• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.358-365
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• 2001

Objectives : Although posterior lumbar fusion operations had been reported to accelerate spinal degeneration, there have been only a few studies for their biomechanical effects. We have studied the change of motion range at the vertebral joint one level above the fusion(UVJ) in pedicle screw fixation group(PSF)(n=13) where facet capsule was destroyed and in posterior lumbar interbody fusion group(PLIF)(n=8) where it was spared. Patients and Methods : The patients were divided into early(3 to 6 months) and late(over 12 months) according to postoperative follow-up period. The flexion, extension and flexion-extension angles(FA, EA, FEA) were measured at the UVJ with pre-operative, early and late post-operative films. Results : Mean age and male to female ratio were $52.7{\pm}9.3$ and 1 : 3.2. Mean follow-up periods were $144.1{\pm}30.0$ and $528.8{\pm}160.3$ days in early and late groups, respectively. The FEA and FA in the late PSF($11.8{\pm}3.1$, $8.5{\pm}2.9$) were significantly greater than pre-operative angles($7.8{\pm}3.9$, $5.1{\pm}3.7$)(p<0.01, p<0.05). All angles in the PLIF showed no significant changes with time. The FEA and FA in the late PSF($11.8{\pm}3.1$, $8.5{\pm}2.9$) were significantly greater than those of the late PLIF($7.6{\pm}2.3$, $3.4{\pm}2.0$)(p<0.01, p<0.001). All angles at early follow-up period were similar between PSF and PLIF. The EA showed no significant change in relation with follow-up period or fusion method. Conclusion : As a result, the facet capsule injury in pedicle screw fixation seems to be related with increased flexion angle or degeneration of the adjacent joint above the fused vertebra in the late phase.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.220-226
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• 1990

This experiment was carried out to study the effects of Bradyrhizobium moculation and fertilizer N application on symbiotc $N_2$ fixation of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. cv. Younghotangkong) at newly reclaimed soil. Treatments consisting of B. sp. (Vigna) HCR-3 and HCR-46 with control and five levels of nitrogen (0, 4, 8, 16, 32kg/10a) were arranged with split design of four repetitions. The results obtained were as follows. The number of viable Bradyrhizobium in rhizosphere was decreased to 20 days after sowing and thereafter it was remarkably increased, until full ripe stage of pods, decreased as fertilizern rates increased. Nodulation and nitrogenase activity were reduced with increasing levels of fertilizer, whereas top dry matter and nitrogen accumulation where increased. Seed yield of Bradyhizobium inoculation under the fertilizer N zero level was similar to that N : 8kg/10a under uninoculation. It suggested that Bradyrhizobium inoculation could replace the effect of nitrogen application.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.81-88
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• 2013

Background: To suggest the need of more aggressive reduction techniques than closed reduction (CR) technique in nasal fracture treatment, we identified the usefulness of algorithm oriented treatment of nasal fracture that includes indirect open reduction (IOR) and external fixation (EF) as well as the CR. Methods: We compared the clinical course of the group A (n=128) where only the CR was performed regardless of the pattern of the nasal fracture and the group B (n=127) where algorithm oriented treatment including IOR and EF as well as CR was performed depending on the pattern of nasal fracture. And the degree of postoperative pain after CR and IOR technique was compared through the dose of analgesics and pain scores. Results: More than 80% of patients were satisfied the result of reduction in both group A and B. Good contour of nasal bone after reduction was showed 71% of group A and 81% of group B without significant difference. Minor (p>0.05) and major (p<0.05) deformity after reduction were less occurred in the group B than group A. Postoperatively, the dose of analgesics was significantly lower after IOR technique than CR technique (53 mg vs. 142 mg) (p<0.05). Conclusion: Algorithm oriented treatment of nasal fracture including IOR and EF as well as CR reduce major deformity after reduction than treatment of CR alone. It is useful to perform the more aggressive reduction techniques such as IOR and EF according to the pattern of fracture in treatment of nasal fracture.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.56-64
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• 1981

The textile fabric contains the functions of sanitation, decoration, wearing style and washing in the practical use. Among various tetile fiber, silk has less utilities than synthetic fiber in practical use although silk has good benefits of the high quality of silk fabric. Thus no textile fiber, neither natural norsynthetic, has all the functions. In this sense, many compound fabrics have been improved to reveal various functions of fabric However, this has been disturbed with the problem of dyeing, expecially in the case of compound fabric of silk. The work is carried out to improve the dyeing method of compound fabric of polyester and silk. The results obtained are as follows: 1. In the dyeing of compound fabric(P/S fabric), azo dyes was more suitable than anthraquinone dyes. 2. According to the carrier, dyeing spot was appeared by the high concentration in bath. 3. Degree of dye fixation was decreased in dyeing of methylnaptharine carrier(D.N) and anion disperser(T.S). 4. The affinity of dye was suitable in the dyeing bath of azo dye, trichlorobenzene carrier and nonion disperser. 5. Dye fixation of silk side in compound fabric by acid dye showed higher in acid bath of dyeing. 6. In printing of silk and polyester compound fabric, it must be understood relationship among fibers, dyes, and steaming conditions.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.96-101
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• 2011

