• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.559-563
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• 2006

This work was investigated the effects of the elevated $CO_2$ and Pb contamination on the growth of Pinus densiflora. Two-years pine trees were planted in Pb-contaminated soils (500 mg/kg-soil) and uncontaminated soils, and cultivated for 3 months in the growth chamber where $CO_2$ concentration was controlled at 380 or 760 ppmv. The growth of P. densiflora were comparatively analyzed in 4 kinds of soil samples (CA : $CO_2$ 380 ppmv + Pb 0 mg/kg, CB : $CO_2$ 380 ppmv + Pb 500 mg/kg, EA : $CO_2$ 760 PPmv + Pb 0 mg/kg, EB : $CO_2$ 760 ppmv + Pb 500 mg/kg). It was measured the growth changes of the p. densiflora caused by $CO_2$ concentration and Pb contamination. The growth of P. densiflora was remarkably inhibited in the Pb-contaminated soil, although the biomass and the root elongations were not significantly affected by the elevated $CO_2$. These results suggested that the growth of p. densiflora was sensitively influenced by Pb contamination rather than $CO_2$ concentration. Compared to the initial soil, total Pb concentration in the soil samples was decreased at 760 ppmv $CO_2$ as well as at 380 ppmv $CO_2$ after 3 months. The accumulation of Pb in the roots at 760 ppmv $CO_2$ was two-fold of that at 380 ppmv $CO_2$, indicating that Pb bioavailability in the root of p. densiflora might be affected by the elevated $CO_2$.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.4
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• pp.543-547
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• 2001

An fungus gnat, Bradysia agrestis in the family Sciaridae was collected from Pinus spp. seedlings. This pest is a newly recorded insect from P. thunbergii, P. rigida, P. rigitaeda, and P. densiflora seedling. Brief morphological characters, damage symptom, host plants associated with the B. agrestis were recored. Significant variation in damaged of Pinus spp. seedling was attributed to differences between pine species(P. thunbergii : 15.4-20.0%, P. rigida : 23.1-48.8%, and P. rigitaeda : 13.8-67.5%, respectively) and sowing times(May : P. densiflora, 0%; P. rigida, 0%, July : P. densiflora, 20.0%; P. rigida, 49.4%, respectively).

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.4
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• pp.477-483
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to calculate uncertainty of emission factor collected data and to evaluate the applicability of Monte Carlo simulation technique. To estimate the distribution of emission factors (Such as Basic wood density, Biomass expansion factor, and Root-to-shoot ratio), four probability density functions (Normal, Lognormal, Gamma, and Weibull) were used. The two sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and cumulative density figure were used to compare the optimal probability density function. It was observed that the basic wood density showed the gamma distribution, the biomass expansion factor results the log-normal distribution, and root-shoot ratio showd the normal distribution for Pinus densiflora in the Gangwon region; the basic wood density was the normal distribution, the biomass expansion factor was the gamma distribution, and root-shoot ratio was the gamma distribution for Pinus densiflora in the central region, respectively. The uncertainty assessment of emission factor were upper 62.1%, lower -52.6% for Pinus densiflora in the Gangwon region and upper 43.9%, lower -34.5% for Pinus densiflora in the central region, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.86 no.1
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• pp.105-111
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• 1997

Root dynamics of a pine stand at Hongcheon, Korea was assayed with two kinds of soil samplers which had been tentatively manufactured to renovate the routine soil sampler, Oakfield soil sampler. Root-mixed soil samples were collected on December of 1995, March, May, August and December of 1996 within each randomly selected 8 plots. The amount of roots collected by the two kinds of soil samplers were not significantly different at the 5% level, which indicated that the renovated sampler was more desirable to be used since the sampler showed efficiencies in time for collection and quantification than the routine sampler. The quantities of total root in 100g soils were 469mg on December of 1995, and 352mg, 473mg, 461mg, 522mg on the following March, May, August and December, respectively. That is, total amount of roots showed the smallest in Spring and reached maximum in early Winter, although the differences were not significant among each season. By the way, the alive roots and dead roots showed significant differences among season, the alive roots took about 90% from May to early December while they decreased down to some 65% from late December to March. The roots of Pinus densiflora S. et Z. took about 46% of total roots although the species comprised 70% of crown layer, and the ratio of fine-roots of the species were higher than that of other species. By the way, the dynamics of total roots and that of alive roots were quite different. Thus, the study for root dynamics such as fine roots which take a major role for mycorrhizae formation or nutrient uptake should not be inferred from the data of total root dynamics but be investigated in detail by dividing them into each class.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 2012

In 2006, pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, was isolated from about 50 years old trees of Pinus densiflora and P. koraiensis showing leaf-wilt and -drying symptoms in Gwangju, Gyeonggi-do and Chuncheon, Gangwon-do. Isolation of pinewood nematodes from sapwood of infected pine trees showed no difference in population density between tree species and among the sampling heights on the main stem. Migration of pinewood nematodes in the host tree were investigated by inoculation of red pine (P. densiflora, 3 years old) seedlings with B. xylophilus. The nematodes seemed to move in red pine seedlings prior to multiplication and it might have taken about 20 days to start multiplication and expression of symptoms including wilt and dieback. In initial time after inoculation, nematodes started migration through the cortical resin canal from inoculated site and further showed upward and downward movements. More nematodes were observed in cortical resin canal during early period of inoculation and later in resin canal of xylem and tracheid also while, the pith still remained free from nematode. The density of B. xylophilus was higher in seedlings of low-vigor with poor root growth than in seedlings of normal root growth. Seedlings showing high density of B. xylophilus exhibited stem discoloration and secondary infection by fungus at the inoculation site.

