• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.283-288
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• 2016

In this study, applicability of GHG ETS Offset Program in Korea for a refrigerant sector was analyzed by reviewing foreign management policy and project status in progress related to refrigerants in the disposal stage. In order to derive the implication of the domestic Offset Program, it was looked into approved offset projects and certified offset credits current state in Korea. Offset Program has approved 22 methodologies up to the present, so it is necessary to enhance the accessibility to GHG reduction in various industrial sector including the refrigerant sector by developing appropriate methodologies. In this study firstly, it was investigated that management regulation of countries are managing the refrigerants in the disposal stage such as United States, Japan, Australia. Secondly, of CDM methodologies there were two methodologies associated with the refrigerant reduction(treatment), which were decomposition HFC-23 and destruction of HFC-134a. Also there were a non-registered methodology about destruction of HFC-134a of end of life vehicles. Lastly, in California according to Compliance Offset Program, there was Compliance Offset Protocol in ODS Projects that provided eligible conditions. Based on the review, it was examined the possible conditions for domestic offset project for refrigerant sector

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.35-49
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• 2023

The purpose is to derive its aesthetic characteristics by objectifying the visual image of the YouTube campaign into adjectives. As a result, we intend to identify advertising strategies that use them as basic data for setting fashion design concepts. A group of experts in fashion majors watched each of them, wrote adjectives, and collected 75 adjectives. By analyzing the frequency of adjectives, aesthetic characteristics were derived with adjectives recording the upper number of times, and the results were obtained that they had the characteristics of deconstruction. The conclusions of this study are as follows. First, Tamburin's Jenny appeared to be strange, scary, rambling and charming. Among the internal meanings of deconstruction due to spatial, social, and psychological distance from consumers, it can be said that T.P.O's mutual textuality and play of interaction. Second, Gucci Cruise be chosen rural, strange, wild, unharmonious, and difficult, which is a mixture of intertextuality and play of T.P.O. Third, The Excise Gucci Campaign parodies that juxtaposes six films directed by Stanley Kubrick, making them strange, retro, difficult, interesting, and wrong. Deconstructionist de-genre and de-boundary Fourth, Kenzo World is weird, dynamic, wrong, difficult, difficult, and confused, which correspond to T.P.O's interactive textuality, play of the second half, and destruction and decomposition among the external expressions of deconstruction. Fifth, Burberry Hero emphasized the aesthetic value of traditional men, so it was ostensibly wild, free, powerful, sensual, and fantastic. Compared to the lifestyle of men who usually work at work, this corresponds to play of second best.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.38 no.8
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• pp.677-685
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• 2014

A direct carbon fuel cell (DCFC) generates electricity directly by converting the chemical energy in coal. In particular, a DCFC system with a solid oxide electrolyte and molten carbonate anode media has been proposed by SRI. In this system, however, there are conflicting effects of temperature, which enhances the ion conductivity of the solid electrolyte and reactivity at the electrodes while causing a stability problem for the anode media. In this study, the effect of temperature on the stability of a carbon-carbonate mixture was investigated experimentally. TGA analysis was conducted under either nitrogen or carbon dioxide ambient for $Li_2CO_3$, $K_2CO_3$, and their mixtures with carbon black. The composition of the exit gas was also monitored during temperature elevation. A simplified reaction model was suggested by considering the decomposition of carbonates and the catalyzed Boudouard reactions. The suggested model could well explain both the measured weight loss of the mixture and the gas formation from it.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.3
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• pp.21-27
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• 1985

A bacterium which utilizes ${\varepsilon}$-caprolactam as a sole source of carbon and nitrogen was isolated from sludge of Shinchun river in Taegu and identified as Arthrobacter globiformis N-2-l. The growth medium for the optimum culture condition was composed of 0.4% ${\varepsilon}$-caprolactam, 0.02% $K_2HPO_4$, 0.05% $KH_2PO_4$, 0.02% $MgSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$, 0.01% $FeCl_3{\cdot}6H_2O$ and 0.05% yeast extract. The optimum pH and temperature for growth were 7.0 and $30^{\circ}C$ respectively. The bacterial growth on the ${\varepsilon}$-caprolactam medium did not require any other organic nitrogen source such as yeast extract, although it was remarkably stimulated by the yeast extract. The bacteria utilized wide range of sugars and organic acids such as ${\alpha}$-ketoglutarate, adipate and P-hydroxybenzoate. The bacteria could use all kind of amino acids, ${\varepsilon}$-Caprolactam in the medium was consumed completely in the timecourse culture at $30^{\circ}C$ for 60 hr on the shaker by the bacteria. Decomposition product of ${\varepsilon}$-caprolactam by Arthrobacter globiformis N-2-1 was ${\varepsilon}$-aminocaproic acid.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.26-33
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• 2022

