• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.63-79
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• 2021

This study examined yearly trend of sugar-sweetened beverage(SSB) intake and compared nutritional status by SSB intake level in middle school students aged 12~14 years(n=2,543) using the data from 2007~2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. SSB included carbonated drinks, sports drinks, and caffeinated drinks contained added sugar. Subjects were classified into three groups by SSB intake level obtained from 24-hour recall method: SSB 1(SSB intake 0 g/d), SSB 2(0 g/d < SSB intake < 50th percentile) and SSB 3(SSB intake ≥ 50th percentile). Result of daily intake of SSB was 76.1±6.2 g/d for boys and 59.5±4.7 g/d for girls and it was increased significantly for boys(p-trend 0.0004) and girls(p-trend 0.0038) by year. The most intakes were carbonated drinks followed by fruit juices and sports drinks for boys and girls. Percentage of daily intake compared to the dietary reference was increased for energy and iron while was decreased for calcium and vitamin C toward SSB 3 group. Ratio of excess intake of energy/fat was increased significantly for boys(p=0.0091) and girls(p<0.0001) toward SSB 3 group. Ratio of calcium deficiency was 86.8~94.9% for boys and girls and it was very high. Therefore, it should be emphasized to reduce SSB intake and drink plain water without added sugar, etc. and milk as a source of calcium for improving nutritional status of middle school students through dietary education and social support.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.65-75
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• 2021

Coin cell is a basic testing platform for battery research, discovering new materials and concepts, and contributing to fundamental research on next-generation batteries. Li metal batteries (LMBs) are promising since a high energy density (~500 Wh kg^-1) is deliverable far beyond Li-ion. However, Li dendrite-triggered volume fluctuation and high surface cause severe deterioration of performance. Given that such drawbacks are strongly dependent on the cell parameters and structure, such as the amount of electrolyte, Li thickness, and internal pressure, reliable Li metal coin cell testing is challenging. For the LMB-specialized coin cell testing platform, this study suggests the optimal coin cell structure that secures performance and reproducibility of LMBs under stringent conditions, such as lean electrolyte, high mass loading of NMC cathode, and thinner Li use. By controlling the cathode/anode (C/A) area ratio closer to 1.0, the inactive space was minimized, mitigating the cell degradation. The quantification and imaging of inner cell pressure elucidated that the uniformity of the pressure is a crucial matter to improving performance reliability. The LMB coin cells exhibit better cycling retention and reproducibility under higher (0.6 MPa → 2.13 MPa) and uniform (standard deviation: 0.43 → 0.16) stack pressure through the changes in internal parts and introducing a flexible polymer (PDMS) film.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.121-129
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• 2019

This study carried out to determine control factors for the improvement of productivity of laying hens suffering heat stress during hot weather. A total of 48,451 ISA Brown layers were housed in a farm located in Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea. Five thermo-hydrometer loggers were installed inside the house to collect data of dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity. The experiment continued for 81 days when the summer season begins from 19th June to 7th September, 2018. This study analyzed the correlations among layers' production index and daily average, highest, and lowest temperature; daily average, highest, and lowest relative humidity; and daily average, minimum, and maximum THI. The result indicated that feed consumption, hen-day egg production, egg weight, and FCR decreased as the daily average, highest and lowest dry-bulb temperature and THI rise (p<0.01). On the other hand, water intake increased as the daily average, highest and lowest dry-bulb temperature and THI rise (p<0.001). The relative humidity was not considered to have direct correlations to the layers' production index (p>0.05). However, it was noticeable that the mortality did not have significant relations with daily average and highest temperature; THI; or daily average, highest and lowest relative humidity while it was relevant to the daily lowest temperature and THI (p<0.05). In conclusion, to enhance the productivity of laying hens in a hot climate, it is recommended that daily average, highest, and lowest dry-bulb temperature and THI are maintained as low as possible. Especially, the daily lowest temperature is needed to lower to 20℃, which is the lowest critical temperature for layers.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.260-279
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• 2021

