• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.26-33
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• 1984

The rate constants for the following vibration-to-vibration energy exchange reactions have been calculated theoretically for the temperature range from 300 to 800K and for n = 2 to 5. HF(v=n) + DF(v=0) ${\to}$ HF(v=n-l) + DF(v=l) + ${\Delta}E$(a) DF(v=n) + HF(v=0) ${\to}$ DF(v=n-l) + HF(v=l) + ${\Delta}E$(b) In calculation the loosely-held, non-rigid dimer collision model and semiclassical method have been employed. The results show that the rate constants for the processes (a) are much greater than those for the processes (b). Also, it is found that the rate constants for the processes (a) increase with decreasing temperature and with increasing quantum number, while those for the processes (b) show the opposite tendencies. These findings are explained in terms of the sign and magnitude of the energy mismatch, ${\Delta}E$.

• Language and Information
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.69-83
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• 2005

This paper discusses the distribution of a null complementizer C, as opposed to an overt counterpart 'that', presenting empirical support both for and against the PF-merge analysis of C proposed by Boscovic and Lasnik (2003, henceafter B&L) who in turn attribute to the proposal in Pesetsky (1992) and Halle & Marantz (1993). In Section I, as a background, I discuss B&L's proposal that a null complementizer C is a PF-affix which undergoes a PF-merger operation at the PF component. In Section 2, after a brief sketch of the distribution of a null C mostly in bare-relatives, I explore the possibility of extending B&L's analysis to accomodate the null C's in the bare-relative constructions. In Section 3, I argue that despite some empirical difficulties, B&L's analysis of a null C as a PF-affix can still be maintained, if Adverb Fronting is an operation to Spec-C position. Furthermore, I propose a rule - PF Spell-Out Constraint - to account for the C-trace (i.e. that-trace) effect in relative constructions. With the PF Spell-Out Constraint and B&L's PF-merge account, the distribution of a null C can better be analyzed.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.476-480
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• 1996

Using Pseudomonas sp. B3, identified and isolated from nature, wastewater containing phenol was treated in a continuous stirred tank reactor and its reaction characteristics were studied. Average concentrations of phenol and COD in effluents were 1.5mg/L and 124mg/L at 0.059h-1 dilution rate, respectively. At the dilution rate higher than 0.063h-1, phenol and COD increased abruptly to 19mg/L and 318mg/L. At the dilution rate higher than 0.059h-1, biomass concentration suddenly decreased and was "washed out". Biomass concentration was 150mg/L at a dilution rate of 0.067h-1. Maximum biomass production rate was 15.98mg/L$.$h at a dilution rate of 0.067h-1. When dilution rate increased above 0.059h-1, effluent phenol concentration abruptly increased and biomass production rate decreased. Maximum cell growth rate(${\mu}$max) and Michaelis-Mentens kinetic constant(Ks) were 0.074h-1 and 0.424mg/L, respectively. From the above result low phenol concentration can be expected at a maximum dilution rate, but reactor becomes unstable due to phenol inhibition.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.18
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• pp.137-157
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• 2002

The clauses of bill of lading(B/L) consist of the terms of contract for the carriage of goods by sea because of clauses of B/L by the mutual agreement of contracting parties. There are some exempted cause of deviation clause in B/L for specific reasons. Then deviation clauses are influenced by Rules of international carriage of goods by sea, because the international rules become the governing law of contract for the carriage of goods by sea. The problem of deviation clauses in B/L is stipulated as follows. "It shall be prerequisite to the Merchant' claim for damages on account of deviation that the merchant's insurance shall first have been cancelled on account of alleged deviation. No deviation shall oust the right to limit liability or damages, and the Carrier shall always be entitled to the full benefit of all privileges, rights and immunities contained in this Bill of Lading and incorporated tariffs." This stipulation should be adjusted according to the confirmed cases, otherwise it will be invalid according to the Hague Rules and Hamburg rules. The sphere of a reasonable deviation in the deviation clause should be interpreted in the connection with the designed voyage and the commercial object of contract for the carriage of goods by sea and the deviation become valid unless the policy, the general object of international rules or the true intention of contracting parties has violated.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.156-163
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• 2022

