• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.316-325
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to understand landscape edstruction and intrusion problems in national parks in Japan. Literature survey focused on the related journals was attempted for classifying landscape problems in period, cause, regional base. In period base, landscape problems in national parks can be classified into four representative time periods(1960~1967, 1968~1975, 1976~1985 and 1990's). Eight categories, such as dam construction, forest practices, visitor impacts, park planning, and others, were also found as the major causes on landscape destruction. In addition, the survey results showed that these problems have been more concentrated in KANTO(FUJI-HAKONE-IZU, NIKKO National Park) and CHUBU region(CHUBUSANKAKU National Park) than other regions in Japan. This seemed to be caused by increased visitor numbers, development of tourist facilities, forest practices and so on.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.305-317
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• 1995

The bryophyte communities on the forest floor of the mixed coniferous, deciduous broad-leaf forest and the evergreen coniferous forest of cool temperate and subalpine zones in Chiri Mountains with the highest peak (Cheonwangbong 1915 m) in south-central part of the Korean Peninsula were investigated from the phytosociology viewpoint. As a result, five bryophyte communities were recognized, considering the species composition of vascular vegetation; A. Sasamorpha borealis-Abies koreana/Dicranum scoparium-Plagiothecium silvaticum community, B. Bosta minor-Abies koreana/Anomodon rugelii-Plagiomnium cuspidatum community, C. Abies koreana/Hylocomiopsis ovicarpa-Entodon rubicundus community, D. Abies koreana-Picea jezoensis/Hylocomiopsis ovicarpa-Thuidium kanedae community, E. Abies koreana-Pieea jezoensis/Hylocomium splendens-Pleurozium sehreberi community. Among these, the communities A, B, C and D were distributed in the mixed coniferous and deciduous broad-leaf forest of lower altitudes (1200 to 1700 m) and characterized by the elements of the cool temperate zone. They were confimled as synusies belonging to the Fraxino-Abietetum koreanae Song 1988. The community E was distributed in higher altitudes (1700 m to near the summit) and characterized by the species group of the holarctic elements, e.g. Hyloeomium splendens, Pleurozium sehreberi, Dieranum majus, etc. limited in subarctic; subalpine and arctic; alpine zones. The community E was confirmed as a synusie of the Abieti koreanae-Piceetum jezoensis Song 1991 belonging the Vaecinio-Pieeetea Br.-BI. 1939. Up to date many investigator have described the coniferous forest distibuted above 1200 m in Chiri mountauns as the forest vegetation of subalpine zone. However, from the results of the present study, the boundary of the mixed forest and the true subalpine coniferous forest was elucidated to be ca. 1700 m phytosociologically. Species richness was highest in the community E, and the other four communities showed a similar species richness. Among the species diversity indices, H' and D were high in the communities Band E, low in the communities A and C, and medium in the community D. The values of J' decreased with the increase in altitudes and the community E showed the lowest value. The result of Bray-Curtis ordination revealed that the diversity analysis and the division of the above two forest zones are justifiable. The taxa of the bryophyte communities were composed of 25 families, 46 genera, 73 species, 1 subspecies and 2 varieties.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.78 no.1
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• pp.11-25
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• 1989

Four regions have been selected and surveyed to investigate the effects of air pollution and acid deposition on forest ecosystem. They were Seoul as urban region, Yeochon and Ulsan as industrialized region, and Kangwondo as uncontaminated region. Soil pH and the distribution of elements were analyzed in process of time for three years as well as by distance from pollution sources. In general, forest soils acidified in process of time from pollution sources to suburban areas. Hydrogen ion concentration in forest soils increased in 1988 as much as 60% of that in previous year. Average soil pH values in coniferous forest were 4.45 in Seoul, 4.54 in Yeochon, 4.81 in Ulsan, and 6.03 in Kangwondo. Forest soil pH increased with the distance from pollution sources to suburban areas at constant rate within short ranges (up to 30 km) and at decreasing rate within long ranges (up to 200 km). On the contrary, sulfur content in soils decreased every year except in Yeochon region. Base saturation of forest soils in polluted regions were all below 20% level compared with 70% in Kangwondo region. Active aluminum content in soils increased with the soil acidification at the highest rate in Yeochon, and the next in Ulsan and Seoul. Heavy metal content such as copper and zinc in tree tissues were the lowest in Kangwondo region, and the next in Yeochon, Seoul and Ulsan.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.74 no.1
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• pp.67-81
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• 1986