The Goguryeo kingdom established a unique defense system centered on a series of mountain fortresses. However, modern-day studies on its defense system have tended to focus on how they were positioned and generally consist of little more than individual surveys or introductions to the relevant materials, leaving much to be desired. This study attempts to extend the scope of studies about fortresses dating back to the Goguryeo period, taking into account the limitations of the available materials. As such, this study reviews the defense system of Goguryeo during the Gungnaeseong Period (i.e., the period when Gungnaeseong was the capital of Goguryeo) using the GIS system, with the focus on fortresses that are thought to have been built in the area extending from the middle and upper reaches of the Amnok River to the mid-stream region of the Liohe River, based on the aforementioned studies. The results of the study are as follows. First, the major roads built during the Gungnaeseong Period were as stated in the foregoing studies to some extent. Researchers believed that during the middle period of the dynasty, a major road ran along the Suzihe, Fuer and Xinkai rivers before finally reaching Jian. The study found that fortified walls and fortress strongholds were built along this road. Second, there were seven fortresses between the middle and upper reaches of the Amnokgang River and the midstream region of the Liaohe River. A primary defense line was closely established between the strongholds and the nearby walls, with secondary and tertiary defense lines established more loosely and encompassing a much wider area. Third, regarding the defense system along the major roads, the Choejinbosanseong, Goisanseong and Cheolbaesanseong fortresses served as strongholds along the 60-kilometer-long primary defense line, with 80-kilometer-long secondary and tertiary defense lines set up behind it. The final 120-kilometer-long defense line of the capital was established along with the Onyeosanseong Fortress, while a stumbling block was set up close to the capital as a defense system, rather than building a fortified wall. To summarize, a primary defense system was established centered on a series of fortresses, with each stronghold maintaining a closely-knit defense system in connection with other nearby strongholds to repel invaders.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.54-63
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• 2021

Vanadium and tungsten can be obtained by separating/recovering the leaching solution from a spent SCR DeNO_X catalyst using the soda roasting-water leaching process. Therefore, in this study, the adsorption/desorption mechanism of vanadium and tungsten in an ion-exchange column was investigated using Lewatit MonoPlus MP 600, a strong basic anion exchange resin. The operating conditions for the separation of vanadium and tungsten in the ion-exchange column was intended to present. By conducting a continuous adsorption experiment in a pH 8.5 solution, the adsorption capacity of vanadium and tungsten was found to be 44.75 and 64.92 mg/(g of resin), respectively, which showed that the adsorption capacity of tungsten was larger than that of vanadium because of the difference in ion charge. Vanadium has a higher affinity for MP 600 than tungsten. Consequently, as the vanadium-containing solution is eluted through the ion exchange resin onto which tungsten is adsorbed, the adsorbed tungsten is exchanged with vanadium and desorbed. A continuous experiment was performed with a solution of vanadium and tungsten prepared at the same concentration as the spent SCR DeNO_X catalyst leachate. The adsorption capacity of vanadium was found to be 48.72 mg/(g of resin) and 80% of the supplied vanadium was adsorbed; in contrast, almost no tungsten was adsorbed. Therefore, vanadium and tungsten were separated effectively. The ion exchange resin was treated with 2 M HCl at 15 mL/h, and 97.7% of the vanadium(99% purity) could be desorbed. After desorption, NH₄Cl was added to precipitate ammonium polyvanadate at 90℃ and recover 93% of the vanadium.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.66 no.2
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• pp.78-85
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• 2022

