• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.160-171
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• 2018

This study aims to find an original form of temple flower decoration patterns, considering floral lattice pattern as a view element composing temple landscape. To that end, we analyzed and interpreted the form and symbol expressed in the floral lattice pattern at Nahanjeon of Seonghyel Temple at Yeongju, Gyeongsangbukdo. The front side of Nahanjeon windows shows a sculpture with 176 pure patterns in a form where two squares are in sequence. The basic concept of main front door (the inner gate of Nahanjeon) frames is considered the design language of lotus pond that symbolizes "square land" in traditional gardens. The four leaf clover and arrowhead are water plants discovered in areas nearby ponds, which are a realistic expression conforming to the water ecology of lotus pond. The lotus, which is the most important plant at the main front door, indicates purity, a non-stained state, and the world of the lotus sanctuary, which is the land of blissful happiness in Buddhism. The lotus expressed in the floral lattice pattern is spread in a diverse form, containing the features of creation and destruction, showing the landscape character of the "One Body of Buddha and Lotus". The expression of flying birds such as kingfishers and egrets is an ecologically aesthetic idea to infuse dynamism and vitality into a seemingly static aquatic ecosystem. The floral lattice pattern contains lotus pond scenery showing symbiosis of animals(i.e., dragons, frogs, crabs, fishes, egrets, wild geese, and kingfishers) and plants(i.e., four leaf clovers and arrowheads), which are symbols of relief faith for longevity, wealth, preciousness, and many sons. The pattern is not just an ecological aesthetic expression but a holistic harmony of ecological components such as growth and disappearance of lotus and its leaves, fitting habitats, symbiosis, and food chain.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.60-76
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to examine the spatial and visual arrangement characteristics of Imsil Yi Ung-jae's old house's spatial and visual aspects in order to discover the value of landscape and traditional house garden. The results of this study are as follows. Dongchon-village in Dundeok-ri, where old house is located, is a typical form of with "Back to the mountain and facing the water(背山臨水)", and is located in the north of the three streams of water, forming a Jeonchaghugwan(前窄後寬). Dongchon Village, which has a traditional scenic spot between Danguidae(丹丘臺) and Samgyeseokmun(三溪石門), is understood to be the main street of Nojeokbong Peak and Gyegwanbong Peak, which is Ansan(案山), where the "A centipede flying in the sky(飛天蜈蚣形)". Yi Ung-jae's old house is the oldest existing high-priced house in the North Jeolla region and the closing price of a royal family of the Joseon Dynasty, which was arranged by Chunseongjeong(春城正), Yi Dam-son(李聃孫) in the mid-16C. The Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592 and Japanese colonial era, the loyalty of the gate quarters, the filial piety of the gate quarters, and the faithfulness of the tablet(扁額) and Juryeons(柱聯) are enough to contribute to the rise of the value of a physical house. The men's quarters(Sarangchae), which are placed on a high-pocket or a layout without going against the sloping terrain, have the effect of making the distance as far as possible, enhancing its dignity and hierarchy as a royal building. In addition, the entrance to the main quarters(Anchae) through the four pillar gates(四柱門), the extensive support and the appropriation of the Chaewon(vegetable garden), and the official base for the Anchae are very unique compared to the general nobility. However, in the context of the postwar relationship, the shrine seeks to realize Confucian ideals while harmonizing with nature by arranging wide sponsorships around it. On the other hand, it is confirmed that there was a pond in the form of a circle in a square(方池圓島型) with a relatively large area, which is now disturbed and damaged. Written by the high priced planting species are sponsored pine trees, hackberry, persimmon trees, Japanese apricot flower, Ohmomiji, and plum tree in the side garden, as well as cotyledon trees in the outside garden. However, although flower bed(花階), which is built on the stone axis, is a place that clearly shows the expensive garden, it seems to have lost the texture of the plant due to the extremely high variety of species and the splendor that does not match the plant landscape of the flower world. Yi Ung-jae's old house is highly valuable as it is a portrait house of a prince of the blood in the mid-Joseon Dynasty. Based on these findings, this study proposed a plan to improve the management of high prices that could be met.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.455-455