Owing to the demand for lithium-ion batteries, the recovery of valuable metals from waste lithium-ion batteries is required in future. A pyrometallurgical treatment is appropriate for recycling a large number of waste lithium-ion batteries, but Li loss to slag and dust present a significant challenge. This research investigated carbonation roasting and water leaching behaviors in Li-ion batteries by graphite addition to recover Li from the NCM-based cathode materials of waste Li-ion batteries. When 10 wt% of graphite was added, CO and CO₂ gases were emitted with a rapid weight reduction at apporoximately 850 K, when heated in Ar and CO₂ atmosphere. After the rapid weight reduction, NCM was decomposed and reduced to metal oxides and pure metals. In the carbonation roasting of black powder (NCM+graphite), O₂ is generated via the decomposition of NCM, and an oxides, such as Li₂O and NiO were were also generated. Subsequently, Li₂O reacts with CO₂ to generate Li₂CO₃, and a part of NiO was reduced by graphite to produce metal Ni. In addition, up to 94.5 % Li₂CO₃ with ~99.95 % purity was recovered via water leaching after carbonation roasting.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.39 no.6 s.181
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• pp.753-770
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• 2006

In urban areas, groundwater pollution is heavily affected by urbanization with land use types. This study aims to characterize groundwater quality and contamination in Sasang industrial area of Busan Metropolitan City where metalworking, machinery and footwear factories are located. Busan Metropolitan City is the highest in the utilization of groundwater resources among the metropolitan cities in Korea. $K^+,\;Na^+,\;Ca^{2+},\;Mg^{2+},\;Cl^-,\;SO_4^{2-}\;and\;HCO_3^-$ concentrations, and electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS) and salinity are high in the areas near the Nakdong River. The results are attributed to the influence of salt water which intruded into the coastal sediments during sedimentation. In addition, the dominant chemical type of Ca-Cl indicates the influence of salt water in the geological formations as well as anthropogenic pollution. $SiO_2$ ion is interpreted to originate from both water-silicate mineral reactions and the decomposition of cement concretes. Trichloroethylene (TCE) was detected at 12 sites of total 18 sites. However, tetrachloroethylene (PCE) was detected at f sites and 1.1.1-trichloroethane (TCA) at 3 sites. According to the factor analysis, factor 1 was explained by 49.8%, factor 2 19.8%, and factor 3 11.0% with total 80.6% explanation. pH, TDS, salinity, $Ca^{2+},\;K^+,\;Mg^{2+},\;Na^+,\;Al^{3+},\;As^{3+},\;Cl^-\;and\;Fe^{2+}$ were positively highly loaded to factor 1. The chemical components loaded to factor 1 represent the chemical characteristics of both industrial pollution and influence by salt water. Based on the cluster analysis and distribution pattern of chemical components, the concentration of $Na^+,\;Ca^{2+},\;Cl^-,\;SO_4^{2-}\;K^+,\;and\;Mg^{2+}$ is high in the riverside area of the Nakdong River composed of coastal sediments that is influenced by salt water. The downstream area of the Hakjang Stream is judged to be affected by both salt water and artificial pollution. The other part of the study area is interpreted by anthropogenic pollution.

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.61-69
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• 1995

It is hard to synthesize pure $BaTiO_3$ from $BaCO_3$ and $TiO_2$ in solid reaction for the activity of BaO and secondary phase. For this reason, the wet chemical techniques have been studied. Starting material which was used in these methods were expensive and the properties of powder which was synthesized in same defined. So, some process have been studying again to improve soild reaction method. This study which was one of those was to defin the forming mechanism of $Ba_2TiO_4$ and to control some condition of $Ba_2TiO_4$. The synthesis temperature of $BaTiO_3$ in solid reaction was near $1120^{\circ}C$. The quantity and forming temperature of $Ba_2TiO_4$ could be controlled by atmosphere heat treatment. $Ba_2TiO_4$ was related to expansion in Ba-rich region of $BaTiO_3$. $BaTiO_2O_5$ and $BaTiO_3O_7$ was reason to expand in Ti-rich region. The dielectrics of $CeAIO_3$ which was synthesized and sintered in reduction atmosphere and $BaTiO_3$ system were affected by $CeO_2$ which was formed for the decomposition of $CeAIO_3$ heat treatment in air.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.302-311
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• 1995

