• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.58-65
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• 2022

Purpose: Alcohol is one of the most commonly co-ingested agents in deliberate self-poisoning (DSP) cases presenting at the emergency department (ED). The increased impulsivity, aggressiveness, and disinhibition caused by alcohol ingestion may have different clinical features and outcomes in cases of DSP. This study investigates whether alcohol co-ingestion affects the clinical features and outcomes of DSP patients in the ED. Methods: This was a single-center retrospective study. We investigated DSP cases who visited our ED from January 2010 to December 2016. Patients were classified into two groups: with (ALC+) or without (ALC-) alcohol co-ingestion. The clinical features of DSP were compared by considering the co-ingestion of alcohol, and the factors related to discharge against medical advice (AMA) of DSP were analyzed. Results: A total of 689 patients were included in the study, with 272 (39.5%) in the ALC+ group. Majority of the ALC+ group patients were middle-aged males (45-54 years old) and arrived at the ED at night. The rate of discharge AMA from ED was significantly higher in the ALC+ group (130; 47.8%) compared to the ALC- group (p=0.001). No significant differences were obtained in the poisoning severity scores between the two groups (p=0.223). Multivariate analysis revealed that alcohol co-ingestion (odds ratio [OR]=1.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.98), alert mental status (OR=1.65; 95% CI, 1.17-2.32), past psychiatric history (OR=0.04; 95% CI, 0.01-0.28), age >65 years (OR=0.42; 95% CI, 0.23-0.78), and time from event to ED arrival >6 hrs (OR=0.57; 95% CI, 0.37-0.88) were independent predictive factors of discharge AMA (p=0.043, p=0.004, p=0.001, p=0.006, and p=0.010, respectively). Conclusion: Our results determined a high association between alcohol co-ingestion and the outcome of discharge AMA in DSP patients. Emergency physicians should, therefore, be aware that DSP patients who have co-ingested alcohol may be uncooperative and at high risk of discharge AMA.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.83-90
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• 2005

ACE-inhibitory peptides derived from goat's whey hydrolyzed by various proteolytic enzymes were separated and purified for antihypertension materials. The highest ACE-inhibitory activity of goat's whey hydrolysates was 85.5 % by pepsin for 72 hrs. Also the highest ACE-inhibitory activity of goat's whey hydrolysates was F-4 by pepsin for 72 hrs by Sephadex G-25 gel chromatograms. F-4e and F-4ed from F-4 by RP-HPLC to first and second purification were the highest in ACE-inhibitory activity, respectively. The most abundant amino acid was leucine(I 8.54 %) in F-4ed of ACE-inhibitory peptides after second purification. Amino acid sequence of F-4ed of ACE-inhibitory peptides showed Leu-Lys-Asp-Tyr-Gly-GlyVal- Ser-Leu and Leu-Gly-Asp-Gly-Ala-Gly- Asp-Val-Ala-Phe. $IC_{50}$ calibrated in peptic hydrolysates(72 hrs), F-4, F-4e and F-4ed from goat's whey hydrolysates by pepsin for 72 hrs were 33.93, 28.75, 11.74 and 1.09 mg/ml, respectively. From the results of this experiment, goat's whey hydrolysate by pepsin was shown to have ACE-inhibitory activity.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.65 no.2
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• pp.79-102
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• 2013

This study aimed at empirically analysing the double discrimination on the elderly with disabilities due to both age and disabilities in the labor market. To achieve this research goal, real employment probabilities and hourly wages of the elderly disabled(below "ED") were compared with those of the young disabled(below "YD") and those of the elderly non-disabled(below "END") to calculate empirical differentials between ED's and YD's, and ED's and END's. The differential decompositions between groups were applied by the Oaxaca(1973). The study results were as followings. First, the real gaps of the employment probabilities between ED and YD only appeared at the regular jobs and the gaps due to the characteristics between ED and YD were bigger than those due to the age discrimination. Second, on the contrary, the gaps of the hourly wages were caused by age discrimination more than characteristics between YD and ED. Third, it was not true that the elderly with disabilities take double discriminations in the labor market. It is therefore required to give the additional incentives to ED workers with government subsidies of employment promotion for the disabled provided. Second, it is proposed that the integrations the employment policies for the disabled with those for the aged because the disability as dependent valuable didn't have statistically significant effects on the employment probabilities and the hourly wage levels.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1998.11c
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• pp.749-751
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• 1998