Purpose: In treatment of facial bone fracture, occurred in children, we generally use wires, miniplate, absorbable plate or their combination. These foreign bodies can be palpable, and sometimes may cause infections, and need reoperation for removing. When bone fragments are multiple, small or thin, they are hard to handle and make accurate reduction of all fragments. In these cases, a biodegradable tissue adhesive, Histoacryl$^{(R)}$ (n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate), can be used as fixation technique for small, multiple, and thin fracture fragments. Methods: 3 years old and 6 years old children, who has comminuted fracture on frontal sinus, we used Histoacryl$^{(R)}$ for fixation of multiple bone fragments. After approaching by coronal incision, we pulled out all bone fragments and reconstructed bone fragments by Histoacryl$^{(R)}$ and fixed those on frontal sinus by absorbable plates. Results: Photographs and 3-dimensional CT obtained preoperatively and postoperatively. And we compared them each other in terms of accuracy of reconstructed bony contour. We could reconstruct almost all bone fragments easily along 3-dimensional structure and get excellent aesthetic results. There was no complication such as infection. Conclusion: In treatment of comminuted facial bone fracture, occurred in children, Histoacryl$^{(R)}$ is an excellent method for accurate reconstruction in small and thin bone fragments which cannot be fixed by wire, miniplate or absorbable plate without complication.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.64 no.6
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• pp.933-943
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• 2021

Objective : Percutaneous pedicle screw (PPS) fixation is a needle based procedure that requires fluoroscopic image guidance. Consequently, radiation exposure is inevitable for patients, surgeons, and operation room staff. We hypothesize that reducing the production of radiation emission will result in reduced radiation exposure for everyone in the operation room. Research was performed to evaluate reduction of radiation exposure by modifying imaging manner and mode of radiation source. Methods : A total of 170 patients (680 screws) who underwent fusion surgery with PPS fixation from September 2019 to March 2020 were analyzed in this study. Personal dosimeters (Polimaster Ltd.) were worn at the collar outside a lead apron to measure radiation exposure. Patients were assigned to four groups based on imaging manner of fluoroscopy and radiation modification (pulse mode with reduced dose) : continuous use without radiation modification (group 1, n=34), intermittent use without radiation modification (group 2, n=54), continuous use with radiation modification (group 3, n=26), and intermittent use with radiation modification (group 4, n=56). Post hoc Tukey Honest significant difference test was used for individual comparisons of radiation exposure/screw and fluoroscopic time/screw. Results : The average radiation exposure/screw was 71.45±45.75 µSv/screw for group 1, 18.77±11.51 µSv/screw for group 2, 19.58±7.00 µSv/screw for group 3, and 4.26±2.89 µSv/screw for group 4. By changing imaging manner from continuous multiple shot to intermittent single shot, 73.7% radiation reduction was achieved in the no radiation modification groups (groups 1, 2), and 78.2% radiation reduction was achieved in the radiation modification groups (groups 3, 4). Radiation source modification from continuous mode with standard dose to pulse mode with reduced dose resulted in 72.6% radiation reduction in continuous imaging groups (groups 1, 3) and 77.3% radiation reduction in intermittent imaging groups (groups 2, 4). The average radiation exposure/screw was reduced 94.1% by changing imaging manner and modifying radiation source from continuous imaging with standard fluoroscopy setting (group 1) to intermittent imaging with modified fluoroscopy setting (group 4). A total of 680 screws were reviewed postoperatively, and 99.3% (675) were evaluated as pedicle breach grade 0 (<2 mm). Conclusion : The average radiation exposure/screw for a spinal surgeon can be reduced 94.1% by changing imaging manner and modifying radiation source from real-time imaging with standard dose to intermittent imaging with modified dose. These modifications can be instantly applied to any procedure using fluoroscopic guidance and may reduce the overall radiation exposure of spine surgeons.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.328-336
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• 1999

