• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.153-159
• /
• 2005

Autistic disorder and other PDD are currently viewed as a largely genetically determined neurodevelopmental disorder, although its underlying biological causes remain to be established. In this review, we examine the available neurodevelopmental literature on autistic disorder and discuss the findings that have emerged. Typical neuropathological observations are rather consistent with respect to the limbic system (increased cell packing density and smaller neuronal size), the cerebellum (decreased number of Purkinje cells) and the cerebral cortex ($>50\%$ of the cases showed features of cortical dysgenesis). However, most of the reported studies had to contend with the problem of small sample sizes, the use of quantification techniques, not free of bias and assumptions, and high percentages of autistic subjects with comorbid mental retardation or epilepsy. Furthermore, data from the limbic system and on age-related changes lack replication by independent groups. It is anticipated that future neuropathological studies held great promise, especially as new techniques such as design-based stereology and gene expression are increasingly implemented and combined, larger samples are analysed, and younger subjects free of comorbidities are investigated.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.129-138
• /
• 2002

Objectives：In order to treatment guideline of ADHD, present clinical practise of child psychiatrists and their opinion of optimal intervention were evaluated. Methods：Structured questionnaire items about diagnostic workup, drug choice of 5 different situations according to different co-morbid disorders, and non - pharmacological treatment were applied to 32 child psychiatrists working at university and general hospital. we compared the data with Texas Algorithm Project guideline. Results：(1) Intelligence Test, Sentence Completion Test, sustained attention test, and Conner's questionnaire were the basic routine test that must be performed. (2) Main trend of medication in this study was not different from TAP guideline. (3) In case of co-morbid tic disorder, first recommending drug is still psychostimulant in the TAP guideline. But in this study initial psychostimulant prescription was not main trend. (4) In case of MPH non-response co-morbid disruptive behavior disorder, MPH medication combined with other drug were more common than switching to other drug as suggested the TAP guidelines. (5) In non-pharmacological treatment, most child psychiatrists reported the importance of parent management. Conclusion：There were some difference in medication trend in this study compared with TAP guideline. Further study and conference are needed for experts consensus in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.182-189
• /
• 2008

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate preliminarily the clinical effects of cognitive-behavioral treatment in children with anxiety disorders. Methods: Subjects were 11 children between 2nd and 6th grade with anxiety disorder. All subjects were diagnosed through Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) interview. The CBT program consisted of sessions once a week (60min/session) for 14 weeks with parent education. Results: Children and parents reported significantly improved social skills, social competence and decreased anxiety. However, there were no significant changes in children's negative thoughts and subjective depressive symptoms. Conclusion: Cognitive-behavioral treatment is expected to be effective in children with anxiety disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder, phobia, separation anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.247-257
• /
• 1996

This is a preliminary report on the first segment of a continuing and prospective teaming disorder study project in Korea. Study subjects were 197 children, aged between 6 and 15 referred for psychiatric evaluation of scholastic problems. Demographic data, psychiatric diagnoses and intelligence and achievement test results were reviewed and analyzed. Analyses of data lead to the following conclusions : (1) About 20.8% of children referred for scholastic problems were diagnosed of teaming disorder(LD). The most prevalent diagnosis among these children with scholastic problem was emotional disorder, especially depressive disorder(33%), (2) The comorbid rate of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) of 41 children with LD was 44%, (3) Male/female ratio was 5.8:1 among all of the LD children, 17:1 among children with LD and ADHD and 3.6:l among children with LD but without ADHD, (4) 83% of children with LD scored above middle level on socioeconomic status(SES), (5) Age, SES, IQ, family psychiatric history, past history of medical and psychiatric illness, onset of age, pattern of peer relationship, number of friends, presence of adaptation problem and academic achievements of children with LD and ADHD compared to those of children with LD but without ADHD. No significant differences between two groups were found on age, SES, IQ, family psychiatric history, past history of medical and psychiatric illness, pattern of peer relationship, number of friends and presence of adaptation problem. However, there were significant differences in academic achievements of Korean language total, speaking and listening score, arithmetic score, social science score and music score of children with LD and ADHD compared to those of children with LD but without ADHD. Also there was an ealier onset of age in LD and ADHD group when compared to LD but without ADHD group.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.209-216
• /
• 2015

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a day-hospital treatment program designed to help development of children with pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) and mental retardation (MR). Methods : Retrospective review of the charts of 32 children (28 with PDD, 4 with MR), who participated in a day-hospital treatment program of Seoul Metropolitan Eunpyeong Hospital, from October 2008 to February 2012, was conducted. Development level of each patient was evaluated according to the Psycho-Educational Profile-Revised (PEP-R), Social Maturity Scale (SMS), and Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). Evaluation was done at two points, before participation and after 1 year participation. Results : Children who participated in the day-hospital treatment program showed significant improvement in all categories of PEP-R, SMS, and CARS. Conclusion : Day-hospital treatment program is effective for helping development of children with PDD and MR.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.91-99
• /
• 1999

