• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.187-197
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• 2015

Oriental mineral medicines are single or mixture of more than one mineral species or rock/fossil which are used to treat disease. Mineral medicines remove harmful or useless substances to decrease toxicity and secondary effects, and cause the manufacture of medical compounds with increased efficacy. The extraction test is an accepted in vitro system to predict the bioaccessibility of major and minor elements from mineral medicine. It incorporates gastrointerstinal tract parameters representative of a human body that including stomach and small intestinal pH which are the same as digestion condition. The bioaccessibility of a mineral medicine is the fraction that is soluble in the gastrointestinal environment and is available for absorption. Reaction path modeling in the human body can predict digestion with gastric fluid as well as absorption in the small intestine, existence in body fluids and reaction progress of the exhaust process according to pH conditions in body. Also reaction path modeling can predict bioavailability, which is equal to existence rate in the body and the form and amount of a medicine in the body after intake. The study results from predicating the existence form mineral medicines in the body, and proving the effective ingredient using bioaccessibitily and human risk assessment, suggest these that should be necessary data for new medicine development.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.192-202
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• 2017

In this study, factors involved in lipid and energy metabolism following treatment with ethanolic extract of the Polygonatum sibiricum rhizome (ID1216) were evaluated in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. ID1216-treated mice showed a significant reduction in weight gain compared to non-treated mice. ID1216 treatment increased the protein levels of AMP-dependent protein kinase, sirtuin1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$ coactivator 1-${\alpha}$ ($PGC1{\alpha}$), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\alpha}$ ($PPAR{\alpha}$) and uncoupling proteins in the adipose tissue, liver and muscle compared to vehicle treatment. Analysis of downstream signals of the sirtuin1 $PGC1{\alpha}$-$PPAR{\alpha}$ pathway showed that ID1216 regulates the expression of ${\beta}$-oxidation related genes such as acyl-CoA oxidase, carnitine palmitoyltransferase1, acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and adipocyte protein 2. In addition, ID1216 increased the expression of adipose triglyceride lipase. These results suggest that ID1216 has anti-obesity effects by regulating the genes involved thermogenesis, ${\beta}$-oxidation and lipolysis in a diet-induced obesity model.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2020

This study was conducted to analyze community structure and species composition of Pinus densiflora for. erecta Stand in Mt. Cheonchuk (653 m). Field survey was carried out from June to September in 2013. 74 plots (20×20 m) were set up, 5 herb layer plots (3×3 m) were constructed for each plot, and there, Diameter at Breast Heigh t(DBH), height, environmental factor, annual growth were measured. Vascular plants were surveyed as following; 66 family, 165 genus, 211 species, 2 sub species, 29 variety, 6 form 248 taxa. Results of cluster analysis for P. densiflora for. erecta forest, 3 communities were divided into; Quercus mongolica (P-1), Quercus variabilis (P-2) and Quercus aliena-Stephanandra incisa (P-3). There were significant environmental factors that organic layer, annual growth, CEC, total total nitrogen, organic matter and pH for each community. As a result of DCA, P-1 and P-2 were distributed large range of environmental factors but relatively limited in P-3. Distributions of herb layer were affected by sand, cation exchange capacity, silt and total nitrogen. Results of MRPP test for herb layer communities, it was significantly analyzed (A=0.003, P<0.008). Species diversity index was highly recorded in P-3 and influenced by cation exchange capacity, total nitrogen, annual growth in consequence of NMS analysis.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.289-295
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• 2011

Produce, including leafy vegetables, has been implicated in several outbreaks of food illness. To evaluate microbiological safety of lettuce and it's cultivation area, a total of 147 samples were collected from lettuce farms and post harvest facility at Icheon, Gyeonggi province. The collected samples were assessed for presence of sanitary indicator microorganisms (Aerobic plate count, coliform count, Escherichia coli) and foodborne pathogens (Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus). The population of APC was over 4.0 log CFU from most of the samples. While the numbers of APC, and coliform of lettuce at 62 days after transplanting were 4.18 log CFU/g, and 1.00 log CFU/g, respectively, those of 10 days after transplanting were 5.37 log CFU/g, and 2.87 log CFU/g, respectively. B. cereus was highly detected from soil and balance which were contaminated with 3.5 log CFU/g, and 2.6 log CFU/100 $cm^2$, respectively. The number of E. coli recovered from gloves was 3.5 log CFU/hand. However, E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., and L. monocytogenes were not detected. These data suggested that risk management system should be introduced to lettuce farms to enhance safety of lettuce.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.38 no.2 s.112
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• pp.146-159
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• 2005

