• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.521-529
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• 2019

Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus is a species of the widespread geminiviruses. The infection of Nicotiana benthamiana by Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV) causes a reduction in photosynthetic activity, which is part of the viral symptoms. ${\beta}C1$ is a viral factor encoded by the betasatellite DNA ($DNA{\beta}$) accompanying TYLCCNV. It is a major viral pathogenicity factor of TYLCCNV. To elucidate the effect of ${\beta}C1$ on plants' photosynthesis, we measured the relative chlorophyll (Chl) content and Chl fluorescence in TY-LCCNV-infected and ${\beta}C1$ transgenic N. benthamiana plants. The results showed that Chl content is reduced in TYLCCNV A-infected, TYLCCNV A plus $DNA{\beta}$ (TYLCCNV A + ${\beta}$)-infected and ${\beta}C1$ transgenic plants. Further, changes in Chl fluorescence parameters, such as electron transport rate, $F_v/F_m$, NPQ, and qP, revealed that photosynthetic efficiency is compromised in the aforementioned N. benthamiana plants. The presense of ${\beta}C1$ aggravated the decrease of Chl content and photosynthetic efficiency during viral infection. Additionally, the real-time quantitative PCR analysis of oxygen evolving complex genes in photosystem II, such as PsbO, PsbP, PsbQ, and PsbR, showed a significant reduction of the relative expression of these genes at the late stage of TYLCCNV A + ${\beta}$ infection and at the vegetative stage of ${\beta}C1$ transgenic N. benthamiana plants. In summary, this study revealed the pathogenicity of TYLCCNV in photosynthesis and disclosed the effect of ${\beta}C1$ in exacerbating the damage in photosynthesis efficiency by TYLCCNV infection.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.87-95
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• 2009

Ferritin 유전자를 벼의 저장기관인 배유에 특이적으로 발현시킬 수 있는 glutelin, gGlobulin 및 zein 프로모터를 활용하여 쌀알에 최대로 발현시켜, 고부가가치를 가진 가공용 벼 품종을 육성하여 천연의 철 성분이 강화된 유아용 이유식 생산에 이용할 수 있으므로 유아들에게 천연의 철분을 안정적으로 공급할 수 있는 형질전환체를 육성하였다. 종자 저장단백질인 glutelin, globulin 및 zein의 프로모터와 ferritin 유전자를 pMJ21 vector에 pGBF, pGTF 및 pZ4F 등의 Ti-plasmid를 Agrobacterium에 도입하여 동안벼와 화신벼에 형질전환 하였다. 동안벼 종자를 사용하였을 때 pGBF 재조합 유전자는 19.2%, pGTF는 15.0%, pZ4F는 18.4%가 재분화되었고, 화신벼 종자를 사용하였을 때에는 pGBF 재조합 유전자는 6.7%, pGTF는 11.7%, pZ4F는 3.4%가 재분화되었다. 형질전환 벼의 ferritin 유전자의 도입여부는 PCR 분석과 Southern 분석으로 확인하였으며 ferritin 유전자의 유전자 발현은 Norihern 및 Western 분석에 의해 확인하였다. Southern blot 분석 결과로부터 각각의 배유특이 프로모터 유래 형질전환체 중에서 single copy로 도입된 개체를 선발 할 수 있었다. 또한 이들 형질전환 계통들에서 도입유전자의 발현량은 wild type 벼에 비하여 매우 높게 나타났다. 또한 철 단백질의 철분 축적 정도를 분석한 결과 Zein 프로모터를 사용한 형질전환 계통 (T1-2)에서 171.4 ppm으로 wild type과 비교하여 6.4 배의 철분함량 증가를 보였다. 그러나 globulin 및 glutelin 프로모터 유래 형질전환체에서는 wild type과 비교하여 $2.1{\sim}3.0$ 배의 철분함량 증가를 보였다. 벼 형질전환체들의 생육상황을 조사한 결과 초장은 변이 폭이 매우 크게 나타났으며, 대조품종과 비교하여 50%정도 감소한 왜성 및 이형 식물체도 출현되었다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 형질전환체 중에서 표현형 적으로 대조품종과 거의 같은 식물체를 선발하여 후대를 육성하였다. 육성한 T1 세대에서 형질전환체의 초장, 간장, 수장, 분얼수 및 등숙률을 조사한 결과 초장, 간장, 수장, 분얼수에 있어서는 대조 품종과 큰 변이를 보이지 않았으나 등숙률에 있어서는 $53.3{\sim}82.2%$의 비교적 큰 변이를 나타내었다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제25권8호
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• pp.1143-1153
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• 2016

