• 사상체질의학회지
• /
• 제12권2호
• /
• pp.34-42
• /
• 2000

Background and Purpose ; Sasang Constitutional medicine is dividing individual's constitutions into four categories. Determination of an individual's constitution however, can be different according to what diagnostic standards apply. In this study, We investigated how different the applying results of the three diagnostic standards-the yong-mo(容貌), the body type(體形), and the mind(心性)-are and what the inter-diagnostic standard agreement is. Methods ; 36 patients in cerebral-infarction, admitted into the Dong-Eui Korean hospital from 1. May. 2000 to 12. October. 2000, were diagnosed by three diagnostic standards - the yong-mo(容貌), the body type(體形), and the mind(心性). Each patient was treated by Sasang constitutional medicine. The agreement of the final constitutional diagnosis and the result of each diagnostic standard was analyzed. Results 1. The number of Taeeumin was 13(40.6%), Soyangin was 10(31.3%), Soeumin was 9(28.1%). 2. In terms of analysis on the agreement of the final constitutional diagnosis and the result of each diagnostic standard, the yong-mo(容貌) showed the highest agreement of 93.8%, followed by 68.8% of the mind(心性), and the body type(體形) showed the lowest agreement of 53.1%. 3. The yong-mo(容貌) standard showed high diagnostic rate of the three constitutions(Soyangin, Taeeumin, Soeumin) generally and diagnostic rate of Soeumin was especially high. The body type(體形) standard showed low diagnostic rate of Taeeumin, and high diagnostic rate of Soeumin. The mind(心性) standard showed low diagnostic rate of Soeumin. 4. In terms of analysis on the agreement of inter-diagnostic standard result, the yong-mo(容貌) and the mind(心性) show the highest agreement, the mind(心性) and the body type(體形) showed the lowest agreement. 5. If the results come out that the three diagnostic standards have no concentration on one constitution, it was effective to choose the result of the yong-mo(容貌) standard. If it is the case the result of inter-diagnostic standard agreed more than two, it was better to follow the two agreed result than to follow the result of one specific characteristic standard.

• 사상체질의학회지
• /
• 제31권2호
• /
• pp.12-21
• /
• 2019

Objectives This study was aimed to evaluate the one-year test-retest reliability of the Korea Sasang constitutional diagnostic questionnaire (KS-15) in university students. Methods In March 2017, and March 2018, a survey was sent by email to 583 Korean medicine students in two universities. Of these, 149 (25.6%) participated and completed the first survey (test) and second survey (retest). Participants responded to the KS-15 questionnaire and the general characteristics including their age, sex, height, and weight. Cohen's kappa Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and agreement rate (%) were used for the test-retest reliability for each question item and the diagnosis of the Sasang constitution. The independent T-test was used to determine the difference in BMI between Sasang constitutional accordance and discordance groups obtained from the test-retest results of KS-15. Results The agreement of Sasang constitutional diagnosis was 75.8% (Kappa = 0.618), indicating that KS-15 had a certain level (substantial) of test-retest reliability. However, the kappa of each item was 0.161 ~ 0.620, which showed a large difference between the items. The agreements of each Sasang constitution were 85.1% for Taeeumin, 73.6% for Soeumin, and 58.6% for Soyangin. There was no significant difference in the BMI change between Sasang constitutional accordance and discordance groups in the test-retest. Conclusions These results indicate KS-15 has a reliable one-year test-retest reliability. However, further studies will be required to improve reliability, validity and application across different age ranges for the practical utilization of KS-15.

• 동의생리병리학회지
• /
• 제33권3호
• /
• pp.163-168
• /
• 2019

In order to enhance the 8 principle pattern diagnosis rate comparing with diagnostic method by self-report questionnaire on cold/heat pattern in the clinical practice, a new diagnostic method using form-color-pulse-symptom (FCPS) system is proposed. FCPS system is composed of outputs of cold/heat pattern through the calculation process of contribution degree to the cold, heat pattern and qi, blood, yin, yang deficiency patterns, based on analysis of 16 mechanisms of disease calculated by diagnostic system of oriental medicine (DSOM) first. And second component is an output of differentiated 8 principle patterns in detail through binding and calculating process with digital informations of pulse, color, form, constitution obtained by computerized measurement system. Putting together above two processes consecutively, cold-heat complex or true/false cold/heat patterns and personalized characters of cold/heat patterns of each patient can be subdivided through a computation method of determining each pattern. In conclusion, 8 principle pattern identification can be performed more accurately using FCPS system than existent self report questionnaire method. These hypothetic proposal is needed to be proven by clinical trial for the future and then the accurate numbers used in each calculational function should be revised properly.

