• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.99-110
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• 2012

The purpose of the study is to collect basis data for to establish standard administrative processes of liquid fertilizer treatment. From this survey we could make out the key point of each step through a case of effective liquid manure treatment system in pig house. It is divided into six step; 1. piggery slurry management step, 2. Solid-liquid separation step, 3. liquid fertilizer treatment (aeration) step, 4. liquid fertilizer treatment (microorganism, recirculation and internal return) step, 5. liquid fertilizer treatment (completion) step, 6. land application step. From now on, standardization process of liquid manure treatment technologies need to be develop based on the six steps process.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.317-333
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• 2014

The Pocheon iron (-copper) deposit, located at the northwestern part of the Precambrian Gyeonggi massif in South Korea, genetically remains controversial. Previous researchers advocated a metamorphosed (-exhalative) sedimentary origin for iron enrichment. In this study, we present strong evidences for skarnification and Fe mineralization, spatially associated with the Myeongseongsan granite. The Pocheon deposit is composed of diverse carbonate rocks such as dolostone and limestone which are partially overprinted by various hydrothermal skarns such as sodic-calcic, calcic and magnesian skarn. Iron (-copper) mineralization occurs mainly in the sodic-calcic skarn zone, locally superimposed by copper mineralization during retrograde stage of skarn. Age data determined on phlogopites from retrograde skarn stage by Ar-Ar and K-Ar methods range from $110.3{\pm}1.0Ma$ to $108.3{\pm}2.8Ma$, showing that skarn iron mineralization in the Pocheon is closely related to the shallow-depth Myeongseongsan granite (ca. 112 Ma). Carbon-oxygen isotopic depletions of carbonates in marbles, diverse skarns, and veins can be explained by decarbonation and interaction with an infiltrating hydrothermal fluids in open system ($XCO_2=0.1$). The results of sulfur isotope analyses indicate that both of sulfide (chalcopyrite-pyrite composite) and anhydrites in skarn have very high sulfur isotope values, suggesting the $^{34}S$ enrichment of the Pocheon sulfide and sulfate sulfur was derived from sulfate in the carbonate protolith. Shear zones with fractures in the Pocheon area channeled the saline, high $fO_2$ hydrothermal fluids, resulting in locally developed intense skarn alteration at temperature range of about $500^{\circ}$ to $400^{\circ}C$.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.323-337
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• 1999

Late Cretaceous to early Tertiary volcanic rocks in the Kyongsang basin exhibit high-K calc-alkaline characteristics, and originated from the magmatism related genetically to subduction of Kula-Pacific plate. They represent HFSE depletion and LlLE enrichment characteristics as shown by magmas related to subduction. Early studies on the depth of magma generation has been estimated as 180-230 km based on K-h relation should be reevaluated, because the depth of peridotite partial melting with 0.4 wt. % water is 80-120 km at subduction zone, and subducting slab in premature arc can melted even lower than 70 km. Moreover the increase of potassium contents depends on either contamination of crustal material and fluids of subducting slab or low degree of partial melting. If the inclination of subduction zone is 30 degrees and the depth to the Benioff zone is 180-230 km, the calculated distance between the volcanic zone and trench axis would be 310-400 km. It is unlikely because the distance between the Kyongsang basin and trench during late Cretaceous to early Tertiary is closer than this value and not comparable with generally-accepted models in subduction zone magmatism. $K_{55}$ of the volcanics in the Kyongsang basin is 0.3-2.3 wt.% and the average indicate that the depth ranges between 80-170 km on the diagram of Marsh, Carmichael (1974). Fractionation from garnet lherzolite, assumed the depth of 180-230km, is not consistent with the REE patterns of the volcanoes in the Kyongsang basin. Futhermore, the range of depth suggested by many workers, who studied magmatism related to subduction, imply shallower than this depth. Crustal thickness calculated by the content of CaO and $Na_2O$ is about 30 km and about 35 km, respectively. Paleo-crustal thickness during late Cretaceous to early Tertiary times in the Kyongsang basin inferred about 30 km calculated by La/Sm versus LaJYb data, which is also supported by many previous studies.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.519-530
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• 2016

Vegetative plants in Yakutia are naturally frozen when they are covered with snow in the fall, and they function as green cryo-fodder that is a source of biologically active substances and nutrients for herbivorous animals. We observed a considerable increase in the total fatty acid content in the leaves of Avena sativa, Elytrigia rеpens, Equisetum variegatum and Equisetum scirpoides during the fall period. However, the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids was not higher in the frozen plants covered with snow than in the summer plants, with the exception of E. scirpoides, a dwarf horsetail found in the Pole of Cold in the northern hemisphere. In the internal adipose tissue of the Yakut horse (young horse meat), 18 fatty acids were found, including 10 saturated ones. Monounsaturated oleic С18:1 (n-9) acid and polyunsaturated α-linolenic С18:3 (n-3) acid were equally prevalent among the unsaturated fatty acids, accounting for 70% of the total unsaturated fatty acids. This composition of polyenoic fatty acids in the internal adipose tissue indicates that the Yakut horse actively feeds on the fall vegetation and the wintergreen sedge-grass. We believe that the high plant-specific free fatty acid content in the tissue of Yakut horses may play an important role in the regulation of their resistance to long-term low-temperature stress.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.313-328
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• 2013