Benfuresate or oxolinic acid, as an experimental pesticide, was applied to the different textural paddy or upland soil respectively under the field condition and the residual concentrations were determined. Six kinetic models were employed to characterize the best-fit kinetic model describing the residual pattern of benfuresate or oxolinic acid and the $t\frac{1}{2}$ estimated from each model was comparatively assessed. All of the six models explained significantly the residual patterns of the pesticides but the empirical models such as PF, EL, and PB were not recommendable for the $t\frac{1}{2}$ estimation. Among theoretical models, the residual patterns were followed in the orders of the second-order(SO)>first-order(FO)>zero-order(ZO) kinetics, judging from the size and significance of coefficient of determination and standard error. However, the multiple FO model, consisting of the fast and slow decomposition steps, was better than the single FO model for the residual pattern and the $r^2$ in this case became similar to that of SO kinetic model. Thus the multiple FO and SO models were represented as the best fit model of the experimental pesticide. The $t\frac{1}{2}$ of benfuresate estimated from the single FO kinetic model in Weolgog and Cheongwon series was 49 and 63 days, respectively, which were 20 and 13% longer than the respective $t\frac{1}{2}$ from the SO kinetic model. The $t\frac{1}{2}$ of oxolinic acid from the FO model in Yonggye and Ihyeon series were 87 and 51% longer than those from the SO kinetic model, respectively. These results demonstrated that the best-fit model representing the residual pattern of a pesticide and the resultant $t\frac{1}{2}$ might be variable with the kinds of pesticides and the environmental conditions. Therefore it is recommended that the half-life of a pesticide be assessed from the best-fit model rather than from the FO kinetic model uniformly.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.26 no.12
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• pp.733-740
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• 2016

$Al_2O_3$ nanosol dispersed under ethanol or N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone(NMP) was studied and optimized with various dispersion factors and by utilizing the silane modification method. The two kinds of $Al_2O_3$ powders used were prepared by thermal decomposition method from aluminum ammonium sulfate$(AlNH_4(SO_4)_2)$ while controlling the calcination temperature. $Al_2O_3$ sol was prepared under ethanol solvent by using a batch-type bead mill. The dispersion properties of the $Al_2O_3$ sol have a close relationship to the dispersion factors such as the pH, the amount of acid additive(nitric acid, acetic acid), the milling time, and the size and combination of zirconia beads. Especially, $Al_2O_3$ sol added 4 wt% acetic acid was found to maintain the dispersion stability while its solid concentration increased to 15 wt%, this stability maintenance was the result of the electrostatic and steric repulsion of acetic acid molecules adsorbed on the surface of the $Al_2O_3$ particles. In order to observe the dispersion property of $Al_2O_3$ sol under NMP solvent, $Al_2O_3$ sol dispersed under ethanol solvent was modified and solvent-exchanged with N-Phenyl-(3-aminopropyl)trimethoxy silane(APTMS) through a binary solvent system. Characterization of the $Al_2O_3$ powder and the nanosol was observed by XRD, SEM, ICP, FT-IR, TGA, Particles size analysis, etc.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.32-42
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• 1966

The electrolysis of tungstic oxide dissolved in the bath of calcium chloride and calcium oxide was studied to produce metallic tungsten using carbon as anode and iron as cathode in the temperature range of 900^{\circ}$ to $1200^{\circ}C$. The binary phase diagrams $CaCl_2$-CaO and $CaCl_2-CaWO_4$ systems were constructed to determine the suitability of bath composition and the range of temperatures for the electrolysis. As $WO_3$ reacted with $CaCl_2$ to form oxychloride in the fused salt, the addition of the proper amount of CaO was necessary to avoid the loss of $WO_3$. The optimum compositions of fused bath were $CaCl_2$ 100 parts, CaO and $WO_3$ each 10 to 20 parts, with the CaO, $WO_3$ ratio greater than unity, to keep freezing point low and to prevent the vaporization of $CaCl_2$. The observed decomposition voltage at which $WO_3$ decomposes to W and CO was-0.1 volt, whereas the calculated was -0.3 volt. Metallic tungsten deposited at the cathode reacted easily with CO formed secondarily at the anode surface, to form WC below $1050^{\circ}C$, so that the cell temperature should be above $1050^{\circ}C$. The effects of cathode current densities on current efficiency were minor in the range of 1 to 5 $amp/cm^2$.