The purpose of this study is to conduct a cluster analysis based on the visiting purposes of public library users and to identify their distinct characteristics. A user survey was conducted with a total of 700 individuals who visited ten public libraries located in metropolitan, urban, and rural areas. To classify the user types, a hierarchical cluster analysis using Ward's method was first applied, followed by K-means clustering for refinement. As a result, library users were categorized into four distinct groups: multipurpose users, book rental-focused users, lifestyle-centered users, and study-focused users. Each group reflects a unique pattern of library use behavior. The study further analyzed the demographic characteristics-such as age, gender, occupation, and residential area-associated with each user group, as well as their specific motivations and intentions for visiting the library. These findings provide valuable insights into the diverse needs and behaviors of public library visitors. The identified user clusters can serve as an important reference for public library administrators and policymakers to design and implement targeted services and spatial planning strategies. Ultimately, this research contributes to enhancing user-centered service provision and promoting more inclusive and effective use of public library spaces.

This study is an empirical study on Happy Housing for young people, and it was determined that it should be conducted from the perspective of improving the quality of Happy Housing, which has been in operation for more than 10 years, rather than focusing on quantitative supply perspectives. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the current status of community facilities in Happy Housing, which is small rental housing, and to propose the improvement. For this purpose, a field survey was conducted at recently completed Happy Housing complex, and in-depth analysis was performed on the community facilities in the complex. The conclusion is summarized as follows: Firstly, it was found that residents of small rental housing are relatively satisfied with the community facilities. Secondly, in terms of specific satisfaction with each community facility, the overall opinions by "average" and "satisfactory" are the most common among the 10 facilities. Thirdly, the change in overall satisfaction in relation with the scale of dwelling unit was found to be statistically significant. Finally, the examination of multiple regression on each residential variables indicated that social welfare facilities, study rooms, small libraries, and youth training facilities were found to be the most influential predictors in deciding the level of overall satisfaction.

South Korea recorded the world's lowest total fertility rate of 0.72 in 2023, making low fertility a pressing social issue. This trend is expected to lead to long-term challenges, including economic slowdown, labor shortages, and an aging population. Addressing these concerns requires effective, targeted solutions. This study investigates how physical accessibility within the residential environment relates to fertility rates. It focuses on the proximity of urban facilities tied to key social functions such as living, working, supplying, caring, learning, and enjoying, as outlined by Carlos Moreno in the N-minute city concept. Findings showed that shorter commuting times were positively associated with higher fertility rates, whereas proximity to subway stations had a negative effect. While access to local marts showed little influence, nearby shopping complexes were linked to lower fertility rates. Clinics and daycare centers, on the other hand, had a positive impact on fertility rates. Educational facilities, especially private academies, were found to be highly influential. Facilities related to leisure and entertainment had either minimal or negative effects on fertility rates. Overall, this study provides strategic insights into improving the residential environment using the principles of the N-minute city. These findings offer practical guidance for addressing low fertility rates by enhancing urban accessibility.

In response to the limitations of traditional apartment-style rental housing developed by the government and private sectors, South Korea introduced third-sector-led social housing in the 2010s. This study examines community space planning and operational characteristics of such projects in Seoul from 2015 to 2021. The housing projects are categorized into four models: Land Lease, Renovation, Publicly Commissioned, and Buy-to-Rent. Spatial design and operational structures were analyzed to identify key patterns and challenges across these models. Findings reveal distinct differences in physical layouts and program offerings influenced by public involvement timing, ownership, and third-sector participation. The Land Lease and Buy-to-Rent Models support integrated planning with neighborhood facilities, while the Renovation and Publicly Commissioned Models generally provide only basic communal spaces like shared kitchens, dining areas, and meeting rooms. Most models follow standardized programs constrained by time and budget; however, the Buy-to-Rent Model allows greater flexibility, enabling customized programs tailored to resident needs through its procurement and operational framework.

