• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.50-60
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• 2013

The aims of this study were to estimate daily intake of macrominerals from beverages, liquid teas, and liquid coffees and to evaluate their potential health risks for Korean children and adolescents (1-to 19 years old). Assessment of dietary intake was conducted using the actual level of sodium, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium in non-alcoholic beverages and (207 beverages, 19 liquid teas, and 24 liquid coffees) the food consumption amount drawn from "The Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007-2009)". To estimate the dietary intake of non-alcoholic beverages, 6,082 children and adolescents (Scenario I) were compared with 1,704 non-alcoholic beverage consumption subjects among them (Scenario II). Calculation of the estimated daily intake of macrominerals was based on point estimates and probabilistic estimates. The values of probabilistic macromineral intake, which is a Monte-Carlo approach considering probabilistic density functions of variables, were presented using the probabilistic model. The level of safety for macrominerals was evaluated by comparison with population nutrient intake goal (Goal, 2.0 g/day) for sodium, tolerable upper intake level (UL) for calcium (2,500 mg/day) and phosphorus (3,000-3,500 mg/day) set by the Korean Nutrition Society (Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans, KDRI). For total children and adolescents (Scenario I), mean daily intake of sodium, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium estimated by probabilistic estimates using Monte Carlo simulation was, respectively, 7.93, 10.92, 6.73, 23.41, and 1.11, and 95th percentile daily intake of those was, respectively, 28.02, 44.86, 27.43, 98.14, and 3.87 mg/day. For consumers-only (Scenario II), mean daily intake of sodium, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium estimated by probabilistic estimates using Monte Carlo simulation was, respectively, 19.10, 25.77, 15.83, 56.56, and 2.86 mg/day, and 95th percentile daily intake of those was, respectively, 62.67, 101.95, 62.09, 227.92, and 8.67 mg/day. For Scenarios I II, sodium, calcium, and phosphorus did not have a mean an 95th percentile intake that met or exceeded the 5% of Goal and UL.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.40 no.9
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• pp.697-707
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• 2007

In this study, we estimated the PMP(Probable Maximum Precipitation) and its transition in case of the typhoon Rusa which happened the biggest damage of all typhoons in the Korea. Specially, we analysed the moisture maximizing rate under the consideration of meteorological condition based on the orographic property when it hits in Gangneung region. The PMP is calculated by the rate of the maximum persisting 12 hours 1000 hPa dew points and representative persisting 12 hours 1000 hPa dew point. The former is influenced by the moisture inflow regions. These regions are determined by the surface wind direction, 850 hPa moisture flux and streamline, which are the critically different aspects compared to that of previous study. The latter is calculated using statistics program (FARD2002) provided by NIDP(National Institute for Disaster Prevention). In this program, the dew point is calculated by reappearance period 50-year frequency analysis from 5% of the level of significant when probability distribution type is applied extreme type I (Gumbel distribution) and parameter estimation method is used the Moment method. So this study indicated for small basin$(3.76km^2)$ the difference the PMP through new method and through existing result of established storm transposition and DAD(Depth-Area-Duration). Consequently, the moisture maximizing rate is calculated in the moisture inflow regions determined by meteorological fields is higher $0.20{\sim}0.40$ range than that of previous study. And the precipitation is increased $16{\sim}31%$ when this rate is applied for calculation.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.192-198
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• 2002