Fifty-four zooplankton species from Daecheong Lake were identified during the research period from June to October 2001. The representative zooplanktons mostly comprised the index species indicating the intermediate stage from oligosaprobity to ${\beta}$-mesosaprobity. During the blooming season of blue-green algae, the population of large cladocerans like Daphnia galeata precipitously decreased in size, while rotifers and small cladocerans like Bosmina longirostris increased in population size. Therefore, soon after the peak of the blooming of blue-green algae, whole zooplankton standing crop and number of species showed the tendency of recovery, or even the sharp increase. The population size of Daphnia galeata was affected very sensitively by the change of cyanobacterial density.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.454-461
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• 2015

This study aims to classify the biotope types based on the vegetation community in built-up areas by different land use and to map the plant communities. By classifying biotopes according to a taxonomic system, the characteristics of a biological community can be well-represented. The biotope classification indexes for the target area include human behavioral factors such as land use intensity, land-use patterns and land-cover types. The type classification was divided into four hierarchic ranks starting with Biotope Class, next by Biotope Group and Biotope Type and lastly by Biotope Sub-Type. The Biotope Class was first divided into two areas: the areas improved by humans and the areas unimproved by humans. The improved areas were again divided into permeable and non-permeable regions on the Biotope Group level. In the Biotope Type level, permeable paving areas were divided into areas with wide gap pavers and those with narrow gap pavers. The differential species of each biotope type are Lindera glauca, Conyza canadensis, Mazus pumilus, Vicia tetrasperma, Crepidiastrum sonchifolium, Zoysis japonica, Potentilla supina and Festuca arundinacea. The results of this study suggest that the biotope classification methodology, using a subjective phytosociological approach, is a useful and valuable tool and the results also suggest the possibility of applying more objective and scientific methods in mapping and classifying various environments.

• Proceedings of the Korean Quaternary Association Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.23-25
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• 2006

제4기 만빙기에서 후빙기 사이의 기후변화는 인류문명에 있어 정착생활 및 농경활동과 더불어 잉여생산물 저장을 위한 토기제작 등과 같은 생활상의 변화를 가져 온 계기가 되었다(F.M. Chambers, 1993; Guoyu Ren, 1998; Mori Y, 2002; Martin Bell et al., 2004). 식물화석, 화분, 식물규소체 등의 대리자료(proxy data)를 이용하여 이시기의 식생환경을 밝히는 것은 고생태복원분야 뿐 아니라 당시의 환경변수들 을 추정하여 인간활동에 어떠한 영향을 미쳤는지에 대한 중요한 정보를 제공해준다. 그러나 홀로세 초기 환경은 인간에게 지대한 영향을 미쳤으나 후기로 올수록 인간 스스로가 환경을 변화시키는 주체가 되었다(Martin Bell et al., 2004). Meyer&Turner(1994)는 인간활동이 자연적인 영향보다 생물구에 시계열적인 변화를 가져왔다고 하였으며, R.B Singh(1995)는 현재뿐 아니라 과거까지 다양한 인위 적인 간섭이 전지구적인 환경변화를 야기 시키는 주된 원인이라고 하였다. 따라서 환경을 복원한다는 것은 바로 그 지역을 생활 터전으로 삼았던 당시 선사인들의 생활상을 간접적으로 들여다 볼 수 있는 기회를 제공해준다. 현재까지 국내 고고학 유적지에서 이루어진 대부분의 발굴조사는 유물과 유구를 토대로 당시 선사인의 생활상을 밝히는데 중점을 두었으나 최근 인간과 영향을 주고 받았을 환경에 관심을 갖고 이를 통해 역으로 인간활동을 추적하려는 다수의 연구들이 제4기학, 고고학, 지리학, 인류학, 생물학, 농학, 기후학 등 다양한 분야에서 학제간 연구로 진행되고 있다(황상일 등, 1999; 조현종, 2000; 김주용 등, 2002; 최정민, 2004; 윤순옥 등, 2005). 그러나 이러한 연구에 있어서 어떠한 대리자료(proxy data)를 어떻게 고고학 유적지에 적절하게 적용시킬 것인지 대리자료의 조성변화나 값의 해석에 있어서 기후인자와 인간영향을 어떻게 분리해 낼 것인지에 대한 문제점이 남는다. 예를 들어 화분분석의 경우 1차적인 환경변화에 따른 식생조성변화를 반영한다. 인간이 활발한 농경활동을 하게 되면서 주변식생을 제거하게 되고, 제거된 나대지에는 재배작물과 잡초들이 자라게 된다. 그리고 이들 화분은 주변 소택지에 퇴적물과 함께 퇴적되어 화분분석 결과 벼과(科)(Gramineae)와 문화지표수종이라 부르는 여뀌속(屬)(Persicaria), 국화과(科)(Composite), 쑥속(屬)(Artemisia), 쐐기풀속(屬)(Urtica) 등의 화분에 있어 확연한 조성변화를 보여준다. 그러나 화분을 이용한 분석은 토탄층이나 유기질 퇴적물이라는 한정된 토양에서만 분석이 가능하며, 조성변화에 있어서 역시 기후와 인간활동의 영향 모두를 반영하기 때문에 이를 구분해 주는 명확한 기준이 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 이러한 다양한 대리자료 중 고고학 유적지에 적용 가능한 동식물 화석 및 미화석, 지리, 지질학적 자료에 어떠한 것들을 적용할 수 있는지를 살피고, 몇 가지 대리자료를 중심으로 선사인의 농경활동에 대해 살펴보고자 한다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.584-593
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• 2021