In high-density urban areas, limited space presents challenges for deploying multiple vertiports required for Urban Air Mobility (UAM). As a solution, integrating vertiports into existing infrastructure through mixed-use development is gaining attention. Aboveground railway stations offer strategic potential due to their strong connections to public transit, facilitating efficient intermodal transfers and opportunities for revitalizing aging facilities. This study examines 61 aboveground railway stations in Seoul, classifying them based on spatial, accessibility, and environmental factors identified in the literature. The stations were grouped into five types: District Connected Type, District Specific Type, Regional Anchor Type, Neighborhood Based Type, and Regional Transfer Type. Applying Final Approach and Takeoff Area (FATO) and Obstacle Free Volume (OFV) criteria, 26 stations were identified as suitable for UAM integration. These were further categorized into seven vertipads, eight vertiports, and eleven vertihubs. Development strategies were aligned with planned UAM demonstration routes. The findings offer policy insights for strategic UAM infrastructure deployment and support the sustainable transformation of urban transportation networks.

This study examines global space architecture proposals, focusing on modular types and technological classifications. Although international activity in this field is growing, South Korea's involvement remains limited in the early stages. Using data from international projects archived by SpaceArchitect.org, the research analyzes modules based on two elements: the classification system by Cohen & Kennedy (1997, p. 85) and exterior forms in relation to spatial constraints such as spheres, cylinders, and other shapes. Applying these typological criteria, the study reinterprets relevant cases to identify key characteristics and distribution patterns, particularly the relationship between exterior form and technological development. In terms of form, cylindrical and spherical modules are most common due to their efficiency in withstanding pressure differentials. From a technological perspective, the classification reveals distinct differences across module types. Class 1 modules are pre-integrated and ready for immediate use, but are limited by payload capacity. Class 2 modules consist of prefabricated components requiring assembly, offering more adaptability. Class 3 modules rely on in-situ resource utilization and represent the most advanced stage of space architecture, though they require significant technological progress. More than half of the reviewed cases fall into Class 3, indicating that many space habitat concepts are currently speculative imagination. The findings highlight the need for a structured foundation in South Korea's space architecture efforts, emphasizing the development of Class 1 and 2 modules as practical starting points for future progress.

This study aims to identify environmental planning factors of academic libraries learning commons that influence higher education learners' perception of self-directed learning from a learning support perspective. A survey was conducted and the key findings are as follows: First, academic libraries should identify students' learning environment needs and actively develop learning commons accordingly. Second, analysis of environmental planning factors affecting self-directed learning perception showed that spaces for general students should provide a vibrant atmosphere with unrestricted access to resources, while spaces for graduate students should prioritize convenience and efficiency. Third, the significant impact of the "Diversity support plan" across all groups highlights the need for further research on DEI-based educational environments. These findings are expected to be fundamental in guiding higher education institutions in designing future learning environments for students' learning capabilities.

Cultural heritage, as a product of history and tradition, represents cultural legacy. "Registered Cultural Heritage" specifically refers to modern cultural assets that are over 50 years old and not included in designated cultural heritage, necessitating preservation and utilization. Architectural cultural heritage, with its potential as a spatial asset, plays a crucial role in realizing the intrinsic value of cultural heritage succession through educational use. However, current education on modern architectural cultural heritage primarily focuses on appreciation and experience. The Cultural Heritage Administration has been promoting various regional cultural heritage utilization projects, and there is a need for cultural heritage education to evolve in a way that emphasizes value succession while reflecting architectural characteristics. This study aims to develop a youth education program using the Jeju Ctesiphon-style house, which was designated as a national registered cultural heritage in 2021. The Ctesiphon structure, which uses steel suspension scaffolding and fiber formwork to apply mortar, allows for easy construction without the use of steel and timber. Thanks to these advantages, it was widely adopted in the mid-mountain regions of Jeju during the 1960s. Through this research, we seek to explore the possibilities and challenges of educational content for the succession of cultural heritage values.

This study examines the tectonic characteristics of idle industrial facilities that have been renovated into new buildings, focusing on the relationship between existing structures and newly added architectural elements. Renovation serves as a key architectural approach that goes beyond preservation, reinterpreting the value of existing buildings while adapting them for contemporary use. Using tectonic theory, the research establishes an analytical framework based on four types of relationships: juxtaposition, overlapping, removal, and replacement. Analysis of four international case studies reveals that juxtaposition highlights the contrast between past and present materials, overlapping creates expanded spaces through additive elements, removal reshapes structures to form new spatial configurations, and replacement enhances functionality by integrating modern components. This approach demonstrates how tectonic renovation can preserve the physical and structural identity of existing architecture while generating new and meaningful spatial experiences.