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• 2011

개발로 인한 환경변화는 관련 분석모형을 통해 직접적으로 예측하기 하는 것이 가장 바람직하지만 데이터 취득의 어려움, 분석 방법론의 부재 등의 이유로 정량적 평가가 어려운 현실이다. 그렇기 때문에 수자원사업을 계획시 대부분 환경적인 영향을 매우 정성적인 형태로 평가하거나 수질과 같은 대표적인 항목에 대해서만 예측하는 수준이다. 기존의 연구 또한, 유역 또는 행정구역의 현재의 현 상황을 평가하기 위한 것이 주이며, 수자원사업과 관련성이 적은 항목도 일부 포함되어 있기 때문에 수자원사업의 특수성을 반영하기에 한계가 있다. 현 상황의 이러한 문제점을 인식하여 본 연구는 오늘날 대표적 의사결정 기법이라 할 수 있는 계층화분석과정(AHP)과 다속성효용이론(MAUT)을 활용하여 향후 수자원사업과 관련된 다기준의 사결정 과정에서의 환경성 평가방안을 제시하였다. 환경성 평가기준은 수질, 경관, 생태계 이렇게 세 가지 항목으로 구성하였고, 각 평가기준에 대한 수준을 직접적으로 대변 가능한 정량화 방안을 제시하였다. 그리고 앞서 정량화된 값을 표준화하기 위하여 MAUT 기법으로부터 평가기준별 효용함수를 도출하였다. 한편, 사업을 시행함에 따라 예상되는 환경성변화는 사업전 환경성과 사업 후 환경성을 비교하도록 하였고, 이때 해당사업의 특수성을 반영하고자 별도의 설문과정을 통해 평가기준별 가중치를 결정하였다. 본 연구는 환경성 검토시 생태학적, 물리적 분석에 기반을 둔 정량적 예측의 어려움을 보완하기 위해 정성적 예측을 추가적으로 제시하였고, 사업의 특수성과 평가항목이 갖는 일반성을 명확히 구분하여 의사결정 과정에서 주관적인 요소를 최소화하였다. 또한, 평가항목별 사업전후의 환경성을 비교, 검토함으로써 실제 사업추진 과정에서 개발로 인한 부정적 영향의 사전예방에 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.7-16
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• 1986

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of such erosion control measures as sowing, planting and small earth structures on the soil and vegetation. In order to study the changes in soil and vegetation, 36 plots were surveyed from 1981 to 1982 in the large erosion control area which is restored last 20 years. The factors which were measured included vegetation coverage, tree growth, number of species, soil depth, soil consistancy, and Chemical properties of soil. The results were as follows; 1) Maximum coverage of the overstory and understory was attained 7 years after the initiation of erosion control. So the overstory need to be tended and pruned. 2) Diversity of species increased until age 6 after which it began to decrease. 3) In order of tree growth, black locust was the fastest, followed by siberian alder and pitch pine. The initial growth of black locust, though the best among the 3 tree stop., decreased rapidly year by year. At the same time, siberian alder and pitch pine grew well until 12 and 6 years after the initiation of erosion control respectively. 4) Fifty percent of the initially planted trees died within 8 yeard. The mortality of siberian alder occurred until the 20th year while the mortality of pitch pine stopped after 10 years. Thereafter 500 trees per hectare were maintained. 5) The soil depth in A and B horision increased by 2cm annually during 20 years. The soil consistency also decreased rapidly until 7th year. The physical soil properties of the rehabilitated areas were improved after the 14th year. 6) The soil pH tend to decrease from 5.3 during the first year to 5.1 during the twentieth year. 7) The organic matter and nitrogen content in the soil were increased by fertilization but after 20 years these nutrients are still deficient for normal tree growth. 8) The phosphorous content in the soil was high in the first year but the longer the period after the initiation of erosion control the lese the content of phosphorous. 9) The biomass of black locust was the highest and increased continuously. The biomass of siberian alder on the contrary decreased from the 15th year because the number of trees in this place was very low. The total biomass in the twentieth year after erosion control initiation was 105.7 ton per hectare.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.582-600
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• 2007

