• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.66-73
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• 2000

Alkaline sulfite-anthraquinone(AS-AQ) cooking process has been applied to unground pine bark. The properties of the spent liquor such as molecular weight distributions, sulfonic equivalent weights, degree of sulfonation, phenolic hydroxyl groups and kaolin dispersing ability have been investigated to evaluate the possibility of using this liquor as concrete additives or binders. In the case of ground bark meal, more than 90% delignification was achieved at the optimal cooking conditions. However, applying these conditions on unground bark the delignification was slightly retarded. The decrease in the degree of delignification may be attributed to less penetration and diffusion of chemicals during the cooking of the bark. Increasing the cooking temperature only by $5^{\circ}C$ improved the delignification of the bark and about 90% delignification can be achieved. These results indicate that bark can be used successfully during AS-AQ cooking without any mechanical or physical pretreatment. The properties of lignin or polyphenol sulfonates in the spent liquor after AS-AQ cooking of the bark were compared with Sunflo-R, which is commercial lignosulfonate(CLS) prepared from wood. The weight average molecular weights(Mws) estimated by gel-filteration chromatography was found to be ranging from 1,200~1,800. These are considerably lower than those in CLS. Lignin or polyphenol sulfonates in the spent liquor of bark and CLS have similar degree of sulfonation, but the phenolic hydroxyl group was 1.8 times higher than CLS. Moreover, the dispersing abilities of the spent liquors were better than that of CLS, especially after 0.1% addition to kaolin suspension.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.1
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• pp.62-67
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• 2010

This study was carried out to develop local allometric biomass regression equations and to estimate aboveground biomass of red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) stands among three regions (Hadong, Hamyang, Sancheong) from the western regions of Gyeongnam province. We selected three natural red pine stands with similar stand ages (about 40-year-old) from each region. The allometric regression equations were significant in all tree components (P<0.05) and the determination of coefficient ($R^2$) ranged 0.87 from 0.99. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in the biomass of tree components among three regions. The biomass was 173.3 Mg/ha in Hadong, 131.0 Mg/ha in Sancheong, and 66.5 Mg/ha in Hamyang. The proportion of biomass was 70.4-77.1% in stemwood, 10.9-15.2% in branch, 8.9-10.4% in stembark, and 3.1-4.4% in needle. The results indicated that red pine stands in the western Gyeongnam regions showed the significant difference of aboveground biomass which was attributed to site quality and stand density.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.526-531
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• 2020

Manganese ions contained in water phase are acting as a toxic substance in the human body and also known to affect the nervous system. In particular, effective treatment technology is required since manganese removal is difficult due to its high solubility in a wide pH range. In this study, Prinus densiflora bark was chemically modified with hydrogen peroxide, and the modified adsorbent was used for removing manganese ions in an aqueous solution. The modified adsorbent showed high removal capacity of 82.1 and 56.2%, respectively, at conditions of 5 and 10 mg/L manganese ions. Also, the adsorption isotherm from the data was applied to the theoretical equation. As a result, the adsorption behavior of manganese ions was better suited to the Langmuir than Freundlich model, and it was also found from kinematics that the pseudo-second order kinetic model was more suitable. In addition, the changes of Gibbs free energy indicated that the adsorption reaction became more spontaneously with increasing temperature. Consequently, these experimental results may be used as a water treatment technology which can efficiently treat manganese ions contained in water.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.261-265
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• 2009

Litter production, nutrient concentration of each component of litterfall and amount of nutrients input to forest floor via litterfall were investigated for three years from May 2005 through April 2008 in Pinus densiflora forest at Mt. Worak National Park. Amount of litterfall in 2005, 2006, 2007 were 3.070, 3.066, 3.099 ton $ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$, respectively. Average amount of litterfall for three years was $3.078{\pm}0.018\;ton\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$. Average percentage of leaf litter, branch and bark, reproductive organ and the miscellaneous for three years were 61.9, 10.4, 5.2, 22.5%, respectively. Average amount of N, P, K, Ca and Mg returned to forest floor via litterfall for three years in this P. densiflora forest were 18.014, 0.878, 4.240, 7.349 and 2.172 kg $ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$, respectively.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 1998

