• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.24 no.9B
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• pp.1661-1667
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• 1999

In this paper, we propose an efficient VP extension algorithm for ABR multipoint-to-point connection in ATM networks. The VC merging or VP merging is used to implement ABR multipoint-to-point connection. We use the VP merging technique. To solve the scarcity problem of VP resources, we propose an efficient VP extension algorithm. Since the proposed scheme follows the standard VPI/VCI format, it doesn’t require another table according to the VP extension. We compare the proposed scheme with VC merging algorithm. The result shows that the proposed method can provide fair bandwidth allocation among the sources in multipoint-to-point connection.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.31
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• pp.143-171
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• 2011

Confucius asserted that the most humane life is to realize the value of 'benevolence(仁) as a human Virtue(德). Mencius also concurred that Confucius's explication of the good life was right. Confucian human mind & it's nature is comprised of benevolence, righteousness(義), propriety(禮) and wisdom(智). Confucianism proposed that we have to approach to other man as benevolence(仁). Mencius discussed about 'Four Virtues(四德)', the essential goodness of human, confirmed by 'Four Clues (四端)' to talk about the possibility of realizing the good life and a good state. On the other hand, he devised Politics of benevolence(仁政)' as a practical tool for it. Confucianism consider a human beings as human relationship. Confucius said, "benevolence(仁) is to love all men, and wisdom to know all men"In generally, Profit(利) is subject to righteousness in Confucianism. Therefore, Confucius said, "When you see Profit, think about Righteousness "But Confucius understands that Profit is ground for the constitution of 'Good life', and 'good State.'In Confucianism, Human Virtue is the root, Wealth is the result. In a State Gain is not to be considered propriety, its propriety will be found in righteousness.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2005.05b
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• pp.492-496
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• 2005

River is characterized by its transboundary flow not recognizing human political, administrative, and social boundaries. Water management is also strongly connected to land management. Those features reflect emerging difficulties in managing contemporary water resources. This study consists of three parts to identify theoretical concept of river management and to show how river management has differently practiced in South Korea and the United States. In part one, the Korean case shows the water quality oriented river basin management in the 1990s. The second part reveals the disappearing pattern of river basin management and the spreading watershed movement in the United States. The final part compares basin-scale river management practices of the two countries and evaluates the differences between them. The United States concentrates more on watershed management rather than river basin management while South Korea understands that both river basin and watershed are important. Therefore, the Korean case is recognized as more complicated than the American case.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.47-57
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• 2002

Recently, wireless networks have been pursuing multimedia data service as voice, data, image, video and various form of data according to development of information communication technology. It guarantees cell delivery delay of real time data in efficient real time multimedia data transfer. Also, it minimizes cell loss rate of non-real time multimedia data. In the wireless ATM, there are based on Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM). It implies that there are various service with difficult transmission rates and qualities in the wireless communication network. As a result, it is important to find out the ways to guarantee the Quality of Service(QoS) for each kind of traffic in wireless network. In this thesis, we propose an improved TCRM scheduling algorithms for transmission real-time multimedia data service in wireless ATM Networks. We appear real time multimedia scheduling policy that apply each different method to uplink and downlik to wireless ATM network. It can guarantee QoS requirements for each real time data and non-real time data. It also deals the fairness problem for sharing the scarce wireless resources. We solve fault of TCRM as inefficient problem of non-real data by using arbitrary transmission speed and RB(Reservation Buffer) through VC(Virtual Control) and BS(Base Station).

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.513-525
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• 2019

In Seoul, the subway system has been in use since 1974 and is the most frequently used travel mode accounting for approximately 40% of passenger journeys in 2015. As such the subway system is widely adopted by people and therefore, can have great impacts on their everyday life. However, it is easily noted that transit resources are not distributed spatially uniform, in other words, not all parts of the city gain the same benefits from their networks. This study aims to examine the inequity of spatial distribution of subway networks based on accessibility. Accessibility of subway networks are calculated based on the time-distance between stations and then equity is measured using the Gini index. Resulted map of subway accessibility shows that the benefits are not evenly distributed in Seoul with a pattern of highly accessible core - less accessible periphery areas. Also the subway accessibility network has fairer distribution against the employees' distribution rather than the distribution of general population or possibly transit dependent groups.

• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.65-97
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• 2015

This essay aims to investigate the characteristics of the views of citizen participants of World Wide Views on Climate and Energy which was organized internationally targeting global policy making in Paris at COP21. It also analyzes the views of Korean citizen participants on climate change from the international comparative perspective. For this purpose, we try to outline the results of the consultations which offer 29 issues categorized into five sessions, such as importance of tackling climate change, tools to tackle climate change, UN negotiations and national commitments, fairness and distribution of efforts, making and keeping climate promises. As a result, we come to show some patterns and characteristics of the views of citizen participants in global and national context. Finally, we discuss some policy and theoretical implications of our findings regarding the future of international convention for climate change and of global citizenship formation.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.3-40
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• 2020