Urbanization calls for sustainable residential development in hilly area. Aging hillside residential areas in Seoul suffer from poor living conditions, inadequate infrastructure, and environmental degradation caused by rapid and uneven urban growth. Structural challenges and limited accessibility make traditional development methods ineffective, highlighting the need for systematic, innovative, and sustainable solutions. This study proposes new planning strategies for aging residential areas on Seoul's slopes by addressing topographical, social, and environmental factors comprehensively. It evaluates current spatial characteristics and housing conditions, identifies root causes of existing problems, and classifies areas based on their unique physical and environmental features. By examining successful cases of sloped land development both domestically and internationally, tailored design elements and practical strategies are developed to suit Seoul's specific hillside context. The research emphasizes overcoming the physical constraints of steep terrain, improving essential infrastructure, enhancing daily convenience for residents, and promoting ecological sustainability. This approach supports sustainable, nature-integrated development that makes efficient use of sloped land, blends with the natural landscape, and significantly improves residents' quality of life. The findings provide strategic insights for urban renewal policies and sustainable housing development.

This study aims to systematically identify architectural planning elements for senior welfare centers, categorized into three main domains: external architectural planning, internal architectural planning, and program planning. A two-round Delphi survey was conducted involving 34 experts from architecture and elderly welfare sectors to achieve consensus on these elements. Each element was assessed based on mean scores and Content Validity Ratios (CVR), ensuring robust validity and reliability. Through this rigorous Delphi process, a total of 98 architectural planning elements were finalized. The analysis revealed that elements related to health support, accessibility, mobility convenience, and safety received the highest priority scores, indicating their critical importance in addressing elderly needs. Conversely, elements concerning comfort and operational management systems were assigned relatively lower priorities; however, their significance as complementary factors was well recognized. This research serves as essential foundational data, clearly differentiating between mandatory and optional architectural planning elements, thereby aiding in the formulation of practical, responsive, and effective design guidelines for senior welfare centers.

This study aims to develop a design guideline for elementary school libraries by applying the concept of affordance. As contemporary educational paradigms emphasize creativity, collaboration, and self-directed learning, school libraries need to shift from their traditional roles of merely storing, browsing and lending, and providing access to information toward affordance-based environments that naturally encourage learners' exploration and interaction. To achieve this, the study analyzed existing school library guidelines and utilized behavioral observation and Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) data from previous research to examine students' spatial usage patterns. Additionally, the Delphi method was employed to validate the proposed guidelines and refine their key elements. A two-phase Delphi study was conducted with a panel of 15 experts specializing in school library design and management. In the initial phase, experts identified the limitations of existing guidelines and restructured spatial elements to more effectively incorporate affordance-Oriented design principles. In the subsequent phase, the validity of the proposed elements was evaluated using a Content Validity Ratio (CVR) analysis, which resulted in the refinement and finalization of 93 design guideline items. The findings highlight the need for flexible spatial arrangements that promote student engagement and interaction, as well as diverse reading spaces, such as chair-seating and floor-seating reading areas, bookshelf-integrated seating, stair, alcove, agit, and window-side reading zone. Furthermore, strategic bookshelf arrangements and thoughtfully designed furniture layouts were highlighted as essential for improving accessibility and supporting a variety of learning activities. The affordance-oriented design guidelines for elementary school libraries proposed in this study are expected to effectively transform libraries into environments that naturally promote learners' exploration, active engagement, and collaborative participation.

Urbanization contributes significantly to climate challenges, while architectural efforts often emphasize abstract eco-friendly measures despite their tangible impact on the environment. As artificial structures increasingly dominate urban spaces, a genuine respect for nature remains lacking. This study examines the concept of Architectural Landscape within architectural planning and reconsiders its value and potential. As part of green infrastructure, Architectural Landscape enhances both urban resilience and building performance. However, current standards in Korea are outdated and do not align with modern urban needs, limiting their effectiveness. To address this gap, landscaping standards and regulations in Japan, Singapore, France, and Germany are analyzed to identify key strategies that support resilience in high-density urban environments. Common elements found across these countries include expandability, three-dimensionality, and ecological sustainability. These characteristics encourage adaptable urban greenery and integration into various architectural environments. Based on this analysis, the study identifies several limitations in Korea's current approach. Existing standards show weak connectivity and provide insufficient green area ratios, hindering expandability. Criteria for implementing three-dimensional greening are vague, and there is a lack of ecological assessments to prevent superficial, non-sustainable landscaping. The findings highlight the essential role of Architectural Landscape in improving urban environments and resilience, reinforcing its importance in building a sustainable urban future.