In this study, the wind-mill type ultrasonic motor was fabricated, and then revolution and temperature characteristics of the ultrasonic motor were measured. Brass metal was pressed with umbrella-type using metal mold, then slot of 4 kind was processed in each of thickness. Among sixteen's ultrasonic motors, heat loss on applied voltage was much at stator of the highest resonant point, but heat loss on applied voltage was almost neglected at the lowest resonant point of stator. The thickener thickness of elastic body, revolution speed was decreased. The more slot of elastic body, revolution speed was increased. Applied voltage was changed from $10V_{max}$ to $100V_{max}$. When applied voltage was under $20V_{max}$, ultrasonic motor was not rotated. When applied voltage was over $90V_{max}$, revolution of ultrasonic motor was saturated. Maximum revolution speed was 510[rpm].

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.403-404
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• 2008

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.4
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• pp.459-467
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of expectancy-disconfirmation (ED) of attraction affecting visitor's satisfaction in natural recreation forest (NRF). After reviewing the literature about recreational resources (RRs), facilities, ED, and visitor's satisfaction in NRF, this study analogized 11 attractions of NRF and constructed the conceptual framework. This study had obtained data through a questionnaire, which surveyed 415 visitors at 3 NRFs in 204 summer season. This study found that 1) The expectancy-performance of visitor's interesting resources is the highest among RRs, 2) There was mean difference between expectancy and performance of attraction at one percent significant level, 3) Safety facility had the highest ED value and plant resources had the lowest ED value, 4) The higher ED value of attractions, the lower value of visitor's satisfaction, 5) in multivariate analysis, such variables as physical resource, social culture resource, lodging facility, foundation facility, safety facility, sanitary facility, and education facility have been turned out be statistically significant at one percent level, 6) The relative contribution of the ED of foundation facility, lodging facility, and education facility on visitor's satisfaction have ben determined to have respectively 2.50, 1.48, and 1.88 times more important than that of physical resources.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.121-127
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• 1969

Antimuscarinic agent like antispasmodic actions of licorice alkaloidal fraction, obtained from the Glycyrrhiza glabra L., was compared with that of atropine quantitatively. For this purpose, the author calculated the kinetic constants and $ED_{50}$ for acetylcholine antagonism by these drugs on rat ileum and guinea-fig ileum longitudinal muscle according to Paton's theoretical equations describing the combination of an antagonist drug with its receptors. The results are as follows. 1. On rat ileum. a) Licorice alkaloidal fraction $K_1$ (association rate constant)=$4.078{\times}10^2\;(s^{-1}\;gm^{-1}\;ml)$ $K_2$ (dissociation rate constant)=$6.986{\times}10^{-4}\;(s^{-1})$ $ED_{50}(K_2/K_1)=1.772{\times}10^{-6}(gm/ml)$ b) Atropine $K_1=5.136{\times}10^6$, $K_2=7.714{\times}10^{-4}$, $ED_{50}=1.408{\times}10^{-10}$ 2. On guinea-pig ileum longitudinal muscle a) Licorice alkaloidal fraction $K_1=1.30{\times}10^2$, $K_2=1.25{\times}10^{-3}$ $ED_{50}=9.58{\times}10^{-6}$ b) Atropine $K_1=5.75{\times}10^6$, $K_2=1.54{\times}10^{-3}$ $ED_{50}=2.68{\times}10^{-10}$ Above results present that 1 r of licorice alkaloidal fraction has equal fotency of acetylcholine antagonism with $8.5{\times}10^{-5}r$ of atropine on rat ileum, $2.8{\times}10^{-5}r$ on guinea-pig ileum longitudinal muscle. This facts suggest that the site and numbers of licorice alkaloid receptors of guinea-pig ileum are different from that of rat ileum. Besides, it also gives a suggestion that licorice alkaloidal fraction may be a partial antagonist on guinea-pig ileum in this experimental conditions.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.128-146
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• 2006