Natural white clay was treated with 6 M of H₂SO₄ and heated at 80℃ for 6 h under mechanical stirring and the resulting acid active clay was used as an adsorbent for the removal of Cs⁺ in water. The physicochemical changes of natural white clay and acid active clay were observed by X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF), BET Surface Area Analyser and Energy Dispersive X-line Spectrometer (EDX). While activating natural white clay with acid, the part of Al₂O₃, CaO, MgO, SO₃ and Fe₂O₃ was dissolved firstly from the crystal lattice, which bring about the increase in the specific surface area and the pore volume as well as active sites. The specific surface area and the pore volume of acid active clay were roughly twice as high compared with natural white clay. The adsorption of Cs⁺ on acid active clay was increased rapidly within 1 min and reached equilibrium at 60 min. At 25 mg L^- of Cs⁺ concentration, 96.88% of adsorption capacity was accomplished by acid active clay. The adsorption data of Cs⁺ were fitted to the adsorption isotherm and kinetic models. It was found that Langmuir isotherm was described well to the adsorption behavior of Cs⁺ on acid active clay rather than Freundlich isotherm. For adsorption Cs⁺ on acid active clay, the Langmuir isotherm coefficients, Q, was found to be 10.52 mg g^-1. In acid active clay/water system, the pseudo-second-order kinetic model was more suitable for adsorption of Cs⁺ than the pseudo-first-order kinetic model owing to the higher correlation coefficient R² and the more proximity value of the experimental value q_e,exp and the calculated value q_e,cal. The overall results of study showed that acid active clay could be used as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of Cs⁺ from water.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.71-86
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• 2021

This study was conducted to find information on the university's image from words related to 'Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries (KNCAF)' in Naver News. For this purpose, word frequency analysis, TF-IDF evaluation and semantic network analysis were performed using web crawling technology. In word frequency analysis, 'agriculture', 'education', 'support', 'farmer', 'youth', 'university', 'business', 'rural', 'CEO' were important words. In the TF-IDF evaluation, the key words were 'farmer', 'dron', 'agricultural and livestock food department', 'Jeonbuk', 'young farmer', 'agriculture', 'Chonju', 'university', 'device', 'spreading'. In the semantic network analysis, the Bigrams showed high correlations in the order of 'youth' - 'farmer', 'digital' - 'agriculture', 'farming' - 'settlement', 'agriculture' - 'rural', 'digital' - 'turnover'. As a result of evaluating the importance of keywords as five central index, 'agriculture' ranked first. And the keywords in the second place of the centrality index were 'farmers' (Cc, Cb), 'education' (Cd, Cp) and 'future' (Ce). The sperman's rank correlation coefficient by centrality index showed the most similar rank between Degree centrality and Pagerank centrality. The KNCAF articles of Naver News were used as important words such as 'agriculture', 'education', 'support', 'farmer', 'youth' in terms of word frequency. However, in the evaluation including document frequency, the words such as 'farmer', 'dron', 'Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs', 'Jeonbuk', and 'young farmers' were found to be key words. The centrality analysis considering the network connectivity between words was suitable for evaluation by Cd and Cp. And the words with strong centrality were 'agriculture', 'education', 'future', 'farmer', 'digital', 'support', 'utilization'.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.408-415
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• 2022

In this paper, we propose a 3D point cloud reconstruction technique from 2D images using efficient feature map extraction network. The originality of the method proposed in this paper is as follows. First, we use a new feature map extraction network that is about 27% efficient than existing techniques in terms of memory. The proposed network does not reduce the size to the middle of the deep learning network, so important information required for 3D point cloud reconstruction is not lost. We solved the memory increase problem caused by the non-reduced image size by reducing the number of channels and by efficiently configuring the deep learning network to be shallow. Second, by preserving the high-resolution features of the 2D image, the accuracy can be further improved than that of the conventional technique. The feature map extracted from the non-reduced image contains more detailed information than the existing method, which can further improve the reconstruction accuracy of the 3D point cloud. Third, we use a divergence loss that does not require shooting information. The fact that not only the 2D image but also the shooting angle is required for learning, the dataset must contain detailed information and it is a disadvantage that makes it difficult to construct the dataset. In this paper, the accuracy of the reconstruction of the 3D point cloud can be increased by increasing the diversity of information through randomness without additional shooting information. In order to objectively evaluate the performance of the proposed method, using the ShapeNet dataset and using the same method as in the comparative papers, the CD value of the method proposed in this paper is 5.87, the EMD value is 5.81, and the FLOPs value is 2.9G. It was calculated. On the other hand, the lower the CD and EMD values, the better the accuracy of the reconstructed 3D point cloud approaches the original. In addition, the lower the number of FLOPs, the less memory is required for the deep learning network. Therefore, the CD, EMD, and FLOPs performance evaluation results of the proposed method showed about 27% improvement in memory and 6.3% in terms of accuracy compared to the methods in other papers, demonstrating objective performance.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.189-196
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• 2022