In a long history of geography, a variety of regional concepts have been suggested to represent the particular situations in each period. Today, post-modem situations, characterized by the development of capitalism and globalization, demand a new variety of regional concepts. The regional characteristics, such as social relations, institutional systems, ideologies and symbolism, are now perceived basically on the level of subjectivity. Currently, it is the most urgent task to integrate many conflicting opinions among a variety of subjects into the one that would seek a voluntary consent from the majority of regional residents. In this paper, it is suggested that the concept of identity is the most efficient in examining and explaining the post-modem trend of a region: variability, subjectivity, mobility, changeability, Finally, it is suggested that a special attention should be paid to the role of institutions, that is institutionalization, in the construction of regional identity, to understand and interpret the cultural-historical aspect of a regional change.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.78-97
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• 2016

The objectives of this study are to examine the context of the establishment of Suhoe Gugok, Byeokgye Gugok Vally, and Nosan Palkyung, which have been established in Seojong-myeon of Yangpyeong-gun, by literature review and site investigations, and to determine the sceneries of Byeokgye scenic site as enjoyed and managed during the period of Hwaseo Lee, Hang-ro(華西 李恒老). The results of the study are as follows. First, Byeokgye Gugok Vally(黃蘗九曲) and Nosan Palkyung(蘆山八景), which have been established after the period of Hwaseo and theorized to have been established around key scenic areas associated with Hwaseo's activities, the analysis results showed that they were collecting sceneries of modern times. The extensive overlap between Byeokgye Gugok Vally and concentrated scenic elements of Suhoe Gugok(水回九曲), and the artificial configuration from the end point of Suhoe Gugok to the beginning point of Nosan Palkyung, reveal the pattern of space conflict and hegemony between Byeokgyes of Suip-ri and Nomun-ri. This is likely to be caused by the conflict between the historicity of the group that enjoyed Byeokgye prior to Hwaso's period and the strong territoriality of the space filled with the image of Hwaseo. Second, Byeokgye Gugok Vally was the secondary spatial system created by selecting the most scenic sites in Suip-ri while expanding the area of Nosan Palkyung. After establishment of Byeokgye Gugok Vally, the spatial identity of the entire Byeokgyecheon area was effectively established. This was a "Hwaseo-oriented" move, including the complete exclusion of the scenic sites from the pre-Hwaseo period such as Cheongseo Gujang and Suhoe Gugok's Letters Carved on the Rock. Consequently, the entire Byeokgyecheon area was reorganized into a cultural scenic site with Heoseo's influence. Third, Fifth, creations of Gugok(九曲) to determine the lineage of the Hwaseo School from Juja(朱子) to Yulgok(栗谷) to Uam(尤庵) to Hwaseo is likely to be an opportunity of birth and external motivation of the establishment of new Gugok Palkyung. In other words, Nosan Palkyung and Byeokgye Gugok Vally are likely to have been created as a reaction to the change of the center of the Hwaseo School to Okgyedong, and with strategic orientation based on the motivation and needs such as creation of the connecting space between Mui Gugok, Gosan Gugok, and Okgye Gugok, and the elevation of Hwaseo's status. Fourth, from the Hwaseo's Li-centric point of view, all revered sites in Beokwon(蘗園) that he managed existed as the spatial creative work to experience the existence of "li" through the objects in the landscape and the boundary of the spirit of emptiness of the aesthetic self. This clearly shows how Byeokgye Gugok Vally or Nosan Palkyung must be defined, and furthermore, appreciated and approached, prior to discussing it as the space associated with Hwaseo. Fifth, Nosan Palkyung was composed of cultural scenic landscapes of Gokjungkyung(曲中景) with eight scenic sites where Hwaseo gave his teachings and spend time around, in the Byeokgye of Nomun-ri area of Byeokgye Gugok Vally. The sceneries is, however, collected by depending on Hwaseo's Letters Carved on the Rock and poetry. Consequently, an inner exuberance of Nosan Palkyung is satisfied beside Byeokgye Gugok Vally, but its conceptual adequacy leaves room for questions.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.38-49
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• 2015