• 대한한의학회지
• /
• 제29권1호
• /
• pp.7-14
• /
• 2008

Purpose : The purpose of study was to develop generalized validity evaluation methods and terms for Sasang type diagnostic tests. Methods : A generalized statistical evaluation model for Sasang typology was suggested and generalized validity evaluation indices were proposed with this model. Results : The usefulness of validity evaluations, such as sensitivity and specificity values, were confirmed by the systematic review of the data from previously reported studies. Conclusion :Major obstacles in the multi-facet analysis and systematic review for Sasang type diagnostic tests were discussed with this test validity study.

• 사상체질의학회지
• /
• 제19권3호
• /
• pp.30-50
• /
• 2007

1. Objectives Facial features are the important personal characteristics. As a study of all the standardization research about the morphology of face and head, this study was carried out to find the differences according to sex, age. 2. Methods We have collected 1140 cases of patients of the Sasang constitutional Department of Kyung-Hee Medical Center and Kangnam Kyung-Hee Oriental Hospital. we took pictures their frontal view, lateral view of face and measured height, breaths and projected length of face with Face Features Measurement Program(FFMP) and analyzed shape differences of face according to sex, age. 3. Results We got the morphologic characteristics of face according to sex, age. And we will upgrade the Sasangin Classification System by this Morphologic study of Head and Face. 4. Conclusions 1) The morphologic characteristics of face according to sex (1) A man's head is longer and wider than a woman's in most measurement. (2) A woman's eye is bigger in height than man's. (3) A woman's face is looked full-filled than man's. (4) A man's polion is higher than pupil but a woman's polion is lower than pupil. 2) The morphologic characteristics of face according to age (1) Young age's forehead is longer and higher than old age's. (2) Young age's eyebrow is wider than old age's (3) Young age's eye is bigger in height than old age's (4) Old age's nose is longer, wider and lower than young age's (5) Old age's ear is longer than young age's (6) Old age's bigonial breath is wider than young age's (7) Old age's low face is extinguished than you age's

• 사상체질의학회지
• /
• 제19권3호
• /
• pp.156-175
• /
• 2007

1. Objectives and Methods This study was performed to know the relationship between Sasang Constitution and characteristics of ordinary symptoms, inspection diagnosis of face and tongue. There were 666 participants(280 men and 386 women) who answered Sasang Constitutional Checkup list and were taken pictures of faces and tongues. Sasang Constitution was diagnosed by only PSSC(Phonetic System for Sasang Constitution). Distribution of Sasang Constitution and X2 test, kappa value for agreement were calculated using SPSS 10.0. 2. Results From characteristics of ordinary symptoms' point of view, Taeeumin had loud voices, big body shapes and easily sweated themselves. They felt good after sweating and had warm hands and feet. And their upper back, shoulders and chest were, they thought, well developed. They were apt to have meals quickly and overeat themselves. Soyangin and Soeumin had thin body shapes and were difficult to sweat themselves and felt powerless after sweating. They had cold hands and feet. Especially, Soeumin was apt to have meals slowly and a little amounts. They walked so fast. Soyangin was introvert and had developed their abdomen and waist. 'Looking heavy and steady' was higher in Taeeumin, 'delicate and modest' was higher in Soeumin(42.8%) and Soyangin(36.1 %) in first impression. It was thought to be difficult to discriminate Soyangin from Soeumin in first impression and make a notion of right Soyangin's first impression. Soyangin had pinky tongue color and little tongue fur whereas Soeumin had red tongue color and whitish tongue fur. Taeeumin had whitish tongue fur too. 3. Conclusions To diagnose Sasang Constitution much effectively, PSSC results and comprehensive Sasang Constitutional Checkup list extracted from effective Questionnaire items and Face and Tongue Inspection Diagnosis are thought to be needed.