Purpose : It is important to select and use kinds of Inhaler appropriate to the age of the patient and severity of symptoms. Several kinds of Inhaler have been developed and recommended according to each inhaler's resistance and usage method. We evaluated the usable age of 4 inhalers (turbulent flow inhalers, multi unit dose inhalers, breath actuated MDI, and autohalers) by measuring peak inspiratory flow(PIF) using $In-Check^{(TM)}$ Inspiratory Flow Meter. Methods : Ninety three patients aged from 3 to 7 years(mean $57{\pm}12.9$ mo.) who had admitted to CHA hospital from July 2000 to April 2001 were enrolled. Study patients were divided into 4 groups according to age : 3-4 years of age(group A, n=31), 4-5 years of age(group B, n=32), 5-6 years of age(group C, n=18), and 6-7 years of age(group D, n=12). Results : Out of total 93 patients, 23(71%), 27(84%), 17(94%) patients of each group A, B, C and all 12 patients of group D could use the 4 types of inhaler through adequated education. In all four groups, height, body weight and age were significantly correlated(P<0.05). Usable age, height and weight of children who can use turbulent flow inhaler(TFI) were each 8 year 7 month old, 144 cm, 32.0 kg, and those of multi unit dose inhaler(MUD) were 2 year 10 month old, 92 cm, 12.0 kg. Also that of breath-actuated MDI were 1 yr 8 months, 83 cm, 8.5 kg and that of autohaler were 2 yr 8 months, 91 cm, 11.0 kg Conclusion : We concluded that the ability to use inhalers correlated with height, weight and age of the patients. Multi unit dose inhalers, Breath actuated MDI and Autohaler are useful after 3 years of age through adequate education.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.158-166
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• 2014

This study is trying to grasp the stress of the male high school students and the correlation between the stress according to the oral health important cognitive and self-rated oral health status and number of brushing, emphasizing the need for the education of oral health important, providing the basic data in order to accomplish correctly until the enhance of oral health-related quality of the oral health correct behavior. From May to July 2013, a self administered survey was conducted by the selected by convenience sampling from subjects of two high school located in Chungcheongnam-do 1, 2 grade. The SPSS PASW Statistics 18.0 and Amos 5.0 program had been used for the statistical data analysis. The study results were as follow: 1) Among five areas of stress, the stress of school life was the highest as 2.11 points and the stress of home problem was the lowest as 1.51 points; 2) The significance analysis results between the five areas of stress according to the stress of latent variable and the oral health-related quality of life all showed the significant difference (p<0.001). 3) Oral health-related quality of life was higher as oral health important and self-rated oral health status positive. Furthermore oral health-related quality of life was higher as number of brushing increased; 4) Fit Measures test result of stress, academic level, and family economic level model all showed more than 0.9 in goodness of fit index (GFI), adjusted GFI, normed fit index and root mean square residual and root mean square error of approximation values is all estimated less than 0.1, so it showed good model. From this study, it can be concluded that there is the correlation between stress and oral health-related quality of life.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.4 s.84
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• pp.510-514
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• 2007

This study was carried on cool and RT(room temperature) storage of unhulled rice. In RT storage of an analysis of coefficient relation, high significant positive coefficients were observed in toyo index and breakdown, setback and protein content. high significant negative coefficients were showed setback and breakdown, breakdown and protein content. In cool storage of an analysis of coefficient relation, high significant positive coefficients were observed in toyo index and amylose content and gelatinization start temperature and protein content and high significant negative coefficients were showed toyo index and whiteness, toyo index and gelatinization start temperature, gelatinization start temperature and amylose content. In RT storage of a path coefficient analysis, a highest positive direct influence was observed in amylose content and a highest negative direct influence was protein content. Positive indirect influence was high revealed breakdown and protein content and negative indirect influence was gelatinization start temperature and Mg/K ratio. In cool storage of a path coefficient analysis, a highest positive direct influence was whiteness and a highest positive indirect influence was gelatinization start temperature. Positive indirect influence was high revealed gelatinization start temperature and amylose content, negative indirect influence was whiteness and gelatinization start temperature. In RT storage of Multiple regression equation of Toyo index based on physicochemical properties of unhulled rice, a highest coefficient of determination was revealed among five facters of whiteness, protein content, Mg/K ratio, amylose content and gelatinization start temperature. In cool storage of Multiple regression equation of toyo index based on physicochemical properties of unhulled rice, highest coefficient of determination was revealed among five facters of moisture content, amylose content, gelatinization start temperature, breakdown and setback.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.471-479
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• 2013

