• Korea Trade Review
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.1-22
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• 2018

Utilizing OECD-WTO's Trade in Value Added (TiVA) data, this study investigates the effects of economic integration (EI) on TiVA Empirical results obtained from structural gravity specifications reveal that EI increases trade between member countries, irrespective the types of exports in final goods and intermediate goods as well as foreign value added in total exports and domestic value added in total exports. The empirical results also reveal that EI does not decrease the share of domestic value added in total exports.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.243-258
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• 2021

By using the trade in value-added(TiVA) database and employing social network analysis, this paper analyzes changes in global trade to be triggered by the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and the US-China trade war. The main results are summarized as follows. First, the BRI will help maintain China's core position as the world's manufacturing hub, and will strengthen Europe's service industry capabilities within the global value chain(GVC) network. Second, the US R&D industry, US wholesale and retail industries, and Germany's automobile industry were considered the most influential industries in the GVC network during the 1995-2011 period, and will retain their status until 2049, when the US-China trade war and the BRI are reflected. Third, the increase of the number of communities shows that the BRI might spur fragmentation of the production process. Finally, community structures of inter-industry trade relations, including China's electronics industry, Germany's automobile industry, and US R&D, show important features that are related to the competiveness of each country's service industries.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.391-416
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• 2009

The purpose of this paper is to provide an ideal agreement proposal for the satisfactory settlement of FTA origin criteria negotiations, which will be the most severe issue in both inter-governmental FTA negotiations to begin in the near future. Towards this end, we, the authors, based on our nine FTA related agreements already concluded with other countries, researched the concrete origin criteria in the previous origin agreements, analyzed the characteristics of these agreements, and derived the ideal origin rule. As a result, we came to the conclusion that in consideration of Korea and China's FTA's substantial transformation test, it's better to choose any one criterion from the following. Criterion 1: CTH (Change of Heading) and Criterion 2: Value Added Criteria by 40% within region. In addition, we also did that in calculating the ratio of value added, the calculation method and price criteria should be more simple and standardized. It led to the conclusion that the objective deduction method should be used mainly and that CIF or FOB should be used as the price criterion.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.23-40
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• 2022

Under the global economic system, production activities has formed an international division of labor, which has greatly affected industries in individual countries by global issues such as the U.S-China trade war and neo-protectionism. In particular the risk and change of disconnection of semiconductor value chain caused by COVID-19 are evaluated as offering the crisis and opportunity at the same time to all countries participating in the global electronics industry value chain. Therefore, this study was conducted with the OECD Trade in Value Added(TiVA) based on the time when a detailed analysis of the global chain of the electronic industry is needed. As a result of the analysis, it was confirmed that the global value chain of the electronics industry is gradually expanding and strengthening, and that various countries are emerging as major actors in the global value chain. It was found that the U.S. and Japan are in charge of relatively high value-added activities, while Korea, Taiwan and China are in charge of low value-added activities, although they are large scale.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.183-204
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• 1999

현재 세계적으로 전자적 정보매체중 인터넷의 여러 기술적 방편인 Web, E-Mail, usenet 등을 통한 인터넷 무역이 보편화되어가고 있는 실정이다. 기존의 부가가치통신망(VAN)을 이용한 EDI에서 보다 보편적이며 접근이 용이하면서 개방적인 인터넷 EDI로 대체되고 있다. 인터넷을 이용한 무역계약의 체결은 기존 방식에 비해 신속성, 경제성, 편리성에 있어 뛰어난 장점을 지니고 있어 조만간 많은 이용이 뒤따를 것으로 예견되나 현재 준거법, 문서의 법적효력, 계약의 유효성, 청약의 유인, 계약성립시점 둥의 법적 문제가 해결되어야 할 것으로 여겨진다. 특히 계약성립시점에 관하여 인터넷을 통한 승낙의 의사전달이 대화자간인지, 격지자간인지의 여부가 불투명한 실정이다. 대화자간 법리와 격지자간법리의 구분기준은 발신과 도달의 시간적 동시성을 기준으로 분석하는 것이 보다 합리적일 것으로 여겨진다. 본 연구는 현재 인터넷을 이용한 의사전달 중 가장 많은 이용이 예상되는 E-Mail을 중심으로 기타 인터넷기술을 이용한 의사전달의 효력발생시점에 관한 법리를 분석하고 만일 대화자간의 법리가 적용된다면 문제시될 도달시점에 대해서 논의하는데 그 목적이 있다. 결론적으로 본 연구를 통해 살펴보았을 때, 인터넷을 통한 승낙의 의사전달은 대화자간의 법리가 적용되어 영 미법이나 한국, 일본법이 준거법으로 채택된다 하더라도 도달 주의가 지지되어야 하며, 이 경우 도달시점은 E-Mail의 경우 수신측 사용자 컴퓨터가 아닌 수신자가 지정한 수신서버컴퓨터에 기록되는 시점이 되어야 한다는 견해이다.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.143-166
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• 2011

