Objective: The Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) is a national drug subsidy program. Given the similarity and comprehensiveness of the Australian PBS and the Korean National Health Insurance (NHI) data, these data are increasingly used for pharmacoepidemiological investigations, as well as international comparative studies. This study aims to introduce the various sources of publicly available PBS data and provide a practical guide to researchers conducting drug utilization studies. Methods: We searched literature and websites to detail and compare the collection, structure, components, and characteristics of each PBS data format. We identified different characteristics of the PBS data from the Korean NHI claims data which are mainly owing to their unique co-payment policies and data collection processes. In addition, the utilization and expenditure of atorvastatin, a widely used treatment for hyperlipidemia, were analyzed using two different sources of PBS data and the different results were interpreted. Results: There exist differences in when data were collected or non-subsidized uses of medicine were included among sources of PBS data. Additionally, two countries have different cost sharing methods inmedicine subsidy scheme; co-payment in Australia and co-insurance in Korea. Therefore, it should be noted that prescriptions under co-payment are not included in some data sources in Australia. Conclusion: Despite several analytical challenges, open access and easy data management are the strengths of the PBS data sources. A detailed knowledge of the PBS data can ensure robust methodology and interpretation of pharmacoepidemiological investigations or international comparative studies.

Background: The number of patients with dementia continues to increase as the age of aging continues to grow. Psychiatric symptoms caused by senile dementia are controlled using antipsychotics. However, these antipsychotics can lead to Parkinson's disease, and abuse of dopamine derivatives such as levodopa among Parkinsonian drugs can lead to psychosis. Therefore, we evaluated the patterns of prescribed antipsychotics and antiparkinsonian drugs in patients with senile dementia. Methods: We used data from the sample of elderly patients from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA-APS-2016). We analyzed the patterns of prescribing antipsychotics and antiparkinsonian drugs including prescribed daily dosage, period of prescription, and number of patients with both antipsychotics and antiparkinsonian drugs for senile dementia. Results: Among the 159,391 patients with dementia included in this analysis, 4,963 patients (3.1%) and 16,499 patients (10.4%) were prescribed typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs, respectively. The most frequently prescribed typical antipsychotic was haloperidol (4,351 patients with dementia), whereas the atypical agent was quetiapine (12,719 patients). The most frequently prescribed antiparkinsonian drugs were in the order of levodopa/carbidopa, benztropine, and ropinirole. In addition, 1,103 and 3,508 patients prescribed typical and atypical antipsychotics, respectively, were co-prescribed antiparkinsonian drugs. Conclusions: Atypical antipsychotics were the preferred prescription in patients with senile dementia. The prescription dose was relatively low; however, the average treatment duration was mostly long-term. Selection of antipsychotics and/or antiparkinsonian drugs should be made carefully in senile dementia and the causal relationship of adverse drug reactions needs further study.

Background: Levothyroxine is an essential drug for the treatment of hypothyroidism or related diseases. Several studies have reported an association between the effects of levothyroxine treatment and time of administration, which can be inconsistent. Objective: This study was conducted to compare the levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone or free thyroxine between morning and nighttime dosing of levothyroxine. Methods: We reviewed previously reported relevant articles and conducted a meta-analysis. Results: In total, five studies were included in this meta-analysis. Results showed that thyroid-stimulating hormone (standard difference in means [SE]=0.321; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.016 to 0.657) and free thyroxine (SE= -1.367; 95% CI, -2.943 to 0.210) levels did not differ significantly between morning (before breakfast) and nighttime (before bedtime) administration. Conclusion: This is the first meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of time of administration on levothyroxine levels in patients with hypothyroidism. Based on our results, we suggest considering patients' lifestyles or daily routines when counselling them on the optimal time of administration for levothyroxine.

Background: Delirium is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by sudden impairments in consciousness, attention, and perception. The evidence of successful pharmacological interventions for delirium is limited, and medication recommendations for managing delirium are not standardized. This study aimed to provide evidence of antipsychotics for symptomatic treatment of delirium in cancer patients receiving palliative care. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed adult cancer patients in palliative care who received antipsychotic delirium treatment at Severance Hospital between January 2016 and June 2019. The efficacy was evaluated primarily by resolution rates. The resolution of delirium was defined as neurological changes from drowsiness, confusion, stupor, sedation, or agitation to alertness or significant symptomatic improvements described in the medical records. The safety was studied primarily by adverse drug reaction incidence ratios. Results: Of the 63 enrolled patients, 60 patients were included in the statistical analysis and were divided into three groups based on which antipsychotic medication they were prescribed [quetiapine (n=27), haloperidol (n=25) and co-administration of quetiapine and haloperidol (n=8)]. The resolution ratio showed quetiapine to be more effective than haloperidol (p=0.001). No significant differences were seen in adverse drug reaction rates among the three groups (p=0.332). Conclusions: Quetiapine was considered the most effective medication for delirium, with no significant differences in adverse drug reaction rates. Therefore, quetiapine may be considered a first-line medication for treating delirium in cancer patients receiving palliative care. However, further studies comparing more diverse antipsychotics among larger populations are still needed.