Plant biomass, photosystem II (PSII) photochemical activity, photosynthetic function, and zinc (Zn) accumulation were investigated in a sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor ${\times}$ S. sudanense) exposed to various Zn concentrations to determine the elimination capacity of Zn from soils. Plant growth and biomass of the sorghum-sudangrass hybrid decreased with increasing Zn concentration. Symptoms of Zn toxicity, i.e., withering and discoloration of old leaves, were found at Zn concentrations over 800 ppm. PSII photochemical activity, as indicated by the values of $F_v/F_m$ and $F_v/F_o$, decreased significantly three days after exposure to Zn concentrations of 800 ppm or more. Photosynthetic $CO_2$ fixation rate (A) was high between Zn concentrations of 100-200 ppm ($22.5{\mu}mol$ $CO_2{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$), but it declined as Zn concentration increased. At Zn concentrations of 800 and 1600 ppm, A was 14.1 and $1.8{\mu}mol$ $CO_2{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, respectively. The patterns of stomatal conductance ($g_s$), transpiration rate (E), and water use efficiency (WUE) were all similar to that of photosynthetic $CO_2$ fixation rate, except for dark respiration ($R_d$), which showed an opposite pattern. Zn was accumulated in both above- and below-ground parts of plants, but was more in the below-ground parts. Magnesium (Mg) and iron (Fe) concentrations were significantly low in the leaves of plants, and symptoms of Mg or Fe deficiency, such as a decrease in the SPAD value, were found when plants were treated with Zn concentrations above 800 ppm. These results suggest that the sorghum-sudangrass hybrid is able to accumulate Zn to high level in plant body and eliminate it with its rapid growth and high biomass yield.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.165-171
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• 2019

Marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC)은 marker-assisted selection (MAS)와 함께 다양한 작물에서 여교배 초기세대에서 반복친 게놈의 회복률이 높은 개체선발을 위한 분자육종 기술로 매우 유용하게 사용하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 토마토 MABC 육종 프로그램의 일환으로 저장성이 강한 rin유전자를 주)토마토연구소에서 육성한 핑크계 엘리트 토마토계통에 도입하고자 수행하였다. foreground 선발은 RIN SCAR 분자 마커를 이용하여 100개 $BC_1F_1$ 식물체에서 Rr 유전자형 가진 42개체를 선발하였다. 그리고 이를 이용하여 GBS 분석을 이용하여 background 선발을 하였다. 총 3,086개 SNP를 대상으로 반복친 HK13-1151과 게놈 회복률을 조사한 결과, 56.7%에서 84.5%를 보여 평균 70.5%로 나타났다. 이 중 87.2%을 보인 $BC_1F_1$개체를 이용하여 192개 $BC_2F_1$ 식물체를 육성하여 foreground 선발을 하였다. 선발된 102개 중 88개 식물체를 이용하여 GBS 분석을 수행한 결과 4,868개의 다형 SNP 마커를 얻었으며, 이를 이용하여 RPG 회복률을 조사하였다. $BC_2F_1$ 식물체들에서 HK13-1151 반복친 게놈과 87.8%에서 97.8% 유사하였다. 본 연구에서 $BC_2F_1$ 식물 중 RPG 회복률이 97.8%인 5-1 개체는 반복친인 HK13-1151과 과일특성에서 매우 유사하였다. 따라서 선발된 5-1 개체는 $BC_2F_2$ 세대를 육성하여 계통화 하고자 한다. 본 연구를 통해 MABC는 전통 여교배 육종에 비해 육종연한을 획기적으로 줄일 수 있으며, 원하는 육종모델을 완수할 수 있는 첨단육종 기술로 평가 할 수 있다.

• Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.101-106
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• 2008

To identify inheritance of clubroot disease resistance genes in Chinese cabbage, seedling tests of $BC_1P_1,\;BC_1P_2$, and $F_2$ populations derived from $F_1$ hybrid(var. CR Saerona) using single spore isolate(race 4 identified with William's differential host) from Plasmodiophora brassciae were conducted. Resistance(R) and susceptible(S) plants segregated to 1:0 in backcross to the resistant parent. The $F_2$ population segregated in a 3(R):1(S) ratio. This result implied that the resistance of clubroot disease is controlled by a single dominant gene to the race 4 of P. brassicae in CR Saerona. To develop DNA markers linked to clubroot resistance genes, 185 plants of CR Saerona among $F_2$ populations were used. A total of 300 arbitrary decamer was applied to $F_2$ population using BSARAPD(Bulked segregant analysis-Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA). One RAPD marker linked to clubroot resistance gene in CR Saerona($OPJ_{1100}$) was identified. This marker was 3.1 cM in distance from resistance gene in $F_2$ population. This marker may be useful for a marker-assisted selection(MAS) and gene pyramiding of the clubroot disease resistant gene in Chinese cabbage breeding programs.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.135-141
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• 1994