The sediment makes up the sea floor and plays an important role as a habitats for living things in the sea. However, pollution of coastal sediment due to internal and external factors such as inflow of contaminants from land and self-pollution becoming more serious, the needs for management of sediment that play an important role in ecology, is increasing. In particular, the review and evaluation of the effects of sediment in marine development projects including reclamation and dredging, have significance in terms of proactive protection and management of surrounding ecosystems. This study proposed the improvement measures for marine sediment management standards on the sea area utilization consultation for the development of public water. For the purpose, The evaluation and management standards of domestic and overseas marine sediments were reviewed and compared. The sediment environment guidelines under the Marine Environment Management Act of Korea were reviewed. Accordingly, the cases of Canada and NOAA, which have various evaluation standards consist of comprehensive factors, were analyzed. For analysis of operational cases, the port and fishing port development projects for the last five years (2016-2020) that are considered to have the greatest impact on sediments among the sea area use consultations were also reviewed. Finally, this study suggested that the assessment factors for ecological hazards and potential human risks should be considered in the sediment environmental standards in the sea area utilization consultation system.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.311-317
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• 2019

To investigate the effects of light on growth in fish, olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) were reared under four kinds of monochromatic light-emitting diodes (LEDs) at violet (400 nm), blue (465 nm), green (508 nm), and red (635 nm) wavelengths, along with a white fluorescent lamp as control. The rearing experiments were carried out with 15 fish per tank under different wavelength illumination at the same intensity. After rearing the fish under a 12 hr:12 hr light:dark photoperiod for 60 days, percentage increases in weight gain of $269.92{\pm}13.02$, $363.21{\pm}3.74$, $433.22{\pm}4.83$, $290.17{\pm}11.83$, and $340.74{\pm}26.58%$ and increases in specific growth rates (SGR) of $2.18{\pm}0.06$, $2.56{\pm}0.07$, $2.79{\pm}0.01$, $2.27{\pm}0.05$, and $2.47{\pm}0.10$ were observed in fish grown under the illumination of red, blue, green, and violet LEDs and the white fluorescent light, respectively. The results show faster growth in fish reared under green LEDs, but slower growth in those reared under red light. Differences in most blood parameters were minor, aside from an increased level of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase in the fish grown under red LED illumination. Histological analysis of the retina showed few changes in the ratio of photoreceptor layer thickness to total retina thickness in fish reared under the green LEDs compared to those in other illumination groups. These results indicate that green LED light can foster increased growth in olive flounder with no distinct harmful effects on their light-sensitive photoreceptor layers.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.240-246
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• 2021

The Chironomidae is a benthic macroinvertebrate commonly found in freshwater ecosystems, along with Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera, which can be used for environmental health assessments. There are approximately 15,000 species of Chironomidae worldwide, but there are limited studies on species identification of domestic Chironomidae larvae. In the present study, we carried out species classification of the Chironomidae larvae that found in Jeju's tap water purification plants using morphological characteristics and genetic identification based on cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene of the mitochondrial DNA. Body shape, mentum, antenna, mandible in the head capsule, and claws were observed in the larvae for morphological classification. Analysis of 17 larvae collected from faucets and fire hydrants of domestic tap water purification plants revealed the presence of two species, including 14 Orthocladius tamarutilus and 3 Paratrichocladius tammaater. These results will aid the use of the criteria information about species classification of the Chironomidae for water quality management in water purification plants and diversity monitoring of freshwater environments.