Objective: To analyze the prescription patterns for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) and to investigate factors co-occurring with systemic corticosteroid use. Methods: We used patient-level data from Korean National Health Insurance claims database to identify patients diagnosed with UC (ICD-10 code : K51) and their medications prescribed for UC between January 1 and Decemeber 31, 2017. We found that medications for UC treatment were 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), immunomodulators, biologics, and corticosteroids. We presented the prescription pattern according to the sex, age group, type of health insurance, site of UC, type of medical institution, and concomitant medication. To evaluate factors associated with prescription of systemic corticosteroids for UC, we used a multivariate logistic regression model to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Of 1,469 UC patients, 74.5% used 5-ASA and 15.2% used systemic corticosteroids. 5-ASA constituted 77.5% of all prescriptions and systemic corticosteroids accounted for 13.1%. The most widely used therapy was 5-ASA monotherapy (54.8%), followed by a double therapy with 5-ASA and immunomodulators (8.2%) or 5-ASA and systemic corticosteroids (7.2%). Systemic corticosteroids were more likely to be prescribed with immunomodulators (aOR=1.88, 95% CI=1.54-2.28) and biologics (aOR=2.82, 95% CI=2.28-3.50) than without them. Conclusions: We found that 15.2% of UC patients were prescribed with a systemic corticosteroid, which is less than reported previously. Systemic corticosteroids were more likely to be prescribed with immunomodulators and biologics.

Background: Reducing the total anticholinergic burden (AB) in older adults is recommended owing to the several peripheral and central adverse effects. This study aimed to identify the AB status of patients admitted to geriatric centers for assessing the influence of the pharmacist-involved multidisciplinary geriatric team care on reducing the AB. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 328 older patients hospitalized in geriatric centers from July 1, 2018 to June 30, 2019, who received comprehensive geriatric assessment and pharmaceutical interventions from a multidisciplinary geriatric team. We measured the total AB scores for the medications at the time of admission and upon hospital discharge using the Korean Anticholinergic Burden Scale (KABS). The pre-admission factors associated with high AB (KABS score ≥3) at the time of admission were identified. Results: The proportion of patients with high AB significantly decreased from 41.8% (136/328) at the time of admission to 25.0% (82/328) on discharge (p<0.001). The pre-admission AB of patients transferred from skilled nursing facilities (odds ratio[OR]: 2.85, 95% CI: 1.26-3.75), taking more than 10 medications (OR: 3.70, 95% CI: 1.55-8.82), suffering from delirium (OR: 2.80, 95% CI: 1.04-7.50), or depression (OR: 2.78, 95% CI: 1.04-7.41) were significantly high. Antipsychotics were the most frequent classes of drugs that contributed to the total KABS score at the time of admission, followed by antihistamines. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the multidisciplinary teams for geriatric care are effective at reducing AB in older adults. The factors associated with high AB should be considered when targeting pharmaceutical care in geriatric individuals.

Objective: The rising number of carbapenemase-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) cases has become a concern worldwidely. This study investigated patient characteristics with CRE and analyzed the risk factors associated with its acquisition. Methods: A retrospective review of the electronic medical records of the Kangbuk Samsung Medical Center from May 2016 to April 2019 was performed. The inclusion criterion was hospitalized patients aged ≥18 years with confirmed CRE acquisition. Patients were divided by CRE acquired and non-required patients. CRE acquired patients were those with CRE confirmed by their active surveillance cultures, while non-acquired patients were those with carbapenemase-sensitive Enterobacteriaceae (CSE). If CRE was isolated more than once during hospitalization, only the first isolation was used for data analysis. Patient characteristics, antibiotic used, and the duration of use were compared between two groups using univariate analysis, and the risk factors associated with CRE were analyzed using multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: Among the 73 CRE acquired patients, 44 (60.3%) were positive for carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE). Infection from Klebsiella pneumonia (42 cases, 57.5%), Escherichia coli (17 cases, 23.3%), and Enterobacter cloacae (5 cases, 6.8%). The risk of CRE acquisition was significantly increased by 4.99 times [confidence interval (CI), 1.40-17.78; p=0.013] with mechanical ventilation, 3.86 times (CI, 1.59-9.36; p=0.003) with penicillin administration, and 21.19 times (CI, 6.53-68.70; p<0.001) with carbapenem administration. Conclusions: Proper antibiotic use including the selection, frequency, and duration, and patients on mechanical ventilators need close monitoring.

Competencies of entry-level pharmacists are evaluated by multiple-choice questions (MCQ) examination and objective structured clinical examination (OSCE). OSCE helps to evaluate student's communication skills and attitudes, which are difficult to evaluate by the MCQ exam. In Korea, pharmacy OSCE is not implemented; however, the needs of OSCE is growing. This study proposed OSCE exam contents and exam methods that can be implemented in colleges of pharmacy. Further study is needed to develop OSCE scenarios and questions, validate examination questions and evaluation methods by performing a pilot study, and provide feedback on the curriculum and study methods.