This study is trying to grasp the stress of the male high school students and the correlation between the stress according to the academic and economic level and oral parafunctional habits, emphasizing the need for the education of oral parafunctional habits, providing the basic data in order to accomplish correctly until the oral health of the oral maxillofacial region. From May 2013 till July 2013, a self administered survey was conducted by the selected by convenience sampling from subjects of 1, 2 grade of two high school located in Chungnam, Korea. The study results were as follow: 1) Among five areas of stress, the stress of school life was the highest as 2.11 points and the stress of home problem was the lowest as 1.51 points; 2) the stress by class showed that grade 2 was higher than grade 1 in all areas. The stress of the school life (2.21) (p<0.01), interpersonal relationship (p<0.01), and own problem (p<0.05) showed the significant difference; 3) The significance analysis results between the five areas of stress according to the stress of latent variable and the oral parafunctional habits all showed the significant difference (p<0.001). The correlation between the stress and the oral parafunctional habits showed a weak negative correlation as -0.30, and the stress of the school life, own problem, environment problem, and interpersonal relationship showed very strong correlations more than 0.7; 4) Fit measures test result of stress, academic level, and family economic level model all showed more than 0.9 in good of fit index, adjusted goodness of fit index, normed fit index and root mean square residual and root mean square error of approximation values is all estimated less than 0.1, so it showed good model. From this study, it can be concluded that there is the correlation between stress and oral parafunctional habits.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 2004

Purpose: Although acute nonspecific mesenteric lymphadenitis (ANML) is probably common cause of abdominal pain in children, which can be severe enough to be an abdominal emergency, the clinical features of mesenteric lymphadenitis are not clear. Also, a differential diagnosis with acute appendicitis (APPE) is indispensable to avoid serious complications. The clinical features of ANML were determined, and the risk factors for differential diagnosis with APPE were analyzed. Methods: Between November 2000 and May 2001, data from 26 patients (aged 1 to 11 years) with ANML and 21 patients (aged 2 to 13 years) with APPE were reviewed. ANML was defined as a cluster of five or more lymph nodes measuring 10 mm or greater in their longitudinal diameter in the right lower quadrant (RLQ) without an identifiable specific inflammatory process on the ultrasonographic examination. There were risk factors on patient's history, physical examination, and laboratory examination; the location of abdominal pain, abdominal rigidity, rebound tenderness, fever, nocturnal pain, the vomiting intensity, the diarrhea intensity, the symptom duration, and the peripheral blood leukocytes count. Results: Of the 26 ANML patients and 21 APPE patients, abdominal pain was noted on periumbilical (76.9% vs 14.2%), on RLQ (11.5% vs 71.4%), with abdomen rigidity (7.6% vs 80.9%), with rebound tenderness (0.0% vs 76.1%)(p<0.05), in the lower abdomen (11.5% vs 14.2%), and at night (80.8% vs 100.0%) (p>0.05). The clinical symptoms were vomiting (38.4% vs 90.4%), the vomiting intensity ($1.5{\pm}0.7$ [1~3]/day vs $4.5{\pm}2.9$ [1~10]/day), diarrhea (65.3% vs 28.5%) (p<0.05), and fever (61.5% vs 76.2%)(p>0.05). The period to the subsidence of abdominal pain in the ANMA patients was $2.5{\pm}0.5$ (2~3) days. The laboratory data showed a significant difference in the peripheral blood leukocytes count ($8,403{\pm}1,737[5,900{\sim}12,300]/mm^3\;vs\;15,471{\pm}3,749[5,400{\sim}20,800]/mm^3$)(p<0.05). Discriminant analysis between ANML and APPE showed that the independent discriminant factors were a vomiting intensity and the peripheral blood leukocytes count and the discriminant power was 95.7%. Conclusion: The clinical characteristics of ANML were abrupt onset of periumbilical pain without rigidity or rebound tenderness, a mild vomiting intensity, normal peripheral leukocytes count, and relatively short clinical course. If the abdominal pain persist for more than 3 days, and/or the vomiting intensity is more than 3 times/day, and/or the peripheral leukocytes count is over $13,500/mm^3$, abdominal ultrasonography is recommended to rule out APPE.