• 사상체질의학회지
• /
• 제15권3호
• /
• pp.100-117
• /
• 2003

Background In Sasang Constitutional Medicine (SCM), human beings are classified into four constitutions: Taeyangin, Taewnin, Soyangin, and Soeumin. SCM presents various lifestyles and treatments for each constitution. The problem of SCM is that its diagnosis is so subjective that the result of the diagnosis depends on the doctor. In order to solve this problem, multiple approaches have been objectively researched. To use a questionnaire is the most common method among the different approaches. Since there are a few problems in the Questionnaire for the Sasang Constitution Classification II (QSCC II), which in recent days has been used frequently, the necessity of a new questionnaire has arisen. Objective The purpose of this study is to develop a new questionnaire for the objectivity of the Sasang Constitution Classification by complementing the existing questionnaire. Methods In order to search for the existing questionnaire's problems, I first compare the ratio of the amount of questions regarding external appearance to that of questions of mental characteristics and physiologic & pathologic symptoms in QSCCII and QSCCII +. We created the new questionnaires by reinterpreting ${\ulcorner}Dongyi$ Soose $Bowon{\lrcorner}$ through SCM professors' and medical residents' discussion and by adding some items related to the diagnosis about the constitution from other SCM books and clinical experience. Results 1. The new questionnaire for the Sasang Constitution Classification is self-reported questionnaire based on a multiple choice system of 4 questions. 2. The new questionnaire for the Sasang Constitution Classification consists of 28 questions, which include 7 questions about external appearance, 4 questions about mental characteristics, and 17 questions about physiologic & pathologic symptoms. 3. The new questionnaire for the Sasang Constitution Classification consists of 24 questions of Taeyangin, 28 of Taeumin, 28 of Soyongin, 28 of Soeumin. 4. We will have to verify validity and reliability of new questionnaire for rhe Sasang Constitution Classification.

• 사상체질의학회지
• /
• 제23권1호
• /
• pp.115-124
• /
• 2011

1. Objectives : This study aimed to provide practical insights on the development of traditional Korean medical tourism and maximize the satisfaction of foreign patients. The main objectives of this study were also to evaluate Sasang Constitutional Medicine(S.C.M.) diagnosis cost from foreigners' perspectives. 2. Methods : For this study, the data were collected from tourists to Korea between January 3, 2010 to February 20, 2010. The sample used in this study was mainly composed of Japanese, Chines and US/Canada, because they are the major national visitor origin group to Korea. The primary data were collected by questionnaire survey using a standardized instrument with a convenience sampling procedure, and efforts of the interviews involved an on-site, self-administrated questionnaire to those sitting or visiting tourist attractions. The total size of the sample was 276 of which 275 showed no missing value against the factors needed for final analysis and were for analysis as an effective sample. SPSS 13.0 for window was used to analyze the collected data on which descriptive statistics and the Limited Dependent(LIMDEP) 8.0 program was used in estimating the willingness-to-pay(WTP) for traditional Korean medical tourism through the Contingent Valuation Method(CVM). A dichotomous choice question form of a CVM was applied to estimating the value. 3. Results and Conclusion: 1. There was significant statistical relationship between attributes when considering medical tourism destination and socio-demographic profiles such as age group, nationality, educational level and occupation. 2. In the level of recognition on Korean medicine, north Americans showed low level of recognition compared to other nationalities. In addition, in terms of age group, 20's and 30's showed low level of recognition on Korean medicine, 3. In relation to the level of interest on Korean medicine, Japanese respondents had higher interesting level on Korean medicine. Also singles had higher level of interest. 4. Regarding preferred Korean medical treatment program, there found significant statistical relationship between Korean medical treatment program and socio-demographic characteristics. 5. The estimating result of the logit model showed that the variables affecting the WTP for Sasang Constitutional medicine diagnosis were offered price and potential ability of medical tourism destination. 6. In relation to WTP for Sasang Constitutional medicine diagnosis, Japanese respondents showed a WTP of USD 62.69 and Chinese respondents showed USD 57.09. On the other hands, respondents from north America and other countries showed a WTP of USD 65.50. In conclusion, from this study, the results found that the opportunities in tradition Korean medical tourism are immense and the possible rewards are numerous. It is time to continue to promote 'Sasang Constitutional medicine' and make the Korean medical tourism programs considering on nationalities, age group, gender and WTP.