• 건강소식
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• v.29 no.9 s.322
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• pp.38-39
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• 2005

옛부터 송이가 나는 자리는 자식에게도 가르쳐주지 않는다고 할 정도로 송이는 귀한 음식으로 통했다. '송이'는 소나무 뿌리에서 자라는 버섯이라 해서 붙은 이름. 지표 온도와 일교차, 습도 등 자생조건이 까다로워 인공재배가 불가능한 것으로 알려져 있는데, 현재 우리나라 자연 송이의 산지는 봉화와 양양을 대표로 꼽는다. 특히 봉화 지영의 마사토라는 토질에서 자라난 송이는 향이 진하고 맛이 쫄깃해 전국 최고로 치고 있다. 가을 초반부터 중반까지만 맛볼 수 있어 이 때를 놓치면 1년을 기다려야 한다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.96-103
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• 2006

A simple method for identifying of ectomycorrhizal fungi was presented, using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify the ITS (Internal transcribed spacer) regions of the nuclear ribosormal repeat. The sequences analyzed 6 species, Pisolithus tinctorius, Chroogomphus rutilus, Leucogyrophana pinastri, Suillus granulatus, Lactarius laeticolorus, and Suillus bovinus at hongreung forest, and analysed 10 species, Craterellus lutescens, Thelephoroid mycorrhizal, Lactarius quieticolor, Tricholoma matsutake, Lactarius chrysorrheus, Sarcodon aspratus, Russula versicolor, Suillus luteus, Tricholoma terreum, and Amanita vaginata at hongcheon forest. Finally, the amplification by PCR with ITS1-ITS4 primers offers good results over classical identification for ectomycorrhizal fungi species.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.22-39
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• 1995

Following "Studies on Characteristics of Pin us densiflora Forest in Kangwon Province (III)- Studies on the Tree-Root Form and Distribution on the Campus Forest, Kangwon Nat'l Univ.-", the form and distribution of root system was investigated for 5 trees in Songhyun-Ri, Wangsan-Myon, Myengju-Gun, Kangwon Province. Vertical tap roots and flat roots were established very well. In root distribution, fine roots were sparsly distributed (+), although 7 smaller quadrats($10{\times}10cm$) were found with the value of 1(+~20%) index of fine root; big roots 0.2cm thick in diameter were most common. More than 50% of fine roots and big roots were found around the depth of 10~30cm in soil.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.99-107
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• 2003

For the investigation of the potentials of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi on pine seedlings for reforestation on fire-damaged forest lands, six months old seedlings of Pinus densiflora, which were artificially inoculated or non-inoculated with Pisolithus tinctorius, were transplanted into the fire-damaged forest land. Seedling mortality was recorded as 3.5% for the seedlings inoculated with P. tinctorius at three months after transplanting, while it was 70.5% for the non-inoculated seedlings. Mycorrhizal root formation was shown as typically Y-branched type, and thier rate was 82% for inoculated seedlings, but it was 52% for non-inoculated. Comaprisons in seedling height, fresh weight, and dry weight between pine seedlings inoculated or non-inoculated with P. tinctorius at every 3 months till 9 months after transplanting showed that the inoculated seedlings were much better in all criteria as compared to the non-inoculated at the level of 63%, 35%, 18% in seedling height, 206%, 114%, 70% in fresh weight, and 187%, 109%, 63% in dry weight, respectively. The percentages were decreased by the elapse of time, which indicate that P. tinctorius give a growth-stimulating effects on seedlings at the early stage. T/R ratio for inoculated and non-inoculated seedlings after 9 months was 1.75 and 1.90, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.85 no.3
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• pp.524-531
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• 1996

The objective of this study was to determine the important factors affecting the early natural regeneration of Pinus densiflora S. et Z. Seed germination, survival and height growth of the pine seedlings were examined at four experimental plots of P. densiflora forests including forest roadside. Plots I and III were thinned in 1992, plot II was treated with hexazinone in 1993 after seed tree method was applied in 1982 and 1989. Seedlings emerged after thinning and the rate of their emergence depended on forest floor conditions. Seedling survival was related with light conditions, herbaceous vegetation, and degrees of rainfall. More seedlings emerged in forest hauling roads than within the forest because soil scarification due to logging provided better conditions for seed germination and seedling growth. Seed supply was enough, but germination rate was very low in the forest compared with that in the greenhouse because micro-environments such as organic layer and herbaceous plant acted as limiting factors. Weed control was needed for 4 to 5 years until seedlings grew upto about 50cm in height which was similar to that of herbaceous plants. But 10-40% coverage of herbaceous vegetation was needed to protect small seedlings from heavy rain. Forest works such as thinning and logging, over 40% of light were important factors to help the pine regeneration. However, over 70% coverage of herbaceous vegetation, and heavy rain inhibited rather survival and growth of pine seedlings.