To investigate the stand structure of the stocked broad-leaved forests in Korea, 1,000 plots, allocated by systematic sampling method, were interpreted on the aerial photographs accompanied with ground survey. Total area of the stocked broad-leaved forests except Jeju island was 818,286ha and the percentage to total forest area was 12.7%. Total stock volume of the stocked broad-leaved forests was $38,890,779m^3$ and the percentage to total stocked forest volume was 27.4%. Mean number of trees per ha was 947 trees/ha, basal area was $11.17m^3/ha$, DBH was 11.30cm, tree height was 7.65m, stock volume was $44.96m^3/ha$, and current annual volume increment was $3.64m^3/ha$ in total land. The 64.7, 79.8 and 52.7 percent of the stocked broad-leaved forest area were distributed at elevations of 300-900m, in slope degree of above 25, and in northern aspect, respectively. Standfactors were apt to get better with the increase of distance from the car road way and the village, and with the increase of elevation belt.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.3
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• pp.398-412
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to examine the roles of the forest-land registry system in the Forest Law of 1908 and the effects this system had on the colonial forest-land policy used in Korea under the influence of Japanese Imperialism. This was started under the Profit-sharing Forest System which was one of the policies for disposing of the Korean national forests. The purpose of this system was to establish forest-land ownership, a fundamental human right. This system was enforced by the Japanese Colonial Government without regard to the customary and important right of Koreans to use the forests, and without considering the distinction between national and private forests. Koreans understood that this system was a warning sign of a tax being imposing on forest-land owners. Furthermore, Koreans thought the Japanese were using this system to deprive them of their forest-land. The strata of Koreans reporting ownership were very limited and included the intellectual(upper-middle) class, higher officials in counties and townships, relatives and relations of these officials, and survey agents. In particular the actual owners could not submit a report registering their land in this system because the required survey cost more than the value of the forest-land. Within the time period specified by the Japanese Colonial Government, about 520,000 registries were reported involving 2.2 million Jung-bo(.9917 hectare) with most of these coming during the last five months of reporting period. Koreans made a reasonable request to extend the deadline, but it was refused. After the reporting period expired there were no follow-up measures such as verification of the reported registrations nor establishment of boundaries between national and private forests. According to Article 19 in the Forest Law of 1908 about 14 million Jung-bo, which was not registered within the reporting period was nationalized. The colonial forest-land policy used in Korea by the Japanese Colonial Government was as follows : (1) to create a large number of national forests in the early period of their rule, (2) to divide these national forests into indispensible national forests and dispensible national forests, and (3) to transfer ownership of the dispensible national forests to colonial Japanese. To achieve the latter, the occupational government needed a method to insure ownership. They devised a tree-planting scheme in which the national forests classified as disposable were "loaned" and then transferred to these Japanese. The actual Korean owners claimed title to this forest-land and asked for the eviction of the new owners but the Japanese occupation government rejected these suits using the excuse that previous Korean owners did not submit the required registration report within the specified time period. In short the Principle of Forest-land Registry was used as a means to consolidate the forest-lands of Korea and distribute large portions of it to Japanese citizens after seizing it from the rightful Korean owners.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.17-22
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• 2009

계절에 따른 토양공극의 수리학적 변화를 파악하기 위해서 설마천 유역의 범륜사 독립사면과 광릉 원두부 소유역의 독립사면을 대상으로 장력침투실험을 실시하였다. 토양수분 확보에 신뢰를 받기위해서 TDR(Time Domain Reflectometry)및 현장에서 토양의 불포화 투수계수 측정이 가능한 장력침투계(Tension infiltrometer)를 이용하였다. 계절에 따른 자료수집을 위해서 2008년 3월 20일 부터 약 6주간격으로 10월 29일까지 5회에서 6회 토양수분 자료 및 토양장력침투 자료를 획득하였다. 획득한 자료를 이용하여 포화 및 불포화 수리전도도, 대공극 유효흐름분율(macropore flow), 대공극 유효부피분율을(effective macroporosity) 나타내었다. 분기별로 자료분석 결과 계절별 특성이 나타남을 알 수 있다. 수리전도도는 3월, 5월, 10월은 유사한 반면 6월과 7월 그리고 9월은 상대적으로 높았다. 이는 여름철에 공극 발달이 활발하다는 것을 의미한다. 선행토양수분은 수리전도도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 대공극의 발달은 삼림과 같은 복잡 경관에서는 강우사상에 따른 토양수분의 공간 분포 및 이송, 유출과정이 물순환에 영향을 미친다. 지형분석을 통한 공극의 흐름특성과 토양수분 유의성에 대하여 논의하였고, 대공극 변화에 밀접한 관계가 있는 식생과 그밖에 계절적으로 발달을 일으키는 요인을 모색 하였다. 본 연구는 계절에 따라 변하는 수리전도도를 기초로 하여 불포화대에서 토양공극의 수리학적 변화와 시공간적으로 침투흐름에 얼마나 영향을 주는가를 보여준다.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.463-478
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• 1997