This paper describes the characteristics and outline of rules of origin among Korea and USA, EU, ASEAN. The main focus of this paper is to conduct comparative analysis on rules of origin. Rules of origin are used to determine the country of origin of a product for purposes of international trade. There are two common types of rules of origin depending upon application, the preferential and non-preferential rules of origin Non-preferential rules of origin are used to determine the country of origin for certain purposes. The basis for the non-preferential rules originates from the Kyoto convention which states that if a product is wholly obtained or produced completely within one country the product shall be deemed having origin in that country. For a product which has been produced in more than one country, the product shall be determined to have origin in the country where the last substantial transformation took place. To determine exactly what was the last substantial transformation, three general rules are applied : Change of tariff classification(on any level, though 4-digit level is the most common), Value added-rule.(ad-valorem), and Specific process rule. While criteria of wholly obtained or produced in one country is almost similar to those of theses area and countries, in compliance with value percentages of Substantial Transformation, sufficient working or processing, Korea-US FTA adapts 'Regional Value Content', meanwhile Korea-EU FTA adapts 'Import Content' rule. Finally, Korea-US FTA and ASEAN FTA adapt FOB price for the calculation value added, on the other hand Korea-EU FTA adapts EXW price.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.107-116
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• 2022

Local management trade ports are small-sized trade ports, which require active operation to strengthen the local cities' economic power and enhance the local industries' added value. In addition, local management trade ports should berth ships larger than the existing ships to increase efficiency and keep up with the international trend where ships are becoming larger. Furthermore, they should also prepare operating standards. This study selected Okgye Port among local management trade ports. We performed a mooring safety simulation evaluation according to the scenario where a 50,000 DWT vessel is moored at the current 20,000 DWT class pier. The emergency departure criteria were 27kts at 3.2s of wave period and 22kts at 5.0s of wave period at the existing pier. Results showed that mooring limit condition increased by about 50% to 41kts at 3.2s of wave period and 36kts at 5.0s of wave period. This study can be used for strengthening mooring facilities and setting operational standards for safe port operation when large ships are berthing.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.53-68
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• 2018

This paper analyzes comparatively business performance indicators and determinants of small and medium sized shipping logistics companies in Korea, using 2015 economic census data. For this purpose, this study estimates various business performance indicators according to 2015 small and medium sized companies classification standards, including operating income to sales and gross value-added to sales. In addition, this study analyzes determinants of business performance using generalized least squares models. The results indicate that average sales, operating income and value-added, sales and operating income per worker, operating income to sales, and material cost to sales of large sized companies are higher than those of small and medium sized companies. The business performance indicators differ by industry and size. Moreover, the determinants of business performance are analyzed in terms of the unemployment rate (-), number of employees (-), sales (+), labor cost ratio (+), and labor cost per employee (-) and the impacts of the individual explanatory variables based on elasticity are different. Finally, this quantitative information could be used to improve the business performance of domestic shipping logistics companies.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.509-516
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• 2020

Korea has gradually been developing port distriparks in major domestic trade ports to diversify their function and create added-value. New tenant companies are needed to help achieve these goals, but no research has been done on selection criteria. To provide such criteria, this study conducted a comparative analysis of the productivity of tenant companies in Busan New Port Distripark based on their characteristics. SFP (single-factor productivity) was measured using the operational data of 67 companies in the distripark over the past - three years (2017-2019). The results indicate that the logistics business and the manufacturing business have strengths in cargo volume productivity and in sales productivity respectively. Also, Northern distripark, a relatively older facility, was found to be more productive than Ung-dong distripark. Finally, the effect of investment-both foreign and in FAC/EQ (facility and equipment)-on productivity showed an inverse relationship with productivity, with the companies with under-average investments being more productive than those whose investments were above average. Therefore, to enhance the productivity and competitiveness of port distriparks, tenant companies must be subject to supplemented system and law for increasing employment and cargo volume, and reestablished selection criteria.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.137-159
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• 2017

This study divides manufacturing in 18 countries including Korea, China, Japan and OECD countries into 11 areas and estimates and compares the technological efficiency of each industry. The traditional view of productivity is to increase production capacity through technological innovation or process innovation, but it is also influenced by the technological efficiency of production process. A Stochastic Frontier Production Model (SFM) is a representative method for estimating the technical efficiency of such production. First, as a result of estimating the production function by setting the output variable as total output or value-added, in both cases, the output increased significantly in all manufacturing sectors as inputs of labor, capital, and intermediate increased. On the other hand, R&D investment has a large impact on output in chemical, electronics, and machinery industries. Next, as a result of estimating the technological efficiency through the production function, when the total output is set as the output variable, the overall average of each sector is 0.8 or more, showing mostly high efficiency. However, when value-added was set, Japan had the highest level in most manufacturing sectors, while other countries were lower than the efficiency of the total output. Comparing the three countries of Korea, China and Japan, Japan showed the highest efficiency in most manufacturing sectors, and Korea was about half or one third of Japan and China was lower than Korea. However, in the food and electronics sectors, China is higher than Korea, indicating that China's production efficiency has greatly improved. As such, Korea is not able to narrow its gap with Japan relatively faster than China's rapid growth. Therefore, various policy supports are needed to promote technology development. In addition, in order to improve manufacturing productivity, it is necessary to shift to an economic structure that can raise technological efficiency as well as technology development.