The objective of this paper is to examine the proportion and characteristics of non-emergent patients at emergency departments. The observational survey was conducted using a structured form used by emergency medicine specialists or senior residents on June 7-20, 2005. 1,526 patients at ten emergency centers took part in this study. The structural form contained type of insurance, route and means of emergency department (ED) visit, triage based on the Manchester Triage Scale(MTS)-modified criteria, emergency level based on the government defined rule, type of emergency centers (Regional Emergency Medical Center; REMC, Local Emergency Medical Center; LEMC, Local Emergency Agency; LEA), as well as patient's general information. Data were analyzed using SAS statistical program(V.8.2). Descriptive analysis was performed to describe the magnitude of non-emergent patients. ${\chi}^2-analysis$ and logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the nonurgent patients' characteristics. In the MTS-modified criteria, we found a 15.3% rate of non-emergent patients. This rate differed from that of non-emergent patients obtained using government's rule. In particular, there were inaccuracies in the definition of government rule on non-emergent patients, so it is necessary to apply the new government rule regarding classification of non-emergent patients. There were significant differences in the rate of non-emergent patients according to type of ED, means of ED visit, time to visit, and insurance. Non-emergent patients are more likely to visit a D-type ED(LEA having less than 20,000 patients annually), not to use ambulance, to have 'Automobile Insurance, Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance, or pay out-of-pocket'. Non-emergent patients tend to visit ED due to illness rather than injury. Further studies on the development' of triage scale and reexamination of the government's rule on emergency visits are required for future policy in this area.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.20-27
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• 2003

Background : The doctors' strike was not only a manmade disaster but also a chance to apply a new pattern of emergency medical service for patients. We hope to propose a new pattern of emergency medical service by comparing the patterns of emergency medical service given by resident and staff during the doctors' strike. Methods : We reviewed the medical records of patients who received emergency medical service in the Emergency Department(ED) of Deagu Catholic University Hospital during 3 days a week prior to the residents' strike (July 21-23, 2000) with those of patients receiving emergency medical service during the first 3 days of the residents' strike (July 28-30, 2000). We evaluated the patient's severity, the cause of the ED visit, the performance on the laboratory study, ECG, and radiological study, the disposition, and the length of ED stay. Also, we compared the collected data by presenting doctor and by patient's severity. Results : The staff performed fewer tests admitted fewer emergent and non-emergent patients than the residents. Also, the length of ED stay was shorter in both the emergent (212.76 vs. 321.40 minutes) and the non-emergent groups (117.68 vs. 171.39 minutes) for patients presenting to staff. Conclusion : It is desirable that emergency medical service is given by staff, not by resident.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.26-30
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• 2016

Objective: We aimed to investigate the prevalence of erectile dysfunction (ED) and the usage of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors for ED treatment in infertile couples. Methods: A total of 260 male partners in couples reporting infertility lasting at least 1 year were included in this study. In addition to an evaluation of infertility, all participants completed the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF)-5 questionnaire to evaluate their sexual function. The participants were asked about their use of PDE5 inhibitors while trying to conceive during their partner's ovulatory period and about their concerns regarding the risks of PDE5 inhibitor use to any eventual pregnancy and/or the fetus. Results: Based on the IIEF-5 questionnaire, 41.5% of the participants (108/260) were classified as having mild ED (an IIEF-5 score of 17-21), while 10.4% of the participants (27/260) had greater than mild ED (an IIEF-5 score of 16 or less). The majority (74.2%, 193/260) of male partners of infertile couples had a negative perception of the safety of using a PDE5 inhibitor while trying to conceive. Only 11.1% of men (15/135) with ED in infertile couples had used a PDE5 inhibitor when attempting conception. Conclusion: ED was found to be common in the male partners of infertile couples, but the use of PDE5 inhibitors among these men was found to be very low. The majority of male partners were concerned about the risks of using PDE5 inhibitors when attempting to conceive. Appropriate counseling about this topic and treatment when necessary would likely be beneficial to infertile couples in which the male partner has ED.