• 동의생리병리학회지
• /
• 제32권4호
• /
• pp.185-196
• /
• 2018

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the current inter-expert agreement of Sasang Constitution Medicine (SCM), to expand the current knowledge on the causes of imperfect inter-expert agreement, and to explore possible solutions for improving inter-expert agreement. A literature search was conducted to gather data on the studies on diagnosis of SCM. The 127 articles included in this analysis had a mean 4.1 publications per year, 56.0% published in the Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine between the year of 1987 and 2017. SCM specialist participated in 96.3% of all the expert judgment cases. Inter-expert agreement was reported in 14.8% of the cases that had two or more experts. We recommend that expert panels integrate the results of current status of diagnostic consensus into guideline development and strengthen expert education and training with the aim of improving SCM diagnostic accuracy.

• 사상체질의학회지
• /
• 제11권1호
• /
• pp.221-240
• /
• 1999

1. 연구 목적 사상의학(四象醫學)에 있어서 식이요법은 체질진단, 약물치료와 아울러 정신과 육체의 균형 및 조화라는 입장에서 매우 중요하다. 하지만 학자들간의 체질음식에 대한 리견(異見)으로 인하여 혼란이 있어왔다. 따라서 중요한 식품에 대한 역사적 유래, 특성, 효능에 대한 문헌고찰을 통하여 사상체질 식이요법의 이론적 배경을 제시할 필요성이 제기된다. 백채지주(百菜之主)라 할 수 있는 아욱(葵菜)은 다른 나라와 달리 우리 나라에서만 국이나 찌개에 넣어 식용(食用)되고 있다. 이러한 아욱은 접시꽃(蜀葵), 닥풀(黃蜀葵), 해바라기(向日葵)와 같이 공통적으로 이름에 규(葵)가 들어가고 성질이 비슷하기 때문에 같이 고찰하였다. 특히 해바라기에 대한 문헌정리가 없는 학계에 해바라기 도입연대를 추정하고 규(葵)를 해바라기로 오역함에 따른 폐단을 정정하는 근거를 제시하고자 한다. 2. 연구 방법 본초서(本草書) 뿐만 아니라 농서(農書), 유서(類書), 개인문집 등을 비교 분석하였다. 3. 연구 결과 (1) 규채(葵菜)는 '아부실(阿夫實) ${\rightarrow}$ 아욱(阿郁) ${\rightarrow}$ 아옥(아혹) ${\rightarrow}$ 아욱'의 표기변천을 거치며, 동규(冬葵)를 돌아욱이라하는 까닭은 해를 넘기는(돌) 아욱이라는 뜻이다. (2) 아욱의 향일성(向日性)은 충(忠)과 지(智)를 상징하는 의미로 사용되었으며, 촉규(蜀葵) 황촉규(黃蜀葵) 향일규(向日葵)의 향일성(向日性)과 맞물려 확대 해석하기에 이르렀다. (3) 黃蜀葵(닥풀)를 一日花(일일화)로 보았으나 해바라기가 도입된 이후 황촉규(黃蜀葵)와 해바라기를 혼동하여 닥풀을 해바라기(向日花)로 잘못 인식하기도 하였다. (4) 현존하는 문헌 중 해바라기에 대한 최초기록은 "청장관전서(靑莊館全書)"(1795)이며 1700년대 초기에서 중기사이에 도입되었을 것으로 추정된다. (5) 일부 사전류의 잘못된 기록으로 인하여 규(葵)에 대한 해석의 혼란을 가져왔으나 이는 바로 잡아져야만 한다.