This study aims to contemplated spatial recognition in Soswaewon Garden through garden visitors poetry. It was content analysis in poetry and extract frequency from words based on relationship of author. The results were as follows. First, relationship of authors who wrote Soswaewon Garden poetry was formed in companionship. In the Yang, San-Bo(梁山甫), poetry was written by Song, Soon(宋純), Kim, Un-Geo(金彦据) and Kim, In-Hu(金麟厚) as the central figure. Especially Kim, In-Hu was playing an important role in Soswaewon Garden poetry. He was wrote many of poetry and keep friends with Yang, Ja-Jeong(梁子渟) too. In the Yang, Ja-Jung, relationship of previous generation was sustained. In addition, Ko, Gyeong-Myeong(高敬命) and Kim, Seong-Won and Jeong, Chul(鄭澈) is more closely related than others. Because blood relationship by marriage. In the Yang, Jin-Tae(梁晋泰), He formed a relationship with a celebrity and attend to international activity. Since then Yang, Jin-Tae periord, Yang, Gyeong-Ji(梁敬之) and Yang, Chae-Ji(梁采之) formed relationship of previous generation was sustained. And surrounding people was written poetry as hold a banquet. Second, plant and ornament is a popular object for writing poetry. Bamboo grove and Fine tree with a high frequency of plant element in poetry. Bamboo grove is a typical species of trees in Soswaewon Garden. It was enclosed the Soswaewon Garden. Fine tree was often used target of poetry as a single tree. Meanwhile, ornament of the wall has been used most frequently. Descendants wrote a poem to see it because Kim, In-Hu's poetry was left. This phenomenon is involves respect for the ancient sages with high frequency. In addition, behavior of viewing the landscape was mainly appeared. Third, spatial recognition of Soswaewon Garden can be divided into landscape cognition, behavior cognition and emotional cognition. In a aspect of landscape cognition, early Soswaewon Garden was recognized as a pavilion. That was used garden name to 'Soswaewon Garden' since Yang, Ja-Jung's period. That is to say, Soswaewon Garden expanded from pavilion area surrounded by trees into the whole appearance is equipped garden area. Behavior cognition was consisting drink and enjoys a landscape. In the Yang, San-Bo, authors enjoyed drinking and viewing a landscape besides walking, writing poetry, viewing the moon. But after Yang, San-Bo's period other than drinking and enjoy a landscape has appeared a low frequency. These results were changed from internal place to blood relationship into external place to companionship. In the Yang, San-Bo's emotional cognition was sorrow and yearning about leave to Soswaewon Garden with an idly atmosphere. Pleasant emotion was sustained all generation. And emotion of respect for the ancient sages was appeared since Yang, Cheon-un.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.42-56
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the construction characteristics and the landscaping design skill for Wiyiam at Ongnyucheon(玉流川) in the rear garden of Changdeok Palace focusing on constructing technique, space composition and transformational process of the site. The results of this study were summarized as follows; First, Wiyiam of Ongnyucheon was constructed as garden ornament which was modified the huge bedrock into the shape of the mountain. The waterfall of Wiyiam was originally made of torrent which water flowed into the bottom, but it was reconstructed to take the effect of Inak(離落: the method to drop water from high place) by carving rock into square shape at the era of King Gojong(高宗). Second, main characteristics of Wiyiam appeared in Donggwoldo was the hill built up with a square pond and ground at the back of Wiyiam and the profound scenery of mountains and stream from the view of Wiyiam. Also, pavilions such as Soyojeong(逍遙亭), Cheongujeong and Taegeukjeong(太極亭) built in Ongnyucheon seemed to be constructed as the spots to appreciate the view and waterfall sound of Wiyiam. Also the spots were not bounded by the function of creating special water systems such as Cheongujeong pond and Taegeukjeong pond and showed the outstanding landscape design skill to make people feel unusual interest from each spot. On the other hand, this study considered that the evening scenery of Wiyiam, beautiful sound of falling water, unusual water system with beautiful plant materials were landscaped for the function of the psychological peace and stability to the appreciators. Lastly, the extreme change of space composition in Ongnyucheon was assumed as a strategy to improve the existing poor drain environment by confirming that the mountain stream and wall of Soyojeong were removed and drainage in both side of Soyojeong was installed in the 21th year of King Gojong's reign(1884).