A green microalga, Chlorella vulgaris UTX 259, was cultivated in a bench-scale raceway pond. During the culture, 15%(v/v) $CO_2$ was supplied and industrial wastewater discharged from a steel-making plant was used as a culture medium. In a small scale culture bottle, the microalga grew up to 1.8 g $dm^{-3}$ of cell concentration and ammonia was completely removed from the wastewater with an yield coefficient of 25.7 g dry cell weight $g^{-1}\;NH_3-N$. During the bottle-culture, microalga was dominant over heterotrophic microorganisms in the culture medium. Therefore, the amount of carbon dioxide fixation could be estimated from the change of dry cell weight. In a semi-continuous operation of raceway pond with intermittent lighting (12 h light and 12 h dark), increase of dilution rate resulted in increase of the ammonia removal rate as well as the $CO_2$ fixation rate but the ammonia removal efficiency decreased. Ammonia was not completely removed from the medium (wastewater) of raceway pond which was operated in a batch mode under a light intensity up to 20 klux. The incomplete removal of ammonia was believed due to insufficient light supply. A mathematical model, capable of predicting experimental data, was developed in order to simulate the performance of the raceway pond under the light intensity of sun during a bright daytime. Simulation results showed that the rates of $CO_2$ fixation and ammonia removal could be enhanced by increasing light intensity. According to the simulation, 80 mg $dm^{-3}$ of ammonia in the medium could be completely removed if the light intensity was over 60 klux with a continuous lighting. Under the optimal operating condition determined by the simulation, the rates of carbon dioxide fixation and ammonia removal in the outdoor operation of raceway pond were estimated as high as $24.7 g m^{-2} day^{-1}$ and $0.52 g NH_3-N m^{-2} day^{-1}$, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.1207-1213
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• 2011

This study was conducted to assess $N_2O$ emissions in agricultural soils of Korea. According to 1996 and 2006 IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) methodology, $N_2O$ emission was calculated the sum of direct emission ($N_2O_{DIRECT}$) and indirect emission ($N_2O_{INDIRECT}$). To calculate $N_2O$ emissions, emission factor was used default of IPCC and activity data was used the food, agricultural, forestry and fisheries statistical yearbook of MIFAFF (Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries). It was emitted 8,608 $N_2O$ Mg resulted from direct emission by application of chemical fertilizer and animal manure, input in n-fixation crops and input of crop residues and emissions converted $N_2O$ into $CO_2$ equivalent was 2,668 $CO_2$-eq Gg. Indirect emission as $N_2O_{(G)}$ (atmospheric deposition of $NH_3$ and $NO_X$) and $N_2O_{(L)}$ (leaching and runoffs) were 4,567 and 6,013 $N_2O$ Mg and emissions converted $N_2O$ into $CO_2$ equivalent were 1,416 and 1,864 $CO_2$-eq Gg, respectively. Total $N_2O$ emission in Korea agricultural soil in 2009 was 5,948 $CO_2$-eq Gg.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.232-237
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• 1997

Soybean plants inoculated Bradrhizobium japonicum MN 110 were grown in outdoor perlite pots with nitrogen free nutrient solution containing 1.0 mM-P(control) and 0.05 mM-P(stress) and harvested at 28, 35, 42 and 49 days after transplanting (DAT) to examine the effect of phosphorus deficiency on ureide concentration of and distribution to diffrent plant organ in nitrogen fixing soybean plant during the vegetative growth. Total dry mass of control plants increased 8.9 fold and that of phosphorus deficient plant increased 2.7 fold during the experimental period. Phosphorus deficiency reduced total phosphorus and nitrogen accumulation by 80%,40% respectively, at 28 DAT and 93%, 84%, respectively, at 49 DAT. Nitrogen concentration was reduced by phosphorus deficiency in all tissues with leaf and stem tissues affected to a greater degree than nodule and root tissues at every sampling date. Phosphorus deficiency significantly reduced soluble reduced-N and ureide-N concentration in leaf and stem but did not affect those in root. The proportion of soluble reduced-N in leaf was reduced from 60% to 50% but increased from 10% to 20% in the roots. The proportion of ureide-N in leaf of control plants was higher than that in phosphorus deficient plants, whereas, roots of phosphorus deficient plants contained a higher propotion of ureide-N than those of control plants. These indicated that phosphorus deficiency not only inhibit nitrogen fixation of nodules but also restrict the translocation of fixed nitrogen out of the root system into the xylem.(Received April 4, 1997; accepted May 2, 1997)

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.151-157
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• 1990

The maximum nitrogen fixation activity of the associative, microaerobic and acid tolerant bacteria, Azospirillum amazonense Kp1 was obtained with 0.2Kpa of $O_{2}$ and showed a reversible inhibition by the higher concentrations. Ammonium treatment caused a gradual inhibition of the activity up to 350mM. The nitrogenase systems were purified by gradient chromatography on DEAE-52 cellulose, heat treatment and preparative PAGE. The MoFe protein showed molecular weight of 210,000 including two nonidentical subunits with apparent molecular weights of 55,000 and 50,000 and an isoelectricpoint of 5.2 and contained 2, 24 and 28 atoms of Mo, Fe and acid labile S per molecule. The Fe protein revealed molecular weight of 66,000 including two types of subunits with molecular weights of 35,000 and 31,000 and an isoelectric point of 4.6, and contained 4 atoms of Fe and 6 atoms of S per molecule. The maximum specific nitrogenase activity attained 2,200 and 1,700nM $C_2H_4mg^{-1} min^{-1}$, respectively for MoFe and Fe proteins at pH7 and $35^{\circ}C$. The activity was lost after 10 and 30 days under the cold room ($4^{\circ}C$) condition for Fe and MoFe proteins, respectively.