• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.43
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• pp.67-102
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to analyze the human rights found in the North Korean Constitution and their core problem by focusing on elements of human rights suggested by Daesoon Jinrihoe's doctrine of Haewon-sangsaeng (解冤相生 the Resolution of Grievances for Mutual Beneficence). Haewon-sangsaeng is seemingly the only natural law that could resolve human resentment lingering from the Mutual Contention of the Former World while leading humans work for the betterment of one another. Haewon-sangsaeng, as a natural law, includes the right to life, the right to autonomous decision-making, and duty to act according to human dignity (physical freedom, the freedom of conscience, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of press, etc.), the right to equal treatment in one's social environment, and the right to ensure the highest level of health through treatment. The North Korean Constitution does not have a character as an institutional device to guarantee natural human rights, the fundamental principle of the Constitution, and stipulates the right of revolutionary warriors to defend dictators and dictatorships. The right to life is specified so that an individual's life belongs to the life of the group according to their socio-political theory of life. Rights to freedom are stipulated to prioritize group interests over individual interests in accordance with the principle of collectivism. The right to equality and the right to health justify discrimination through class discrimination. The right to life provided to North Koreans is not guaranteed due to the death penalty system found within the North Korean Criminal Code and the Criminal Code Supplementary Provisions. The North Korean regime deprives North Koreans of their right to die with dignity through public executions. The North Korean regime places due process under the direction of the Korea Worker's Party, recognizes religion as superstition or opium, and the Korea Worker's Party acknowledge the freedoms of bodily autonomy, religion, media, or press. North Koreans are classified according to their status, and their rights to equality are not guaranteed because they are forced to live a pre-modern lifestyle according to the patriarchal order. In addition, health rights are not guaranteed due biased availability selection and accessibility in the medical field as well as the frequent shortages of free treatments.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.47-82
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• 2019

Inter-Korean exchanges and cooperation, in the process, will inevitably lead to various legal disputes, one of which is the issue of compensation for personal injury. The purpose of this study is to present the standards of settlement of disputes between the residents of North and South Korea by examining the North Korean compensation law on the calculation of damages due to personal injury and comparing it with the South Korean compensation law. Understanding the North Korean compensation law is a critical and urgent task, as exchanges and cooperation between the two Koreas are expected to increase in the future. For the South Korean compensation law does not have specific provisions on the estimation of damages, the specific methods and standards for estimating damages are determined by court precedents. The South Korean courts categorize the damages caused by personal injury into active property damages, passive property damages and emotional distress damages and calculate the amount of each damages. On the other hand, the North Korean Compensation for Damage Act stipulates the categories of damage by dividing the cases of personal injury into 1) infringement of health(§41), 2) disability due to infringement of health(§42), and 3) death resulting from human infringement(§44). In addition, the North Korea Compensation for Damage Act specifies the calculation of compensation for damages(§43, §51). Furthermore, South Korea widely acknowledges emotional distress damages for personal injury, whereas North Korea does not recognize emotional distress damages in principle.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.185-209
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• 1996