• Explosives and Blasting
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.3-13
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• 1991

The cautious blasting works had been used with emulsion explosion electric M/S delay caps. Drill depth was from 3m to 6m with Crawler Drill ${\phi}70mm$ on the calcalious sand stone (soft -modelate -semi hard Rock). The total numbers of test blast were 88. Scale distance were induced 15.52-60.32. It was applied to propagation Law in blasting vibration as follows. Propagtion Law in Blasting Vibration $V=K(\frac{D}{W^b})^n$ were V : Peak partical velocity(cm/sec) D : Distance between explosion and recording sites(m) W : Maximum charge per delay-period of eight milliseconds or more (kg) K : Ground transmission constant, empirically determind on the Rocks, Explosive and drilling pattern ets. b : Charge exponents n : Reduced exponents where the quantity $\frac{D}{W^b}$ is known as the scale distance. Above equation is worked by the U.S Bureau of Mines to determine peak particle velocity. The propagation Law can be catagorized in three groups. Cubic root Scaling charge per delay Square root Scaling of charge per delay Site-specific Scaling of charge Per delay Plots of peak particle velocity versus distoance were made on log-log coordinates. The data are grouped by test and P.P.V. The linear grouping of the data permits their representation by an equation of the form ; $V=K(\frac{D}{W^{\frac{1}{3}})^{-n}$ The value of K(41 or 124) and n(1.41 or 1.66) were determined for each set of data by the method of least squores. Statistical tests showed that a common slope, n, could be used for all data of a given components. Charge and reduction exponents carried out by multiple regressional analysis. It's divided into under loom over loom distance because the frequency is verified by the distance from blast site. Empirical equation of cautious blasting vibration is as follows. Over 30m ------- under l00m ${\cdots\cdots\cdots}{\;}41(D/sqrt[2]{W})^{-1.41}{\;}{\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots}{\;}A$ Over 100m ${\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots}{\;}121(D/sqrt[3]{W})^{-1.66}{\;}{\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots}{\;}B$ where ; V is peak particle velocity In cm / sec D is distance in m and W, maximLlm charge weight per day in kg K value on the above equation has to be more specified for further understaring about the effect of explosives, Rock strength. And Drilling pattern on the vibration levels, it is necessary to carry out more tests.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.900-912
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• 1995

Background: Although graded exercise stress tests are widely used for the evaluation of cardiorespiratory performance, normal standards on respiratory gas exchange and ventilatory functions at maximal exercise in Koreans have not been well established. The purpose of this study is to provide reference values on these by sex and age, along with derivation of some of their prediction equations. Method: Symptom-limited maximal exercise test was carried out by Bruce protocol in 1,000 healthy adults consisting of 603 males and 397 females, aged 20~66 years. Among them VC, $FEV_1$ and MVV were also determined in 885 cases. All the subjects were members of a health center, excluding athletes. During the exercise, subjects were allowed to hold on to front hand rail of the treadmill for safety purpose. Results: The $VO_2\;max/m^2$, $VCO_2\;max/m^2$ and $V_E\;max/m^2$ were greater in males than in females and decreased with age. The RR max in men and women was similar but decreased slightly with age. The $V_T$ max was markedly greater in men but showed no significant changes with age in either gender. The mean of $V_T$ max/VC, $V_E$ max/MVV and BR revealed that there were considerable ventilatory reserves at maximal exercise even in older females. The regression equations of the cardinal parameters obtained using exercise time(ET, min), age(A, yr), height(Ht, cm), weight(W, kg), sex(S, 0=male; 1=female), VC(L), $FEV_1$(L) and $V_E$ max(L) as variables are as follows: $VO_2\;max/m^2$(L/min)=1.449+0.073 ET-0.007A+0.010W-0.006Ht-0.209S, $VCO_2\;max/m^2$(L/min)=1.672+0.063ET-0.008A+0.010W-0.005Ht-0.319S, VE max/$m^2$(L/min)=58.161+1.503ET-0.315A-9.871S or VE max/$m^2$(L/min)=47.873+6.548 $FEV_1$-5.715 S, and VT max(L)=1.497+0.223VC-0.493S. Conclusion: Respiratory gas exchange and ventilatory variables at maximal exercise were studied in 1,000 non-athletes by Bruce protocol. During exercise, the subjects were allowed to hold on to hand rail of the treadmill for safety purpose. We feel that our results would provide ideal target values for patients and healthy individuals to be achieved, since our study subjects were members of a health center whose physical fitness levels were presumably higher than ordinary population.