This paper examines the impact of large-scale tidal flat reclamations on environment by analyzing land use change, ocean cultivation, water quality, sea biota and climate in Shiwha, Sosan and Saemankeum districts. The data used in this paper include Landsat TM images and documents related to population, industry, water quality, sea biota and climate at the time of the pre- and post-reclamation. Many times of field reclamations contribute to the creatation of newly available land for urban and industrial development, but cause environmental degradation significantly. The increase of pollution load and the change of coastal ecology, also cause some changes of climatic element such as relative humidity. As tidal flats were reduced, the area of ocean cultivation and the population of fishing industries were decreased. Conceming the sustainable development. it is necessary to carry out a careful environmental impact assessment accumulating monitoring environmental data continuously by using GIS techniques.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.32-41
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• 1991

A survey of subalpine zone (altitude is 1,360-1,410m) in Mt. Chiri, was conducted using 25 sample plots of 500$m^2$ size. The classification by TWINSPAN and DCA ordination were applied to the study area in order to classify them into several groups based on woody plants and environmental variables. By TWINSPAN techniques, the plant community were divided into five groups by importance value of Abies nephrolepis. The dividing groups are Fraxinus rhynchophylla - Magnolia sieboldii community, Quercus mongolica - Rhododendron schlippenbachii community, Q. mongolica - F. rhynchophylla - Acer pseudo-sieboldianum community, Q. mongolica- A. nephrolepis- Rh. schlippenbachii community, and A. nephrolepis- Pinus densiflora - Rh. schlippenbachii community. The successional trends of tree species by both techniques seem to be from Q. mongolica to A. nephrolepis in the canopy layer. It was no difference between the stand scores of DCA and environmental variables.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.197-203
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• 1992

During the study of the distribution of cellular slime molds in Halla mountain of Korea, a new yellow-pigmented Dictyostelium was isloated. This exibited several distinctive features which differed from the published species, and was designated as a new species, Dictyostelium jlavidum sp. n. Hong et Chang (Type strain HL-1). It was cultivated at $20-22^{\circ}C$ on weak nutrient agar media, 0.1 L-P in association with Escherichia coli. Sorocarps were 4-10 mm or more in length, conspicuously yellow throughout or with sori, typically solitary, unbranched or sparsely and irregularly branched. Sorophores were strongly tapered from bases to tips. Bases were typically well-formed disks in form or conically expanded. Sori were yellow to yellowish in color, and the pigmentation intensified with age. Spores were long and thin elliptical, mostly $4.8-9.6{\times}1.9-3.8\;(ave.\;7.3{\times}2.8)\;\mu\textrm{m}$, L/B index about 2.4-2.8, without polar granules.anules.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.506-522
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• 1998

Visitors to Naesorak in Soraksan National Park were surveyed from July to December. During this time, 452 visitors were contacted. Of those individuals, 57.08% were males, 30.97% of respondents reported that they had gone beyond highschool, and almost one-half(49.12%) had gone as for as college, 40.93% were 10\cdot 20 years of age. The purpose of this is to suggest objective basic data for the use development and conservation management of the national park through the quantitative analysis of the visual quality included in the physical environment of the Naesorak in Soraksan National Park, for this, spatial images strusture of physical elements have been analyzed by factor analysis algorithm and degree of visual quality have been measured mainly by questionnaries. Result of this thesis can be summarized as follows. Factors covering the spatial image of the Naesorak in Soraksan National Park landscape have been found to be the overall spatial, potentiality, synthetic evaluation, physical and natural quality factors. As for the factors determining the degree of visual quality of clear of valley, peculiarity of configuration, natural of trail, harmony of suitable artificial planting and temple.