• 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.31-31
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• 2011

1990년 이후 공산체계인 구소련과 동구권이 몰락하고 세계적으로 탈냉전의 변화와 우리의 민주정부 수립 후 햇빛정책 등에도 불구하고 북한은 적화통일을 포기하지 않고 작년 11월에 연평도에 포격을 가하여 민간인과, 군이 2명이 사망하는 사건이 발생 하였다. 또한 북한의 공격은 과거의 포탄공격뿐만 아니라 미사일이나 화생방과 같은 생화학물질 탑재 가능한 공격이 예상된다. 이에 대비 정부에서는 고정시설의 화생방 방호는 일단유사시에 국민의 생명과 재산을 보호하는데 필수요소로서 집단보호개념에 도입하고 있으며, 현재 각 중요 대피시설 및 지자체의 기존 대피시설을 개인방호, 탐지, 제독, 운용절차를 포함한 실태파악 및 재래식 탄을 포함한 통합적인 조치를 마련하고 있다. 작년 2010년 11월 연평도에서의 북한 포격이후 우리는 서해5도나 접경지역 주민과 그리고 근접거리의 서울시민들이 안전하게 포격으로부터 피난 할 수 있는 민방위대피소에 대한 문제점이 대두되고 대책방안을 요구하고 있다. 소방방재청 기준에 따르면 직격(直擊) 핵폭탄을 제외한 화생방, 재래식 무기 공격에 견딜 수 있는 시설은 '1등급 대피시설'인데 서울에는 한 곳도 없다. 고층건물의 지하 2층 이하나 지하철, 터널 같은 2등급 대피시설도 폭격은 견딜 수 있지만 화생방 공격에는 취약하다. 지하상가 등 건축물의 지하층, 지하차도나 보도는 그보다 더 취약한 3등급이며 단독 주택의 지하층처럼 방호 효과가 떨어지는 곳이 4등급이다. 2등급으로 분류된 대피소의 경우 분류만 되어 있을 뿐 장기간 대피시 시민들이 사용 할 수 있는 거주공간이 아닌 임시 대피로서의 역할만 하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 민방위 기본법에 따라 지하에 $3.3m^2$ 당 4명 이상이 대피할 수 있는 규모의 공간을 갖추기만 하면 대피시설로 볼 수 있는 현 문제점과 1등급에서 4등급으로 나뉘어져있는 민방위 대피소와 대피소가 있지만 피난공간으로서의 역할과 구조적으로 안전한가에 대한 국내외 실태 분석을 통하여 분석한 결과 우리는 서해5도 대피시설의 반 이상이 무용지물이고 접경지 또한 피난시에 피난장으로서의 대피소가 난방이나, 구급품과 식구 시설 등이 구비가 되어 있지 않고 대피시설로 지정한곳이 간판이나 안내시설이 없다. 외국의 경우 스위스는 연방정부의 관리책임으로 전쟁이나 핵 확산에 따른 화생방 업무 전담팀을 두고 있으며, 방독면은 개인 방호물자로서 전국민 100% 보유하고, 각가정이나 건축, 시설물의 경우 화생방 표준 대피시설 설치관련 규정 마련 시행하고 있다. 대피시설은 화생방 방호가 가능한 지휘부용 대피시설과 일반 주민대피용 시설을 구분하여 설치운영하고 있으며, 전국에 650만개를 설치하고 있다. 결론은 대피시설이 북한 공경시 피난시설로의 활용방안을 모색 등급구분에 따른 현실적용 수정과 기존 대피소 보강과 재선별이 필요하고, 신축시 설계 표준설계안 그리고 기존의 대피소에 대한 보수, 보강방법 가이드라인과 장기간 거주에 대한 설비구축 등과 국민 대홍보등을 제안하였다.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1990

This study was performed to investigate the variation of tracheid length, ray spacing per mm and ray height of major coniferous woods (Picea jezoensis, Abies sachaliensis, Pinus koraiensis, Pinus sylvestris and larix gmelini)grown at Sivelian forest of USSR. The results of the study are as follows: 1. The averaged mean values of tracheid length are respectively $3550{\mu}$ on Pinus koraiensis, $3440{\mu}$ on Abies sachaliensis and Larix gmelini, $2900{\mu}$ on Picea jezoensis, and generally this values of Sivelian coniferous wood are more longer than Korean samewood. 2. The tracheid length on sapwood is more larger than heartwood and this values on latewood are also larger than earlywood. 3. The averaged mean values of ray height are respeetively 14.5 on Larix gmelini, 13.5 on Picea jezoensis and Pinus sylvestris, 9.7 on Pinus koraiensis, and this values of Sivelian coniferous wood are more larger than Korean samewood. 4. Ray height is comparatively small near the pith and tend to be increased to bark of wood. 5. The avereged values of ray spacing per mm are respectily 7.9-8.3 on Larix gmelini and Picea jezoensis, 7.1 on Abies sachaliensis, and 6.1-6.2 on Pinus koraiensis and Pinus sylvestris.