북한(北韓)의 경제개발전략(經濟開發戰略)의 제특징(諸特徵)은 저렴한 농산물가격(農産物價格)에 의한 농업부분(農業部分)에서의 잉여(剩餘), 저임금(低賃金)에 의한 도시노동자(都市勞動者)들로부터의 잉여(剩餘)를 가지고 경제발전(經濟發展)을 이룩하는 것이라 요약할 수 있다. 농민(農民), 도시노동자(都市勞動者) 양측(兩測)을 희생시키면서 유지되어 온 이러한 성장구조(成長構造)는 원래 같으면 저농산물가격(低農産物價格)${\rightarrow}$저임금(低賃金)${\rightarrow}$축적자금확대(蓄積資金擴大)${\rightarrow}$재투자(再投資)${\rightarrow}$생산량증가(生産量增加)${\rightarrow}$소비수준 (消費水準) 증가(增加)로 점진적으로 발전해야만 하는 것이다. 하지만 이러한 성장전략(成長戰略)은 처음부터 철저히 부정되어 왔다. 먼저 농촌부분(農村部分)부터 보면 농촌협동조합(農村協同組合)에서의 소유제도(所有制度), 분배제도(分配制度)의 문제(問題)로 인해 농민(農民)의 근로의욕(勤勞意欲)이 크게 상실되었고 그 결과(結果) 농업생산(農業生産)은 저하되었다. 한편 도시부분(都市部分)에서는 인민(人民)들의 저소비(低消費)의 결과(結果)로 축적된 자금(資金)이 군사부분(軍事部分)에 집중적으로 투자됨으로 인해 그 투자효과(投資效果)가 제 구실을 못하게 되었다. 뿐만 아니라 자급자족지향형(自給自足指向型)의 중공업화(重工業化)는 중공업(重工業)과 관련산업(關聯産業) 상호간(相互間)의 수요(需要)만을 충족시켜 왔다. 그 외에 기업(企業)이 국가(國家)의 지령(指令)에 의해서만 움직이는 국영기업관리체제(國營企業管理體制)의 비효율성(非效率性)도 지금의 북한경제(北韓經濟)를 침체(沈滯)의 늪에서 헤어나지 못하게 하는 주요(主要)한 요인(要因)으로 작용했다. 농업생산(農業生産)의 정체(停滯), 중공업(重工業)을 위한 중공업정책(重工業政策)이라고 하는 왜곡된 투자구조(投資構造), 기업관리체제(企業管理體制)의 비효율성(非效率性)은 북한(北韓)의 계획경제순환구조(計劃經濟循環構造)를 기본(基本)부터 뒤흔들기 시작하면서, 급기야 1980년대 후반부터는 순환구조(循環構造) 그 자체(自體)를 마비시키는 사태(事態)로까지 발전했다. 순환구조(循環構造)의 마비(痲痺)라고 하는 심각한 경제난(經濟難)을 타개하기 위해 북한(北韓)은 나진(羅津) 선봉(先鋒) 자유경제무역지대(自由經濟貿易地帶)를 설치(設置)하고 새로운 자금축적원(資金蓄積源)으로서 외국인직접투자(外國人直接投資)를 유치하는 개방정책(開放政策)을 추진하여 왔다. 하지만 북한(北韓)의 경제(經濟) 순환구조(循環構造)의 마비(痲痺)를 풀 수 있는 근본적(根本的)인 해법(解法)은 어디까지나 그 발단(發端)인 농촌(農村)의 경제체제개혁(經濟體制改革), 농(農) 경공업(輕工業)을 위한 중공업(重工業), 국영기업(國營企業)의 개혁(改革) 등을 과감히 실시하는 것이다. 왜냐하면 해외직접투자(海外直接投資)라는 새로운 자금축적원(資金蓄積源)은 어디까지나 지금의 악순환구조(惡循環構造)를 임시적(臨時的)으로 정지시켜 주는 보완적(補完的)인 조치(措置)에 불과하기 때문이다.

• Korean Journal of Legislative Studies
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.69-96
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• 2019

This paper is written to suggest several recommendations for South Korea to deter and defend North Korean nuclear threat, when North Korea does not seem to give up its nuclear weapons and the US's extended deterrence including the nuclear umbrella could remain uncertain. For this purpose, it explains key options regarding nuclear deterrence and defense by non-nuclear weapon state. It evaluates the current status of South Korean non-nuclear preparedness against North Korean nuclear threat and provides some recommendations to improve the preparedness. As a result, this paper concluded that South Korean non-nuclear preparedness against North Korean nuclear threat was not that reliable. The preparedness has weakened since the South Korean effort to denuclearize North Korea through negotiations in 2018. In this sense, South Korea could have serious problems in protecting its people from North Korean nuclear threat if the US promise of extended deterrence is not implemented. South Korea should focus on its decapitation operation to North Korean highest leaders in case of North Korean nuclear attack based on a minimal deterrence concept. It should be prepared to conduct preventive strikes instead of preemptive strikes due to North Korea's development of solid fuel ballistic missiles. It should integrate its Ballistic Missile Defense with that of the US forces in Korea. South Korea should make a sincere effort for nuclear civil defense including construction of nuclear shelters.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.645-655
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to analyze the roles and functions of NGO 's International Solidarity in the establishment of' DMZ World Peace Park ', the mechanism of operation, and the policy formation of NGO' s international solidarity. The establishment of the DMZ World Peace Park is a matter that can be achieved as a result of dialogue efforts between the two parties based on the agreement between the DPRK and the ROK government, but should take a more relaxed approach to the process issues in order to achieve such results And should be done in a long-term, step-by-step plan. In the process of realizing this, South Korea's own efforts alone are difficult, and it is necessary to seek various channels of dialogue with the international community so that North Korea can have dialogue negotiations. This will be the role of NGO, It should be noted. As a result, in order to establish 'DMZ World Peace Park', it is necessary to establish concrete road map of DMZ World Peace Park. In the first stage, it is necessary to organize and operate 'DMZ World Peace Park Promotion Committee' under the directorship of the President or Prime Minister, It is necessary to select candidates, to appeal to North Korea and to support the international community, and to participate voluntarily by the private sector. Phase 2 requires final settlement. Phase 3 will require a step-by-step road map, such as rapid construction of the Peace Park, expansion of peaceful use of the DMZ, and expansion of ecology, history and cultural tourism in the DMZ border area.