Jurassic granitoids in the northeastern part of the Yeongnam Massif are possibly the result of intensive magmatic activities that occurred in response to subduction of the proto-Pacific plate beneath the northeast portion of the Eurasian plate. Geochemical studies on the granitic rocks are carried out in order to constrain the petrogenesis of the granitic magma and to establish the paleotectonic environment of the area. Whole rock chemical data of the Uljin granitoids in the northeastern part of the Yeongnam Massif indicate that all of the rocks have the characteristics of calcalkaline series in subalkaline field. The overall major element trends show systematic variations in each granitic body, but the source materials of each granitoids seem to have different chemical composition. The Uljin granitoids are different from other granitic rocks, which distributed vicinity of the study area, in the contents of $Al_2O_3$ and trace elements such as Cr, Co, Ni, Sr, Y and Nb. The Uljin granitoids have geochemical features similar to slab-derived adakites such as high $Al_2O_3$, Sr contents and high Sr/Y, La/Yb ratios, but they have low Y and Yb contents. The major ($SiO_2$, $Al_2O_3$, MgO) and trace element (Sr, Y, La, Yb) contents of the Uljin granitoids fall well within the adakitic field. The Uljin granitoids have similar geochemical characteristics, paleotectonic environments and intrusion ages to those of the Yatsuo plutonic rocks of Hida belt located on northwestern part of Japan. Chondrite normalized REE patterns show generally enriched LREEs ($(La/Yb)_{CN}=10.6-103.4$) and are slight negative to flat Eu anomalies. On the ANK vs. A/CNK and tectonic discrimination diagrams, parental magma type of the granites corresponds to I-type and volcanic arc granite (VAG). Interpretations of the chemical characteristics of the granitic rocks favor their emplacement in a compressional tectonic regime at the continental margin during the subduction of Izanagi plate in Jurassic period.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.59-66
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• 2020

Recently, cultivation and management technologies have been needed to adapt due to climate change, which is causing abnormal weather conditions. One technique is to increase the utilization of evergreen broad-leaved species with high ornamental value. A total of five treatments were installed (1m×22.5m), including 60g/㎡ and 80g/㎡ using two types mulching material with an overlapping and hole-drilling mulching method and these were compared to un-mulching treatment a total of planted 92㎡ attheWol-aTestSiteForestattheForestforBiomaterialsResearchCenterinJinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-dofor 10monthsusing3-years-oldQuercusglaucaThunb. In comparison with the control site, the 60g/㎡ overlapping method was about 1.9 times higher than the root collar diameter, but there was no statistical significance between the treatments. Healthy seedlings were found to meet these conditions due to high biomass values and below and T/R ratios of 3.0 or lower and H/D ratios of 7.0 or lower. Comparing the values of LWR, SWR, and RWR, which can be evaluated for seedling due to the mulching treatments, as compared to the control, the growth of the ground areas including leaves and stems was enhanced, but the growth of the underground areas containing roots tended to have high control values. Based on this, the SQI value, which can be evaluated for the comprehensive quality of seedlings, was found to be significantly different between the control site and the mulching treatment sites, confirming that the growth and growth improvement effects were achieved with mulching treatments. The chlorophyll content analysis showed that there was a significant difference from the control site, and it was judged that weed generation in the control acted as an environmental stress, causing a decrease in chlorophyll content. It was found that the overlapping 80g/㎡ of polypropylene mulching material generated about 4 times fewer weeds than the control, and the manpower required for the mulching test field and weeding were equal at 3.3 people/100㎡/1 day. Mulching treatments have demonstrated a significant difference in the promotion of growth and quality of the seedlings and are judged as an alternative that can reduce the economic burden incurred by the purchase of the supplies and the manpower required to weed forestry plantations.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.123-133
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to find optimal nutrient condition of container seedling production of two tropical species for high seedling quality. This study was conducted to investigate photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll contents, and growth performances of container seedlings of Eucalyptus pellita and Acacia mangium growing under four different fertilization treatments (Con., $0.5\;g{\cdot}l^{-1}$, $1.0\;g{\cdot}l^{-1}$, and $2.0\;g{\cdot}l^{-1}$ fertilization). E. pellita showed outstanding photosynthetic capacity, photochemical efficiency, and chlorophyll contents at $1.0\;g{\cdot}l^{-1}$ fertilization. Meanwhile, E. pellita showed the highest photosynthetic capacity, photochemical efficiency, and chlorophyll contents at $2.0\;g{\cdot}l^{-1}$ fertilization, as fertilization rate were increased, those of A. mangium increased. Like physiological characteristics, Both E. pellita at $1.0\;g{\cdot}l^{-1}$ fertilization and A. mangium at $2.0\;g{\cdot}l^{-1}$ fertilization were higher root collar diameter, height, biomass, and seedling quality index than other treatments. These results showed that E. pellita at $1\;g{\cdot}l^{-1}$ fertilization and A. mangium at $2.0\;g{\cdot}l^{-1}$ fertilization is optimal nutrient condition, respectively. Moreover, fertilization rate controlling is very important for growth and seedling quality of container seedling.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.63
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• pp.347-376
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• 2020