Background: This study attempted to apply resin infiltrant (RI) as a method to maintain the effect of tooth bleaching treatment and compared it with fluoride varnish (FV) or artificial saliva to evaluate the effect. Methods: Sixty healthy lozenge specimens were classified into five groups. Group 1 was the negative control group, and discoloration was induced after artificial saliva treatment of the tooth specimen (G1_S+C). Group 2 was a positive control group, in which pigmentation was induced after bleaching treatment and artificial saliva treatment (G2 _B+S+C). Coloration was induced in group 3 (experimental group 1) after bleaching treatment and artificial saliva treatment, followed by application of fluorine varnish (G3_B+FV+S+C). Coloration was induced in Group 4 (experimental group 2) after applying RI after bleaching treatment and artificial saliva treatment (G4_B+RI+S+C). Pigmentation was induced in group 5 (experimental group 3) after bleaching treatment and artificial saliva treatment, followed by acid treatment (etching) and treatment with RI (G5_B+E+RI+S+C). Coffee and wine were used to induce discoloration. The lightness value (L^*) of the CIE L^*a^*b^* color system was obtained by image analysis. Kruskal-Wallis H analysis was performed for the mean difference in L^* values by group. Results: When coloration was induced with coffee, there was no significant difference in L^* value between artificial saliva (G2 _B+S+C), FV (G3_B+FV+S+C), and RI (G4_B+RI+S+C, G5_B+E+RI+S+C) groups. There was no significant difference in L^* values between the artificial saliva (G2 _B+S+C), FV (G3_B+FV+S+C), and RI (G4_B+RI+S+C, G5_B+E+RI+S+C) groups, even in the case of wine induced coloration. Conclusion: It was confirmed that artificial saliva or RI treatment had similar effects to the FV previously used to maintain the effect of tooth bleaching treatment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.31 no.12
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• pp.1081-1088
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• 2009

The performance of a electrocoagulation (EC) process was examined for the removal of Rhodamine B (RhB) using iron electrode. The effects of operational parameters such as electrode material (aluminum and iron), current density, NaCl dosage, intial pH and initial dye concentration on RhB removal efficiency were investigated. The optimum range for each of these operating variables were experimentally determined. The experimental results showed that the iron is superior to aluminum as sacrificial electrode material. The optimum time of electrolysis, current density, NaCl dosage and pH were 10 min, 1630 A/$m^2$, 4 g/L and neutral pH, respectively. Under these conditions, RhB was effectively removed (> 93.4%) and also more than 80% of COD was removed (> 88.9%) when the initial concentration of RhB was 230 mg/L. The electrical energy consumption in the above conditions for the color and COD of RhB removal were 10.3 and 10.8 kWh/kg RhB, respectively. The electrocoagulation process could be a promising technology to treat dye wastewater containing RhB.

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.959-970
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• 2017

In this paper, we investigate the transcendental meromorphic solutions with finite order of two different types of difference equations $${\sum\limits_{j=1}^{n}}a_jf(z+c_j)={\frac{P(z,f)}{Q(z,f)}}={\frac{{\sum_{k=0}^{p}}b_kf^k}{{\sum_{l=0}^{q}}d_lf^l}}$$ and $${\prod\limits_{j=1}^{n}}f(z+c_j)={\frac{P(z,f)}{Q(z,f)}={\frac{{\sum_{k=0}^{p}}b_kf^k}{{\sum_{l=0}^{q}}d_lf^l}}$$ that share three distinct values with another meromorphic function. Here $a_j$, $b_k$, $d_l$ are small functions of f and $a_j{\not{\equiv}}(j=1,2,{\ldots},n)$, $b_p{\not{\equiv}}0$, $d_q{\not{\equiv}}0$. $c_j{\neq}0$ are pairwise distinct constants. p, q, n are non-negative integers. P(z, f) and Q(z, f) are two mutually prime polynomials in f.

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.93-111
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• 2004

In this paper, we use a generalized Brownian motion process to define a generalized Feynman integral and a generalized Fourier-Feynman transform. We also define the concepts of the multiple Lp analytic generalized Fourier-Feynman transform and the generalized convolution product of functional on function space $C_{a,\;b}[0,\;T]$. We then verify the existence of the multiple $L_{p}$ analytic generalized Fourier-Feynman transform for functional on function space that belong to a Banach algebra $S({L_{a,\;b}}^{2}[0, T])$. Finally we establish some relationships between the multiple $L_{p}$ analytic generalized Fourier-Feynman transform and the generalized convolution product for functionals in $S({L_{a,\;b}}^{2}[0, T])$.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.186-189
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• 2000

In this paper, we have designed a bandpass filter to apply the downconverter of the K-band Mu-hung-hwa satellite. To pass only the 25-30% of the bandwidth at the center frequency of 19.6GHz, we have designed a six-order interdigital bandpass filter using microstrip lines. Simulation result of optimization show that insertion loss is -0.275dB and reflection coefficient is -20.95dB at the passband frequency. measurement is determined center frequency, 19.150Hz, insertion loss, -4.1dB, input reflection coefficient. -l5dB and output reflection coefficient -l6dB.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.12B no.4 s.100
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• pp.413-420
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• 2005

In this paper, we apply software agents, which use fuzzy logic and make autonomous decisions according to state transitions, to car driving environment. We carry out an experiment on artificial intelligent car driving in terms of real-time reactive agents. Inference techniques for constructing real-time reactive agents consider the settings with max-product inference, n-fuzzy rules, and n-associatives ($A_l,\;B_l),\;{\ldots}(A_n,\;B_n$). Then we perform defuzzification processes, extract a central value, and work out inference processes.