• Archives of design research
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• v.19 no.2 s.64
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• pp.99-108
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• 2006

Based on the results from the already published 'A study on factors that make busy of street space' and 'A study on street the image evaluation of streetscape', this study is an attempt to explore factors, other than the structural factors, that compose the street space and affect the image of street to be more lively. First of all, this study was mainly concentrated on the structure of street space that fits the theory of the previous two theses, stating that the structural ratio ($D/H=0.5{\sim}2$) gives the street an interesting image. The next study subject was the street space that exhibits the amenity and busy of image according to the space structure ratio. I defined that exhibiting amenity and busy means the activation of the street space, and I attempted to extract the activation factors from the component elements. The street space that shows amenity and busy image after the activation was named as 'lively street space' in this study. Furthermore, I selected 20 street spaces, after classifying the whole, according to nations and local characteristics as the previous theses had done and looked for the 'lively street space', whose structural ratio was not in the range of $D/H=0.5{\sim}2$ and the factors that contributed to the Image. As the result, I founded that in case of the business areas with the ratio of $D/H=0.5{\sim}2$, street activation factors were hydroponic facilities, sidewalks, and wayside buildings and In case of the commercial areas, the factors were sidewalk, wayside buildings, hydroponic facilities, and illumination facilities. Especially, 5 commercial areas in Korea and 1 business areas in Japan did not have the structural ratio of $D/H=0.5{\sim}2$, but still exhibited lively image as streets. This was because aside from the structural element, other street activation factors such as facilities also had major contribution in these streets. In other words, in commercial areas in Korea have wayside buildings, sidewalks, and hydroponic facilities as activating factors, whereas in street spaces in business areas in Japan, hydroponic facilities, wayside buildings, and sidewalk factors are influential to the activation of street spaces.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.1191-1226
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to develop the evaluation criteria for the maintenance preserve of agriculture and rural heritage. The major steps for this study are 1) drafting the evaluation criteria for maintenance preservation of agriculture and rural heritage 2) verifying the evaluation criteria, and 3) determining the weighting values of the confirmed evaluation criteria. First, to derive the evaluation criteria for maintenance preservation of agriculture and rural heritage, the researcher reviewed the literature on the evaluation of agriculture and rural heritage, including research on the indexes of agriculture and rural heritage, the degree of the maintain preservation of heritage. A total of 31 evaluation criteria were selected. Second, to verify the selected 5 evaluation items and 31 evaluation indexes, the Delphi Method was implemented. Using traditional 3-step Delphi Method consisting of close-ended forms, with a panel of 41 experts, the researchers verified 5 evaluation items 31 evaluation indexes, two for each evaluation area validity. The confirmed evaluation areas are 5 items of management plan, management support system, surroundings of heritage, local network, heritage utilization and 31 criteria were preservation maintenance, performance plan, resident community composition, monitoring, act of parliament fulfillment, ecosystem management, landscape harmony, restoration and transmission plan and enhancement of residents' capability, etc. in the order. Through maintenance preservation evaluation index of agriculture and rural heritage, it can be utilized as sustainable development of plural resources.