This study explored how university students perceive counseling center environments and examined how the perceived importance of environmental design elements varies based on psychological stress levels. It also identified key environmental factors that influence comfort during counseling sessions. Survey responses from undergraduate and graduate students were analyzed using factor analysis, independent t-tests, and regression analysis. Seven key environmental factors emerged: psychological stability, privacy, physical comfort, connection to nature, accessibility, safety, and openness. T-test results indicated that students experiencing higher levels of anxiety or depression generally rated most environmental elements as less important than students with lower stress levels, except for elements related to privacy and openness. Additionally, students in high-stress groups placed greater value on contact with nature. Regression analysis highlighted specific features that enhance comfort during counseling, including soundproofing, visual privacy, emotionally supportive and secure counseling spaces, and a welcoming, user-friendly waiting area. These findings underscore the value of user-centered design that prioritizes emotional and sensory comfort, especially for students facing psychological challenges. The results offer practical guidance for creating counseling environments that promote psychological well-being and restorative experiences.

As urban areas grow denser and green space becomes unevenly distributed, rooftop gardens have emerged as alternative green spaces that improve daily access to nature. While previous studies have largely emphasized public access, a more systematic analysis of rooftop garden characteristics is needed. This study examines 14 rooftop garden cases in Seoul to identify their features as urban green spaces, focusing on planning approaches, access routes, and activity spaces. Findings showed that rooftop garden development differed depending on the building stage. New constructions often included rooftop gardens to meet G-SEED requirements and committee review standards, whereas existing buildings tended to rely on public support programs. Gardens created during new construction displayed greater variety in design, highlighting the importance of policy support during the building design phase. In terms of accessibility, rooftop gardens with direct street-level access offered the highest convenience and served effectively as open green spaces. In contrast, those accessed through internal routes had more limited public use. Additionally, rooftop gardens functioned as spaces for recreation and events, highlighting the value of management strategies such as private operator involvement. These insights support future planning and design efforts for rooftop gardens as accessible urban green spaces.

This study examines the vibration control performance of Tuned Mass Dampers (TMDs) in large spatial structures under seismic loads. Six analytical models were developed to represent different roof structural systems: ribbed, latticed, elliptical, gable, barrel, and stadium types. When the TMD mass was set to 1 percent of the total structural mass, the models showed a displacement response reduction ranging from 82 percent to 99 percent. Among them, the gable type demonstrated the highest effectiveness, while the ribbed type showed the least. TMDs installed at the edges of structures provided better displacement control than those concentrated at the center. The optimal TMD mass ratio for spatial structures was found to be between 0.1 percent and 0.2 percent of the unit mass. However, due to variations in the planar shapes and seismic response characteristics of each model, a generalized optimal mass ratio is not applicable. Accurate analysis of the structure's geometry and TMD placement is essential for determining the most effective mass ratio.

Although research on structural damage detection remains active, studies focused on damage detection theories using strain, numerical analysis, and the validation of these theories through practical experiments are still limited. Consequently, further research on the assessment and application of strain-based damage detection methods for structures is necessary. This paper presents a method to determine the presence and location of damage within a structure by analyzing changes in strain caused by damage. The proposed method identifies damage presence and location using a strain energy-based approach. The theoretical validity of this method was first evaluated through numerical analysis. Subsequently, strain data were extracted from a Mock-Up test using Strain Gauges, and the proposed method was applied to detect damage, confirming both the theoretical validity and practical applicability.

This study analyzed the Serviceability and the structural safety of a high-rise building through Structural Health Monitoring(SHM) based on long-term acceleration data collected from March 2021 to December 2023. The target building, located on the coast, was monitored immediately after its completion. First, a serviceability evaluation was conducted throughout the monitoring period. Second, dynamic characteristics and long-term changes in natural frequencies were analyzed using Frequency Domain Decomposition(FDD) based on the acceleration response data. Finally, the long-term changes in the building's stiffness were estimated, and its structural safety was evaluated using System Identification(SI).

Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) is a representative timber product that can be applied to the construction industry, replacing concrete and steel while mitigating environmental impacts. Along with CLT, the Timber-Concrete Composite (TCC) system is a structural system designed to utilize timber structures more efficiently. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the flexural performance of CLT and TCC floor panels to assess their suitability. For this purpose, three specimens were fabricated with the number of laminated layers and the presence of composite action as variables. A four-point bending test was conducted according to domestic standards, and load, displacement, and strain values were obtained at each loading stage. The test results showed that the flexural strength (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) of the CLT specimens met the acceptance criteria. However, to achieve better performance, sufficient flexural strength of the bottom layers needs to be ensured. On the other hand, the TCC specimens did not exhibit sufficient flexural performance due to inadequate composite action compared to full composite behavior. To secure the flexural performance of TCC floor panels, a detailed design for the placement of shear connectors is considered necessary.

This study presents an experimental investigation on semi-rigid beam-to-column bolted connections utilizing austenitic stainless steel (STS316) angles. The structural behavior of these connections was compared with that of connections using carbon steel (SS275) angles. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the structural performance of stainless steel connections and assess their feasibility as an alternative to conventional carbon steel connections. The experimental results provide an insight into the moment-rotation behavior of the connections, emphasizing the influence of material properties on stiffness, strength, and ductility. The STS316 connections showed on average, 29% lower initial stiffness and 21% lower yield moment compared to the SS275 connections. However, the yield rotation of the STS316 connections was up to 1.16 times higher than that of the SS275 connections, indicating superior ductility. Additionally, at a rotation angle of 0.02 rad, the moment strength of the STS316 connections was 5-7% lower than that of the SS275 connections. However, the moment at the onset of bolt slip was 1.11 times higher than that of the SS275 connections. These findings confirm the applicability of stainless steel as a joint material, highlighting the significant influence of strain hardening on the mechanical performance of stainless steel joints. The results suggest that partial application of stainless steel in connections can enhance structural performance.

This study aims to improve the timber structure design process by analyzing BIM library construction systems for CLT members, which are commonly used in mid- to high-rise timber buildings in Europe and the United States. Based on this analysis, a BIM library tailored to the domestic environment was developed for both CLT and GLT members. The BIM library standardizes key information such as specifications, structural properties, fire resistance, energy performance, and production data, supporting all stages of design, manufacturing, and construction. It also offers scalability by accommodating variations in wood composition by layer. To further improve efficiency in creating and managing members within the BIM environment, a BIM information management system was introduced. This system integrates Dynamo and Python scripts with specialized simulation methods to streamline workflows and enhance usability.

Most unreinforced masonry(URM) buildings have been built without considering seismic design requirements. In order to enhance the seismic performance of such URM buildings by adopting a retrofit method, it is required to precisely understand the capacity of URM buildings. However, there is significant variability of predicted capacity of masonry walls due to various uncertainty sources including material characteristics of components which are hard to be quantitatively defined. In this reason, the main purpose of this study is to develop a machine learning based structural performance evaluation model for URM walls. Four machine learning models including ensemble, support vector machine(SVM), kernel, deep neural network(DNN) were trained using geometrical dimensions and material properties of masonry components as input features for predicting their capacities. The machine learning based performance prediction models were quantitatively evaluated using mean squred error(MSE), root mean squred error(RMSE), mean absolute error(MAE), and R-squred(R²). Of considered machine learning based models, the ensenble model achieved the best overall prediction accuracy across all evaluation parameters. The trained model was validated using independent experimental data not included in the training process, resulting in an average error rate of less than 8% compared to the test results. Based on this machine learning based model, this study finally suggest the structural performance evaluation procedure for URM buildings.

This study aims to determine the optimal location of an outrigger system by considering the stiffness of a cap truss installed on the top floors of a tall building. To achieve this, a schematic structural design of a 60-story building was developed, using key analysis parameters such as the stiffness ratio between the cap truss and the outrigger, frame stiffness, outrigger system stiffness, shear wall stiffness, and outrigger position. Based on the structural analysis results, the effects of these parameters on the optimal outrigger location were evaluated, particularly in cases where the stiffness of the cap truss and the outrigger differed. An optimal outrigger position was proposed that reflects the influence of cap truss stiffness when the cap truss is located on the top floors. The proposed equation enhances existing methods for predicting the optimal outrigger position by incorporating the stiffness ratio between the cap truss and the outrigger.