Elevated near-UV radiation, containing a large amount of UV-B and a small amount of UV-C, inhibited the development of leaves and tillers, the increase in biomass production, the elongation of plant height, the photosynthetic rate and the chlorophyll content in rice plants in a phytotron. Elevated UV-B radiation filtered through cellulose diacetate film or UV-31 cut filter (transmission down to 290 nm) similarly suppressed each growth component above. Near-UV radiation-caused injuries were alleviated either by elevated CO$_2$ atmosphere or by exposure to high irradiance-visible radiation. On the basis of these findings, we examined cultivar differences in the resistance to UV radiation-caused injuries among 198 rice cultivars belonging to 5 Asian rice ecotypes ( aus, aman, boro, bulu and tjeleh) from the Bengal region and Indonesia and to Japanese lowland and upland rice groups. It was shown that .various cultivars having different sensitivities to the effects of near-UV radiation were involved in the same ecotype and the same group, and that the Japanese lowland rice group and the boro ecotype were more resistant. Among Japanese lowland rice cultivars, Sasanishiki (one of the leading varieties in Japan) exhibited more resistance to near-UV radiation, while Norin 1 showed less resistance, although these two cultivars are closely related. It was thus indicated that the resistance to the inhibitory effects of near-UV radiation of rice cultivars is not simply due to the difference in the geographical situation where rice cultivars are cultivated. From the genetic analysis of resistance to the inhibitory effects of UV radiation on growth of rice using F$_2$ plants generated by reciprocally crossing Sasanishiki and Norin 1 and F$_3$ lines generated by self-fertilizing F$_2$ plants, it was evident that the resistance to the inhibitory effects of elevated near-UV radiation in these rice plants was controlled by recessive polygenes.

• 식물병연구
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.57-61
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• 2012

2010년 3월 경기도 평택시 오이 시설재배농가에서 오이의 지제부 줄기가 썩으면서 시들어 죽는 증상이 발생하였다. 대목은 흑종호박을 사용하였으며, 대목줄기가 수침상으로 썩고 표면에 흰색 내지 분홍색의 곰팡이가 형성된 것을 확인할 수 있었으며, 병든 식물체 줄기에서 병원균을 분리하여 균학적 특징을 파악하고 배양적 특성을 검토한 결과 Fusarium solani f. sp. cucurbitae로 동정되었다. 따라서 본 연구에서 얻어진 결과를 가지고 이 병을 F. solani f. sp. cucurbitae에 의한 오이 근경썩음병(Crown and Foot Rot)으로 제안하고자 한다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.199-204
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• 2011

This study was conducted to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) related to drought stress tolerance. An introgression line population derived from a cross, "Ilpum" / "Moroberekan" was used in this study. $F_1$ plants were backcrossed three times to Ilpum to produce $BC_3F_1$ plants. These plants were advanced by selfing for four generation and a total of 117 $BC_3F_5$ introgression lines were developed. These lines were evaluated for percent seed set and spikelets per panicle under the control (field) and drought condition. To identify QTLs related to drought tolerance, 134 SSR markers showing polymorph isms between the parents were genotyped for the 117 $BC_3F_5$ lines. A total of 6 QTLs associated with drought stress were detected on chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 7 and 10. These include two QTLs for phenotypic acceptability, two QTLs for percent seed set ($R^2$ = 19.0 - 20.9%), and two QTLs for spikelets per panicle ($R^2$ = 22.3 - 23.10%). The Moroberekan alleles at three loci contributed the positive effect for drought tolerance. The SSR markers linked to drought stress tolerance can not only facilitate the selection of valuable genes from Moroberekan, but also allow identification of lines with drought tolerance.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.115-119
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• 2005

제주에서 자생하는 식물들의 미백활성을 B16F10 세포에서의 멜라닌 생성 억제, mushroom tyrosinase 활성 억제 실험을 통하여 확인하였다. 본 실험에서 우리는 개민들레 줄기, 까마중, 미국미역취, 돌외, 주목의 메탄을 추출물에서 B16F10 세포에서의 멜라닌 생성 저해 효과를 확인하였다. 그러나 이들의 tyrosinase 활성은 없었다.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2014

Objectives : Aucklandiae Radix (Muxiang) one of important herbal medicines in oriental medicine, is defined as the dried root of Aucklandia lappa (Asteraceae). Owing to the similarities in the morphology and name, Inulae Radix (Tu-Muxiang) and Vladimiriae Radix (Chuan-Muxiang) as well as Aristolochiae Radix (Qing-Muxiang) originated from other medicinal plants are often used as substitutes and/or adulterants of Aucklandiae Radix. Therefore, a reliable authentication of these herbal medicines is necessarily for the public health and prevention of misuse. Methods : 32 samples of medicinal plants supplying Aucklandiae Radix, Inulae Radix, Vladimiriae Radix, and Aristolochiae Radix were collected in Korea and China. The ITS (Internal transcribed spacer) nucleotide sequences of samples were determined. The PCR primers to amply DNA marker of each herbal medicine were designed basing on the specific ITS regions showing differences in the sequences among medicinal plants. Results : Primer set Al R/IS F designed in this work amplified 220 bp PCR product only in samples of Aucklandiae Radix. In contrast, primer set Ih F/IS R, Vs R/IS F, and AcR F1/Ac R amplified 250 bp product, 356 bp prouct, and 516 bp product respectively to identify Inulae Radix, Vladimiriae Radix, and Aristolochiae Radix. Conclusions : The primers designed basing on the nucleotide sequences of ITS regions appearing differenced in the sequences among medicinal plants amplified the DNA markers for the identification of Aucklandiae Radix, Inulae Radix, Vladimiriae Radix, and Aristolochiae Radix. These herbal medicines were more efficiently identified by multiplex PCR method using all primers in a single PCR process.