Objects：It is difficult to differentiate between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) and mania because of similar symptoms and atypical symptoms of mania in children and adolescents. The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics and to clarify the relationship by comparing the clinical features and comorbidities of ADHD and manic patients. Methods：The subjects consisted of 35 patients with ADHD and 19 manic patients. To Compare the characteristic symptoms between the two disorders, we selected 29 patients with ADHD and 14 patients with manic disorders. 6 ADHD patients who had manic disorders as comorbid disorder, and 5 manic patients who had ADHD as comorbid disorders were manic disorders were excluded. Results：1) There were significant differences in ages of onset and state anxiety scale scores, birth weights, numbers of perinatal problem, gestational ages, school behavioral problems between ADHD patients and manic patients(p<0.01). 2) There were significant differences in loses things(p<0.05) of ADHD-symptoms and grandiosity(p<0.01), decrease in sleep(p<0.05), delusions(p<0.01), hallucinations(p<0.05) of mania-symptoms between ADHD patients and manic patients. 3) The comorbid disorders of ADHD patients are significantly high(p<.05) than that of manic patients in major depression. 4) The familial loading of manic patients are significantly high(p<.05) than that of ADHD patients in mood disorder. Conclusions：The above results suggest that ADHD and mania are different disorders, considering the significant differences of clinical features and characteristics, familial loadings of the two disorders.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.12-25
• /
• 2003

Objectives：As increasing number of new antidepressants have been being introduced in clinical practice, pharmacological understanding has been broadened. These changes mandate new information and theories to be incorporated into the treatment process of children with depressive disorders. In light of newly coming knowledge, this review intended to recapitulate the characteristics of new antidepressants and to consider the pivotal issues to develope guidelines for the treatment of depression in childhood and adolescence. Methods：Searching the Pub-Med online database for the articles with the key words of 'new', 'antidepressants' and 'children' ninety-seven headings of review articles were obtained. The author selected the articles of pertinent subjects in terms of either treatment guideline or psychopharmacology of new antidepressants. When required, articles about the clinical effectiveness of individual antidepressants were separatedly searched. In addition, the safety information of new antidepressants was acquired by browsing the official sites of the United States Food and Drugs Administration and Department of Health and Human Services. Results：1) For the clinical course, treatment phase, and treatment outcome, the reviews or treatment guidelines adopted the information from adult treatment guidelines. 2) Systematic and critical reviews unambiguously concluded that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors(SSRIs) excelled tricyclic antidepressants( TCAs) for both efficacy and side effect profiles, and were recommend for the first-line choice for the treatment of children with depressive disorders. 3) New antidepressants generally lacked treatment experiences and randomized controlled clinical trials. 4) SSRIs and other new antidepressants, when used together, might result in pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic drug-to-drug interaction. 5) The difference of the clinical effectiveness of antidepressants between children and adults should be addressed from developmental aspects, which required further evidence. Conclusion：Treatment guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of childhood and adolescence depression could be constructed on the basis of clinical trial findings and practical experiences. Treatment guidelines are to best serve as the frame of reference for a clinician to make reasonable decisions for a particular therapeutic situation. In order to fulfill this role, guidelines should be updated as soon as new research data become available.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.161-166
• /
• 1996

The major goals of this study are to investigate the correlation between the cormorbid symptom and the prognosis of conduct disorder in the adolescents. for this purpose, according to the result of 6-month follow-up of discharged patient who met the criteria of conduct disorder in admission, good-prognosis group(n=37) and poor-prognosis group(n=36) were selected. Authors applied Children's Depression Inventory and Trait Anxiety Inventory, Conners Parenting Rating Scale. Yale Children's Inventory to two groups. The results are summarized as follows : 1) Using CDI, the mean scores of poor-prognosis group were significantly higher compared with those of good prognosis group. 2) Using TAI, CPRS, YCI, the mean scores of poor-prognosis group were insignificantly higher compared with those of good prognosis. 3) The limitation of our study is that number of subjects is small, definition of prognosis is ambiguous, and period of 6 month follow-up is short.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.20-27
• /
• 2014

Objectives : The aim of this study was to determine whether intervention using a multidisciplinary approach affects maternal mental health, parenting stress, and sense of parenting competence in children with feeding disorder and failure to thrive (FTT). Methods : Children with feeding disorder and FTT were randomized to the intervention group (N=11) or control group (N=8). We administered the Korean standardization of Parent Temperament Questionnaire for Children (K-PTQ) in both groups before intervention, and the Korean version of the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (K-PSI-SF), Korean version of the Parenting Sense of Competence (K-PSOC), Korean version of the Beck's Depression Inventory (K-BDI), Korean version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory (K-BAI), and Korean version of the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (K-MDQ) in both groups before and after the intervention. Results : In the intervention group, the K-BDI (p=.068), K-BAI (p=.068), and K-MDQ (p=.066) scores tended to show a decline, the K-PSI-SF scores for stress related to child learning showed a significant decline, and the K-PSOC scores for sense of parenting competence showed significant improvement. However, no significant changes were observed in the control group. Conclusion : Use of a multidisciplinary approach improved maternal mental health, parenting stress, and sense of competence. Comparison of these results with those of normal control will be necessary in a future study.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.40-54
• /
• 1990

The author studied EEG differences among normal, children, children with emotional behavioral problems determined by Rutter's questionnaire and children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder according to DSM-III-R. The results are as follows ; There were no differences in incidence and pattern of abnormal EEG between normal control children and children with emotional behavioral problems. But children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder tend to show lower average amplitude, and less wave percentage time of alpha wave in occipital area than normal did, furdermore wave percentage time of alpha wave appeared more in left occipital area than in right occipital area, These results demonstrated that emotional behavioral problems in elementary school children may not be related to EEG abnormality, Where as children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder showed underdeveloped alpha waves as compared with normal control children.