡산국립공원지역에서 조사기간동안 관찰된 야생조류는 텃새 30종, 여름철새 26종, 겨울철새 9종, 나그네새 4종으로 총 10목 29과 69종 2950개체이며, 이 중 천연기념물은 참매, 새매, 붉은배새매, 소쩍새 등 4종이 관찰되었다. 서식 종 수는 봄철 46종, 여름철 39종, 가을철 40종, 겨울철 40종이었다. 서식밀도는 봄철 7.36마리/ha,여름철 5.17마리/ha, 가을철 15.61마리/ha, 겨울철 7.4마리/ha이며, 주요 우점종은 붉은머리오목눈이, 직박구리, 박새, 쇠박새, 곤줄박이 등의 순이었다. 특히, 봄철 종 수는 이용강도가 높은 동학사 지역이 이용강도가 낮은 다른지역들 보다 낮게 나타났다. 갑사 지역은 봄에 최대 종 수를 나타내어 조류의 번식지로 유리한 것으로 나타났으며, 겨울철새의 종 수가 가장 적게 관찰된 갑사와 신원사 지역은 겨울철새가 서식하기에 불리한 것으로 판단된다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.25 no.3 s.107
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• pp.179-187
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• 2002

This study was conducted to clarify the characteristics of attitudinal bird communities in Mt. Seoraksan National Park from May to Oct. 2004. Marsh tit Parus palustris, Arctic warbler Phylloscipus borealis, coal tit Parus ater and Eurasian nuthatch Sitta europaea evenly distributed in almost elevational ranges. Goshawk Accipiter gentilis, black grouse Tetrao tetrix, white-lumped swift Apus pacificus, Siberian rubythroat Luscinia calliope, red-flanked bluetail Tarsiger cyanurus, dusky warbler Phylloscopus fuscatus, yellow-browned warbler Phylloscopus inornatus, siskin Carduelis spinus and rook Corvus frugilegus were only observed in high altitude area. Distribution pattern of birds in Mt. Seoraksan National Park showed differences by elevation. There was difference in attitudinal distribution pattern of birds in Mt. Seoraksan National Park. It seems that habitat preference or selection is different in each species. Attitudinal habitat preference of each bird species need further studies.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.109-117
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• 2002

This study was conducted to clarify the characteristics of attitudinal bled communities in Mt. Seoraksan National Park from May to Oct. 2001. Marsh tit Parus palustris, Arctic warbler Phylloscipus borealis, coal tit Parus ater and Eurasian nuthatchh Sitta europaea evenly distributed in almost elevational ranges. Goshawk Accipiter gentilis, black grouse Tetrao tetrix, white-rumped swift Apus pacificus, Siberian rubythroat Luscinia calliope, red-flanked bluetail Tarsiger cyanurus, dusky warbler Phylloscopus fuscatus, yellow-browned warbler Phylloscopus inomatus, siskin Carduelis spinus and rook Corvus frugilegus were only observed in high altitude area. Distribution pattern of birds in Mt. Seoraksan National Park showed differences by elevation. There was difference in altitudinal distribution pattern of birds in Mt. Seoraksan National Park. It seems that habitat preference or selection is different in each species. Altitudinal habitat preference of each bird species need further studies.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.17-28
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• 1990

Electrophoretic methods were used to examine the degree of genic variation and genetic relatedness in 11 populations representing 6 species and subspecies of the genus Parus in Korea. The average degree of genic variation of 3 subspecies of P. major was =1.2, =24.4% , D=0.042, and G=0.058, whereas the rest of the species showed slightly lower degree of genic variation than P. major. Genetic relatedness between subspecies and species in the genus Parus showed similar to those reported at comparable taxnonomic levels in other birds. But it appears to be considerably less than that of non avian taxa. Genetic relatedness between 3 subspecies of P.major and P. varius varius was closely related(=0.80), whereas between P.palustrius hellmayri and P.ater amurensis was relatively remote (=0.67). The presumed divergent times of P.palustrius hellmayri, P, ater amurensis , and P. varius varius were about 1.8, 1.6, and 1.0million years before present respectively, and 3 subspecies of P. major were recently differentiated about 100 thousands years before present.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.51-62
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• 1990

This study was to investigate the user's effects on the avifauna in Sokri Mountain National Park. The survey was carried over 4 districts which were divided with main trail(valley, ridge), subtrail(ridge), un-used trail (valley) by line transect method from December 1989 to October 1990. The observed birds were 36 species and 570 individuals, these consist of 23 species for residents. 7 species for summer visitor. 2 species for winter visitor, 4 species for passage migrant. The average density of birds was 2.35 ea/ha., and main dominant species were Parus major minor, Porus palustris hellmayri, Parus varius varius and Sitta europaea amurensis in order. The observed frequency of wild birds was 3.4 times/km in average. No. of species, species diversity and observed frequency of summer and autumn were lower than winter and spring in 4 survey routes. Therefore, from now, in Sokri Mountain National Park manegement, the enjoyment oriented activities will be regulated and control of trail use on main trail are necessary during breeding periods of wild birds protection, especially in summer.