This study was carried out to develop the regression model for estimating biomass of natural Pinus densiflora forests by stand density in northeast Chinese area of Mt. Paekdu. Four allometric regression models(W=aD$^b$, W=a(D$^2$H)$^b$. logW=a+b$\cdot$ logD+cD and logW=a+b$\cdot$log(D$^2$H)+c(D$^2$H)) were used to estimate biomass for each of the tree components. The suitable regression model for estimating biomass of stem, bark and whole tree above ground was logW=a+b$\cdot$log(D$^2$H)+c(D$^2$H), and that for biomass of branch, needle and needle area, logW=a+b$\cdot$logD+cD for all of the stand density classes.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.84-92
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• 2008

Anatomical and physical characteristics of Pinus densiflora woods damaged by forest fire at Yangyang-gun, Kangwon-do were investigated in present study. Even though the bark was severly carbonized, no trace of carbonization in the xylem was found. The amount of resin exudation was different by the degree of fire damage. Green moisture content of sapwood in the damaged wood was lower than that in the sound wood, but vice versa in the heartwood. Green density of heartwood in the damaged wood was higher than that in the sound wood, but there was no significant difference in sapwood. Cambial activities were found stopped in the severely damaged wood but were identified in the lightly damaged wood. In safranine staining process, epithelial and ray parenchyma cell walls in the damaged woods showed darker hue than those in the sound wood. Granular substances were observed in the lumina of ray parenchyma and epithelial cells of the severely damaged wood. Relative crystallinity of the outermost growth ring in the severely damaged wood was slightly higher than that in the sound wood.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.57-62
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• 2003

The Mechanical and drying characteristics of Pinus densiflora wood, which was damaged by forest fire, and sound wood were examined. There were no significant differences in axial compressive properties, shearing strength and impact bending absorbed energy between damaged and sound woods. But the bending properties of damaged wood were slightly higher than those of sound wood. The green moisture content of sapwood in damaged wood was lower than that in sound wood, but oven-drying rate was similar in both woods. Number of initial check in damaged wood was smaller than that in sound wood, and inner check in damaged and sound woods was not observed. Consequently, it is considered that mostly damaged wood by forest fire can be used for wood material after removing the bark.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.83-92
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• 2016

New tree wound-treatment formulations (WTF) were developed in this study. Stimulating effects of plant growth regulating substance on callus formation were evaluated in vivo twig disc culture of Zelkova serrata, Ziziphus jujuba, Pinus densiflora, Ginkgo biloba. and Aesculus turbinata. Based on the evaluation, WTF were prepared with 2,4-D, NAA, and IBA using xanthan gum as an extending agent. WTF were pasted on $2{\times}10cm$ artificial wound on the stem and the effects were evaluated 12 weeks later with the thickness of new callus-tissues. The effects varied with tree species and the growth regulators. In Z. serrata and A. turbinata, 2 mg/L of 2,4-D was the best WTF. In P. koraiensis and G. biloba, 8 mg/L of NAA and 1 mg/L of IBA were the best, respectively. Callus formation was quite lower in G. biloba compared to other species. Stimulating effect of thiophanate-methyl paste was excellent only in Z. serrata and lower than certain WTF in other species. Vaseline, which was used generally as an WTF, remained longer on the wound and causing decay. From the results, it could be recommended that 2,4-D, NAA and IBA were the best WTF for Z. serrata/A. turbinata, P. koraiensis and G. biloba, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.15-21
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• 2006

The objective of this research is to develop the technique for carbonization of wood pellet and analyze a possibility for the utilization of carbonized wood pellet. The properties of wood pellet charcoals, such as density, yield, elemental composition, higher heating value, and methyleneblue adsorption, were analyzed. Wood pellet was made of sawdust of Hyunsasi-poplar, Japanese larch, Korean pine, Korean red pine, and Jolcharn-oak (serrate oak), respectively. The high density charcoal ($0.5{\sim}0.7g/cm^3$) was yielded from densified wood pellet. The carbon contents and calorific values of wood pellet charcoals were increased with the increase of carbonization temperature. The methyleneblue adsorptivity of wood pellet charcoal was similar to that of wood charcoal.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.12-20
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• 2006

The objectives of this study were to identify the species of coffin woods excavated at Ma-jeon relic in Jeonju and to date this coffin using tree-ring method. Al coffin woods were identified as red pines, most possibly, Pinus densiflora S. et Z. Tree-ring dating provides a calender year to each ring and produces the cutting date, if the bark presents. Due to the presence of bark and complete latewood present, the cutting date of the tree for coffin turned out between A.D. 1637 autumn and 1638 spring. However, due to the seasoning and storage periods, actual coffin manufacturing and burial time may be a little different from the tree-ring date.