The term "accident" in the Warsaw Convention of 1929 and the Montreal Convention of 1999, which govern carrier liability in international air transport, is an important criterion for determining carrier liability. However, because there is no explicit definition of the term in the treaty provisions, the term is largely subjected to the judgment and interpretation of the courts. Although there have been numerous changes in purpose and circumstance in the transition from the Warsaw regime to the conclusion of the Montreal Convention, there was no discussion on the concept of "accident" therefore, even after the adoption of the Montreal Convention, there is no doubt that the term is to be interpreted in the same manner as before. On this point, the United States Supreme Court's Air France v. Saks clarified the concept of "accident" and is still cited as an important precedent. Recently, the CJEU, in GN v. ZU, presented a new concept of "accident" introduced in the Montreal Convention: that "reference must be made to the ordinary meaning" in interpreting "accident" and that the term "covers all situations occurring on aboard an aircraft." Furthermore, the CJEU ruled that the term does not include the applicability of "hazards typically associated with aviation," which was controversial in previous cases. Such an interpretation can be reasonably seen as the court's expansion of the concept of "accident," with a focus on "protecting consumer interests," a core tenet of both the Montreal convention and the European Union Regulations(EC: No 889/2002). The CJEU's independent interpretation of "accident" is a departure from the Warsaw Convention and the Saks case, with their focus on "carrier protection," and instead focuses on the "passenger protection" standard of the Montreal Convention. Consequently, this expands both the court's discretion and the carrier's risk management liability. Such an interpretation by the CJEU can be said to be in line with the purpose of the Montreal Convention in terms of "passenger protection." However, there are problems to be considered in tandem with an expanded interpretation of "accident." First, there may be controversy concerning "balance" in that it focused on "passenger protection" in relation to the "equitable balance of interests" between air carriers and passengers, which is the basic purpose of the agreement. Second, huge losses are expected as many airlines fly to countries within the European Union. Third, there is now a gap in the interpretation of "accident" in Europe and the United States, which raises a question on the "unity of rules," another basic tenet of the Convention. Fourth, this interpretation of "accident" by the CJEU raises questions regarding its scope of application, as it only refers to the "hazards typically associated with aviation" and "situations occurring aboard an aircraft." In this case, the CJEU newly proposed a novel criterion for the interpretation of "accident" under the Montreal Convention. As this presents food for thought on the interpretation of "accident," it is necessary to pay close attention to any changes in court rulings in the future. In addition, it suggests that active measures be taken for passenger safety by recognizing air carriers' unlimited liability and conducting systematic reforms.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.315-325
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• 2011

There are not many practical measures to solve a water conflict, when a hydromorphologically asymmetric situation in international rivers exists whereby downstream users may not affect upstream users but upstream users do cause downstream impacts. In taking advantage of this merit, North Korea has built Imnam Dam in upstream of North Han River and uses water for trans-basin hydropower generation. As an impact of this dam South Korean' area as a downstream user has been suffered from water deficit and dry river. It is very critical for South Korea to solve a key problem such as water allocation for water supply and river maintenance. Therefore, this study is aim to suggest alternatives for equitable water allocation in consideration of special circumstances between the South and the North. For this, reviewing the allocation methods of water rights is carried using lessons obtained from international river cases. The results show that the minimum desired streamflow is calculated at 7.3 $m^3/sec$; water budget analysis by the equitable distribution of streamflows at the border line of the North Han River, the difference in water supply deficiency is at 3.7 $m^3/sec$ before and after Imnam Dam; in the determined distribution method, the difference in water deficiency is at 11.38 $m^3/sec$. These results show that South Korea should be secured 11.38 $m^3/sec$ from North Korean's Imnam Dam in respective of water use right and sound river maintenance.

• 한국노년학
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.921-939
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• 2019

According to the social selectivity theory (SST), despite the disadvantages of life conditions, older adults experience less negative emotions because they regulate their emotions by avoiding negative stimuli or situations. Based on the SST, this study attempted to find out whether older adults are better able to regulate negative emotions than young adults in the Ultimatum Game (UG). In an UG, if the proposer proposes to distribute a portion of the money to the responder, the responder must decide whether to accept or reject it. If the responder accepts the offer, the proposer and the responder can each have their own share as proposed, but if s/he reject the offer, both get nothing. Thus, if the responder considers own economic benefits, it is a more reasonable decision to accept the unfair offer no matter how low, than to reject it. To accept an unfair offer, the responder must regulate the anger felt at the proposer. If older adults could regulate anger better than young adults, they would be less likely to reject the unfair offer than young adults. Fifty-seven olders and 60 university students participated in this study. Both the older and young adults accepted most of the fair offers. In contrast, older adults accepted unfair offers at a significantly higher rate than young adults. In addition, compared to young adults, older adults reported anger less frequently at the unfair offers. Accepting unfair offers was negatively correlated with anger report, but positively correlated with the emotion regulation measured by ERQ. The ERQ score was negatively correlated with anger report. Emotion regulation partially mediated the relationship between the age groups and acceptance of unfair offers. The present results showed that older adults accepted the unfair offers at a higher rate than young adults because they could regulate the negative emotions felt at the unfair offer better than young adults. This study provided new evidence for the claim that improving emotional regulation is a major developmental change in adulthood.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.59-65
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• 2008

In this paper, a new adaptive resource allocation scheme is proposed in orthogonal frequency-division multiple access(OFDMA) systems with rate proportionality constraints. The problem of maximizing the overall system capacity with constraints on bit error rate, total transmission power and rate-proportionality for user requiring different classes of service is formulated. Since the optimal solution to the constrained fairness problem is extremely complex to obtain, a low-complexity suboptimal algorithm that separates subchannel allocation and power allocation is proposed. Firstly, the number of subchannels to be assigned to each user is determined based on the users' average signal-to-noise ratio and rate-proportion. Subchannels are subsequently distributed according to the modified max-min criterion. Lastly, based on the subchannel allocation, the optimal power allocation by solving the Language dual problem is proposed. Additionally, in order to reduce the computational complexity, iterative rate proportionality tracking algorithm is proposed for maximizing the capacity together with maintaining the rate proportionality constraint.