This study suggests the direction and practice of Christian education through ecological Christian spirituality required in front of the ecological crisis. Environmental destruction and ecosystem problems are recognized as a serious crisis that can threaten human survival. As a result, the development of material civilization, which humanity has taken for granted, has been questioned, and changes in human consciousness and thoughts at the root of the ecological crisis have become inevitable. The crisis of civilization demands a new spirituality, and the spirituality required in front of the ecological crisis must be a life-friendly spirituality. The discourses on the ecological crisis that have emerged since the 1970s provide a fundamental perspective on the ecological crisis. Ecological spirituality such as 'immanence', 'interrelationship', 'community', 'healing and emancipation', and 'sustainability' are concepts that can understand and aggregate the discussions of the various discourses above. Based on this, this paper examines Christian ecological spirituality by dividing it into the areas of God, humans, and body. Through this, the Christian education was proposed as a practical place for self-depreciation for a simple life through the understanding of God, who emptied himself out of the transcendent God who reigns over all things, shared the pain of all things, maintained all things together, and lived in them. There, meditation and hospitality can be a place of practical Christian education where one can enrich one's inner self for a simple life. Christian education was proposed as a place of holistic knowledge through ecological Christian spirituality that emphasizes the spirituality of the body from dichotomous thinking that belittles the body. There, the Holy Communion is important as a place where both holistic education to restore the spirituality of the body and ecological education can be held at the same time. Through this, I hope that Christian education will be a place of education not only for the reason but also for the holistic knowledge of Christ and for learning how to 'together' with the ecosystem and neighbors.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.14 no.2 s.40
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• pp.116-126
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• 2005

The Precambrian quartzite and calc-schist layers experienced multi-1310ing events are distributed along the two kinds of U-shaped 1310 (Fold I and II) with $N10^{\circ}E-directed$ fo1d axis in Wollong-myeon, Gwangtan-myeon, Jori-myeon of Paju city, the northeastern part of Gyeonggido. Occurrence of 10 layers of quartzite and 4 layers of calc-schist is not clear whether quartzite and schist layers were deposited sequentially each other or one to two layers of quartzite and schist were distributed repeatedly by isoclinal folding and thrusting, because of lack of sedimentary structures. In this paper, we tried to clarify the correlative relationship among the quartzite beds which are distributed along the U-shaped folds using geochemical tools such as rare earth element (REE) patterns and Nd isotope ratio. Quartzites have characteristics of LREE-flattened, HREE- slightly depleted patterns. They also show Ce negative anomaly whereas there are no Eu anomalies. As a result, quartzite beds occurred along the bilateral sides of fold axis show very similar REE patterns from outer side to inner side of 1314. The Nd model age of quartzite layers shows a trend that the inner part of fold is younger than the outer part of it. Such geochemical characteristics suggest that bilateral quartzite beds occurred along the fold axis were derived from the cogenetic source materials. The REE patterns and trace element geochemistry of mica schist intercalated within quartzite indicate that the quartzite and mica schist may be derived from different source materials. Our results suggest that REE and Nd isotope geochemistries may be very useful in clarifying the relationship of sedimentary deposits which do not show stratigraphical and structural connections in the field.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.2
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• pp.177-185
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• 2016

Fertilization is required to keep the balance of tissue nutrients and to produce high quality seedlings at the permanent nursery. This study was conducted to verify the optimum fertilization method for Fraxinus rhynchophylla, F. mandshurica, Pinus koraiensis, and Abies holophylla seedlings with vector diagnosis method. Seven treatments include nitrogen (N, $13.8g{\cdot}m^{-2}$), phosphorus (P, $6.1g{\cdot}m^{-2}$), potassium ($7.5g{\cdot}m^{-2}$) fertilization and 1x (N $6.9g{\cdot}m^{-2}$, P $3.05g{\cdot}m^{-2}$, K $3.65g{\cdot}m^{-2}$), 2x (twice of 1x), 4x (four times of 1x) fertilization and no fertilization. Soil pH decreased as fertilization increased. Nitrogen and NPK fertilization decreased exchangeable $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ concentrations. Height and root collar diameter of F. rhynchophylla and F. mandshurica significantly increased with N and NPK fertilization, but those of P. koraiensis and A. holophylla did not. The biomass of F. rhynchophylla and F. mandshurica was about twice higher at NPK fertilization compared to the control. The responses of vector diagnosis were different by tree species and fertilization treatment: F. rhynchophylla was in the status of N "dilution", which means the N concentration decreases with N content. Phosphorus and K were "sufficiency" state with 4x fertilization. F. mandshurica showed "retranslocation" as N content decreased without change of dry weight at N, P, K fertilization, but "dilution" state at NPK fertilization. This result suggested that optimal fertilization was required for F. rhynchophylla and F. mandshurica in seedling production stage, but was not essential for P. koraiensis and A. holophylla.