• Current Industrial and Technological Trends in Aerospace
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.3-13
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• 2008

The year 2007 marked two important anniversaries for space. The Soviet Union launched Sputnik 50 years ago on October 4. 1957. The 40th anniversary of the United Nations treaty on outer space was also marked in 2007. 2008 and 2007 were full of dramatic events of space activity as well : Success of Japan's first large lunar explorer 'KAGUYA'(SELENE) and China's 'Chang'e 1', launch of ISS laboratory module, 'Colombus' and 'Kibo', test of China's ASAT, and success of Korea's first astronaut program and so on. International government space budgets reached $78.3 billion in 2007, a strong growth rate of 36% over 2006, and the recently released Global Exploration Strategy, The Framework for Coordination is a set of guidelines for international cooperation among 14 of the world's space agencies. Worldwide space industry revenue grew by 20% over 2005, $106.1 billion in 2006 and $173.9 billion expected in 2007. This paper discusses the issues related to the Earth observation R&D trend and market in detail. Korea's 2008 government space spending is \316.4 billion, 2007 space industry revenue was $106 million. Several research projects are now underway and STSAT 2 will be launched by KSLV-1 at the Naro Space Center within this year.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.652-666
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to analyze high school chemistry curricula in Korea and China in order to identify possible implications for the improvement of the Korean curriculum. The school curricula of Korea and China had been developed by the Ministry of Education of both countries as national curricula. The 1996 Chinese high school chemistry curriculum, and the 7th Korean high school chemistry curriculum announced in 1997 were compared in respect to the characters, objectives, history, time allotment, structure, subject contents, and assessment plans. Based on the comparative analysis of the curricula, some of the ideas, which provide implications for the improvement of Korean chemistry curriculum, were identified. The identified ideas were elaborated to seek directions for the solutions of current problems in chemistry curriculum. such as common science subject. tentative implementation of curriculum, compulsory provision of chemistry, subjects in science course, enlargement of curriculum, and methods of assessment.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.40
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• pp.287-320
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• 2007

This study was to look into the press policy and the related activities performed by North Korea in the South during the Korean War and to evaluate them. In order to understand the concrete contents of the activities and their characteristics, the two representative newspapers published in the South by North Korea at that times - the Chosuninmin Bo and the Haebang Ilbo - were reviewed and analyzed. North Korea operated broadcasting and started newspapers just after the possession of Seoul. and also performed various positive press activities - such as the distribution of the newspapers and periodicals of North Korea and U.S.S.R., putting the movies on the screen, and founding the weekly, etc. But the target of all the media were the same. It aimed to support Kim Il-Sung's scheme which intended to carry out the war successfully and to make the South under occupation Communism System by introducing the Northern law and system. The two newspapers, as agent of power, made only such a role to agitate and exaggerate the false things with unrealistic optimism. They intended to ideologically mobilize the South people and to affect on their perspectives and acts. However the media including the two newspapers being operated in the South during the war had not got the faith or the good response from the South people as an audience. Most of South Koreans were tired with their endless and one-sided propaganda, agitation and ideological enlightenment. It could therefore be evaluated that the press activities by North Korea in the South during the Korean War resulted with many limitations in ideologically organizing and mobilizing the South Koreans.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.417-432
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• 2013

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the history of geography in China from 1909 when the Chinese Geographical Society(zhonguo dixuehui) was established to 1978 when the reform and open policy was initiated. The investigation was done with an emphasis on the history of institutions like academic societies, university departments and institutes. Before the PRC's establishment, the Chinese Geographical Society, the Chinese Historical Geography Society(yugong xuehui) and the Geographical Society of China(zhongguo dili xuehui) were established. After the PRC's establishment, however, the academic societies were merged together. The first university department of geography was that of Dongnan university(Nanjing university) established by Zu Kezhen in 1921. Since that Zhongshan university, Zhejiang university, Qinghua university, Beijing normal university and Beijing university established the geography departments. In 1950s the academic societies and university departments experienced the restructuring of organization and the Institute of Geography in Chinese Academy of Science was established. At that time the task of geography imposed by PRC was to serve to agricultural production and to introduce advanced Soviet science. From the beginning of the Cultural Revolution in 1966 to the eve of reform and open policy in 1978, the geography in China has experienced some deep recession. The reform and open policy was a new opportunity and crisis to geographers in China.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.23
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• pp.257-297
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• 2010