• Korean Journal of Family Social Work
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• no.53
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• pp.79-115
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to understand the women's experiences of negative perception, discrimination and 'ethnicized stigma' in South Korea. For this purpose, data were collected through in-depth interviews from 8 women escaped from North Korea and 4 professionals. The findings of this study are as follows: Almost of them experienced negative perception and discrimination caused by language, pronunciation intonation, and differences of ways to express their emotions. And they experienced the disapproval as the native perception and confusion of ethnic identity. Several participants in this study try to build or organize their communities to give emotional and instrumental support for them. However, in these processes, they experience emotional conflicts and crises feelings of disorganization of their communities because of they didn't have experience to involve communities, and didn't have ideas of membership and their roles. And they were learned to criticize with each other in North Korea. They worry about their families' safety in North Korea. For this reason, they can't have trustful personal relationships among Koreans including people escaped from North Korea in South Korea. They want to participate in Korean's community activities, and learn to adjust to everyday lives in South Korea. In conclusion, based upon the outcomes of this study, it is expected that any practical implications or solutions for North Korean defector's welfare would be suggested.

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.143-158
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• 2008

This study was conducted under the premise of providing the model for the construction of the library and the digital library in PUST, the joint construction from South and North Korea. First, we determined the problems in the construction of digital libraries as well as possible issues that may rise from the construction of the digital library in PUST. The results of the research showed that there were imminent problems from the operation of a digital library with the inadequate progress in the Held of copyright. In addition, the difference in the language system and the knowledge foundations of the two countries will produce problems in the homepage access, database construction, and information retrieval. In order to overcome these predictable problems, this research proposes the following: (1) parallel operation of both digital and high-drive libraries; (2) duplexing the homepage through the application of unicode concerning the digital library; (3) development and application of converted letter codes through the establishment of NCHAR data type; and (4) construction of an authority database.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.164-172
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• 2019

Rice blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is the most important disease of rice in both South and North Korea. Cultivation of disease-resistant cultivar is the best way to prevent this notorious disease, but M. oryzae races have been continuously changed to adapt a new cultivar. Therefore, it is important to get the information about the race and avirulence genes of the pathogen for developing blast-resistant rice cultivar. Since the entrance of North Korea was prohibited, the information about the races of M. oryzae in North Korea border areas and South Korea was collected to get the information about the diversity of rice blast pathogen in North Korea. The disease occurrence on monogenic lines carrying single resistant gene was investigated in Jeonju, Suwon, Cheorwon, Goseong, and Baengnyeongdo in Korea, and Dandong in China. The monogenic lines in Jeonju and Suwon showed diverse ranges of the response, while those in Baengnyeongdo and Dandong showed relatively high resistant responses to rice blast. All the field isolates of M. oryzae were characterized for rice blast races by the Korean differential varieties and screened for known avirulence genes to determine the spatial distribution of avirulence genes and the population of M. oryzae.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.175-181
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• 2024

The U.N. Security Council's North Korea Sanctions Committee estimated that the amount of North Korea's cyberattacks on virtual asset-related companies from 2017 to 2023 was about 4 trillion won. North Korea's cyberattacks have secured funds through cryptocurrency hacking as it has been restricted from securing foreign currency due to economic sanctions by the international community, and it also shows the form of technology theft against defense companies, and illegal assets are being used to maintain the Kim Jong-un regime and develop nuclear and missile development. When North Korea conducted its sixth nuclear test on September 3, 2017, and declared the completion of its national nuclear armament following the launch of an intercontinental ballistic missile on November 29 of the same year, the U.N. imposed sanctions on North Korea, which are considered the strongest economic sanctions in history. In these difficult economic situations, North Korea tried to overcome the crisis through cyberattacks, but as a result of analyzing the changes through the North's cyber attack cases, the strategic goal from the first period from 2009 to 2016 was to verify and show off North Korea's cyber capabilities through the neutralization of the national network and the takeover of information, and was seen as an intention to create social chaos in South Korea. When foreign currency earnings were limited due to sanctions against North Korea in 2016, the second stage seized virtual currency and secured funds to maintain the Kim Jong-un regime and advance nuclear and missile development. The third stage is a technology hacking of domestic and foreign defense companies, focusing on taking over key technologies to achieve the five strategic weapons tasks proposed by Chairman Kim Jong-un at the 8th Party Congress in 2021. At the national level, security measures for private companies as well as state agencies should be established against North Korea's cyberattacks, and measures for legal systems, technical problems, and budgets related to science are urgently needed. It is also necessary to establish a system and manpower to respond to the ever-developing cyberattacks by focusing on cultivating and securing professional manpower such as white hackers.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.35-49
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• 2007

This study analyzed on the developmental process of forest policy direction in Korea and present status of forest desolation in North Korea of the pre and post division of the Korean peninsular with historical point of view and indicates future tasks to take. Forests in Korea were destroyed in the early of 1900s while Korean peninsular was under Japanese colonial rule. In 1945, Korea was divided into two parts, which developed its own forest policy under the different political system. South Korea was at Korean war in 1950 and accomplished the greening movement from 1970s to 1980s. After 1990s, the country has aimed to sustainable forest management. North Korea has focused on forestation until 1960. However, the result has been doubtful with North Korean economic depression, and these days North Korea faces forest desolation due to failures of forest management. Therefore, necessary is that recovery measures for forest desolation in North Korea, cooperation and interchange between North and South Korea and plans of forest management in case of unification.