Plasma refers to an ionized gas that is often referred to as "the fourth phase of matter", following solid, liquid, and gas. Plasma has traditionally been utilized for industrial applications such as welding and neon signs, but its promise in biomedical fields such as cancer treatment and dermatology has lately been recognized. Indeed, due to its beneficial effects in promoting collagen production, improving skin tone, and eliminating harmful bacteria in the skin, plasma treatment constitutes an important target for dermatological research. In this study, a plasma device for cosmetic manufacturing based on nitrogen, the main component of the atmosphere, was designed and assembled. Moreover, nitric oxide (NO) was selected since is easier to follow and evaluate than other nitrogen plasma active species, and its contents were measured to perform a quantitative and qualitative evaluation of plasma. First, an injection method, using different proximities labeled "sinking" and "non sinking" treatments, was performed to test the most efficient plasma treatment method. As a result, it was observed that the formulation obtained by a non sinking treatment was more effective. Furthermore, toner and ampoule were selected as cosmetics formulations, and the characteristics of the formulation and changes in the injected plasma state were observed. In both formulations, the successful injection of NO plasma was 2 times higher in toner formulation than ampoule formulation, and it gradually decreased with time, having dissipated after a week. It was confirmed that the nitrogen plasma used did not affect the stability of the toner and ampoule formulations at low temperature (4 ℃), room temperature (25 ℃), and high temperature (37 ℃ and 50 ℃) conditions. The results of this study demonstrate the potential of plasma cosmetics and highlight the importance of securing the stability of the injected plasma.

• Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.498-503
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• 2021

Purpose: The aim of this study were to find ideal entry point of straight antegrade humeral intramedullary nail (SAHN) for the treatment of proximal humerus fracture in Korean and to analyze anatomical conformity using computed tomography. Materials and Methods: From May 2014 to October 2016, the study was conducted retrospectively on 74 Korean patients who had taken computed tomography on both normal and affected shoulder joint as result of shoulder injury. The mean age of the patients was 64.5 years (range, 22-95 years). Radiologic evaluation was done using multiplanar reconstruction technique of the computer tomography on normal proximal humerus. We located ideal entry point of SAHN as the point where humerus intramedullary center axis and humeral head meet. Distance between the entry point and local anatomical landmark was measured. We defined the critical distance as the distance between entry point and the most medial point of the supraspinatus attachment site. For adequate fixation and avoidance of injury to rotator cuff, critical distance should be over 8 mm according to Euler, and we defined the critical type when it is less than 8 mm. Critical distance, sex, age, height, body weight, body mass index was evaluated for the statistical significance. Results: The ideal entry point was as follows: the mean anteroposterior distance, the sagittal distance to the lateral margin of bicipital groove, was 11.5 mm and the mean mediolateral distance, the coronal distance to the lateral margin of grater tuberosity, was 20.5 mm. The mean critical distance, distance from the entry point to the just medial to insertion of the supraspinatus tendon, was 8.0 mm. Critical type with critical distance less than 8 mm was found in 41 in 74 patients (55.4%). Conclusion: The ideal entry point of SAHN in Korean was located on 11.5 mm posteriorly from the lateral margin of bicipital groove and 20.5 mm medially from lateral margin of greater tuberosity. More than half of the cases were critical type. Since critical type can possibly cause rotate cuff injury during nail insertion on entry point, surgeon should consider anatomical variance before choosing surgical option.