The U. S. government has a long history to classify and manage governmental records which are created, collected, and preserved for itself. During the colonial period before the independence, the U. S. mostly practiced the maintenances of secret records and restrictions of access to the records following a long convention without any specific legal authority. Since establishment of the U. S. Constitution, the government had kept secret records on the basis of constitutional authority. However, the U. S. government began to take shape the secret records management system when it participated in the World War I, which required the system to reflect the needs in reality to manage drastic increases in important military and foreign relation documents. The World War II made the U. S. government strengthen its secret records management system, and its conception of secret records management system at that time has sustained until now. It can be said that the current secret records management system of the U. S. government continues to be managed by constitutional authorities and the executive orders which are opt to change. This article intends to review the secret records management system of the U. S. from the initial history of the U. S. to the Cold War. To understand its system of secret management, the paper investigates the U. S. secret records management history by dividing into three periods: the period of establishment of its tradition(the Colonial era~just before the WWI); the period of taking shape of its system (the WWI~the WWII); and the period of current conception of its system. The criteria of these divisions are created based on the differences of the laws relevant to the secret records and the application methods of secret management system in reality.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.38 no.5_3
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• pp.901-912
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• 2022

The frequency of disasters is increasing due to global climate change, and unusual heavy rains and rainy seasons are occurring in Korea. Periodic monitoring and rapid detection are important because these weather conditions can lead to drought and flooding, causing secondary damage. Although research using optical images is continuously being conducted to determine the waterbody, there is a limitation in that it is difficult to detect due to the influence of clouds in order to detect floods that accompany heavy rain. Therefore, there is a need for research using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) that can be observed regardless of day or night in all weather. In this study, using Sentinel-1 SAR images that can be collected in near-real time as open data, the UNet model among deep learning algorithms that have recently been used in various fields was applied. In previous studies, waterbody detection studies using SAR images and deep learning algorithms are being conducted, but only a small number of studies have been conducted in Korea. In this study, to determine the applicability of deep learning of SAR images, UNet and the existing algorithm thresholding method were compared, and five indices and Sentinel-2 normalized difference water index (NDWI) were evaluated. As a result of evaluating the accuracy with intersect of union (IoU), it was confirmed that UNet has high accuracy with 0.894 for UNet and 0.699 for threshold method. Through this study, the applicability of deep learning-based SAR images was confirmed, and if high-resolution SAR images and deep learning algorithms are applied, it is expected that periodic and accurate waterbody change detection will be possible in Korea.

• Journal of International Area Studies (JIAS)
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.129-154
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• 2010

In Post-soviet Space, particularly the Central Asian is a great turbulence region called the 'Eurasian Balkan', where diverse factors of conflict and dispute are existed. In Central Asia, a current regional security system is characterized by various multilateral cooperation relations among Central Asian nations and the world powers, such as NATO(PfP), OSCE, CIS, CSTO, CACO, SCO, CICA and so on. But nothing could obtain superiority as pan-regional security system. Unless internal problems and conflicts of the Central Asian nations be solved, security won't be assured in this region. Narrow-minded and blind realism will spread insecure region, make a lasting trouble spot in Eurasian continent. The purpose of this article is to explore significance for international relations of security system in the Central Asia. I examine general features of regional security environment formed after the Soviet Union's collapse, characteristics of multilateral cooperation related with Central Asian nations. Through consideration current situations I suggest prospects of security system in Central Asia.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.299-304
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• 2024

Beyond the first nuclear age, which pitted the United States and the Soviet Union against each other, we are now in the second nuclear age, in which the decision-makers of nuclear weapons are diversified among countries large and small. India and Pakistan, two such countries, are antagonistic toward each other and possess nuclear weapons, but their nuclear posture and nuclear strategies are different. The examples of these two countries can provide clues to the future nuclear posture of North Korea, which faces South Korea. In particular, Pakistan's chosen posture of pre-emptive deterrence is a highly offensive nuclear posture that threatens to use nuclear weapons against an adversary to deter aggression. This is an option that can be accomplished even with a small nuclear arsenal that can be used as a first strike, so it seems to be the optimal posture for a nuclear-powered Pakistan to choose in response to an Indian threat. North Korea, which is outgunned by the United States and South Korea, is likely to continue to threaten to use nuclear weapons preemptively like Pakistan. However, it is expected to be defensive and quite conservative, like India, until it actually uses them to maintain its regime.