This study examines how anxiety about Jeonse fraud, a Korean housing rental system involving large lump-sum deposits, influences the intention to move into public rental housing in South Korea. Using data from the 2022 Korea Housing Survey, which included 5,965 renter households, the relationship was analyzed through binomial logistic regression. Results show that a one-unit increase in anxiety score, indicating less anxiety about not recovering rental deposits, reduces the odds of choosing public rental housing by 12.6 percent, with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.874. Residents currently living in public rental housing were nearly three times higher odds to choose public housing again, with an OR of 2.957. Tenants paying monthly rent and households with strong desires for homeownership also had higher odds of moving into public rental housing, with an odds ratio of 1.585 and 1.515, respectively. On the other hand, higher average monthly household income, with an OR of 0.999; higher education levels, with an OR of 0.916; greater housing satisfaction, with an OR of 0.809; and larger household sizes, with an OR of 0.943, were all associated with lower odds of choosing public rental housing. A regional analysis found significantly lower intentions to move into public housing outside of Seoul. Busan, Chungbuk, and Gyeongnam showed the lowest preference, with odds ratios of 0.309, 0.315, and 0.339, respectively. These findings suggest that public rental housing is seen as a safe option for those concerned about Jeonse fraud. Although the cross-sectional design does not prove causality, the study improves understanding of how public rental housing can reduce residential instability caused by Jeonse fraud and offers empirical support for housing welfare policies aimed at ensuring residential security.

This study presents a form-finding and fabrication methodology for large-scale bending-active structures using continuous fiber composites. Bending-active structures leverage the elastic deformation of flat and flexible materials to achieve freeform curved geometries. Traditional methods using metals, plastics, or fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) often encounter scalability challenges due to assembly requirements of multiple elements. To address this, the proposed strategy utilizes continuous fiber composites to construct bending-active surfaces from single flat sheets, enhancing both structural integrity and construction efficiency. Based on a literature review, the study analyzes the form-finding principles of active bending plates and the properties of continuous fiber composites to derive an optimal reinforcement strategy. Based on a literature review of form-finding principles and composite properties, two reinforcement strategies were developed: surfacial reinforcement to increase panel rigidity and topological reinforcement to improve global stability. These strategies were assessed through digital simulations and physical prototyping. A full-scale, vertically self-supporting pavilion was constructed to test real-world applicability, with performance compared to similar precedents. The results demonstrate that combining surfacial and topological reinforcement effectively reduces structural weaknesses, enabling the formation of stable, three-dimensional geometries. This approach streamlines material processing, shortens construction timelines, simplifies transportation and assembly, all while minimizing complexity. The proposed methodology expands the architectural application of continuous fiber composites, offering a structurally and economically efficient solution for large-span or geometrically complex structures, while contributing to sustainable construction practices through material optimization.

Accurately calculating rebar quantities in the early stages of construction projects is important for cost estimation and resource management. This study introduces two automated methods for rebar quantity calculation: one based on Building Information Modeling (BIM) and another using machine learning. Both approaches rely on detailed design data. The BIM-based method restructured rebar quantity formulas to use only information that can be extracted directly from BIM models. When tested on a case study, it achieved an average error rate of 2.015 percent for columns and 4.925 percent for typical beams, showing reliable performance during the detailed design phase. The machine learning-based method estimated rebar quantities using the rebar-to-concrete ratio. Approximately 100 samples, including concrete volume, rebar quantities, and construction years, were used for training. The LeakyReLU activation function produced the most accurate results, with an error rate of 9.73 percent, which meets AACE standards for detailed estimates. Both methods showed potential for improving accuracy and enabling automation. However, the study was limited by the size of the dataset and its focus on columns, beams, and slabs. Future research should expand the dataset and apply the methods to a wider range of structural components. These findings provide a strong basis for early-stage rebar quantity estimation and support more informed decision-making in construction planning.

The purpose of this study is to propose a practical strategy to address the shortage of engineers at construction sites. To achieve this, the current employment status of engineers and the utilization of female engineers in the construction sector were analyzed, and measures to promote the inflow and effective deployment of female engineers were suggested. The key findings of this study are as follows. It was found that the larger the scale of construction projects, the higher the sales per capita, and that female engineers currently account for approximately 10% of on-site personnel. Female engineers are primarily assigned to health, safety, public affairs, and environmental tasks, and their job performance is still somewhat lower compared to that of their male counterparts. The potential for deploying female engineers on-site was confirmed, with the main areas of utilization being health, safety, and public affairs, where female engineers are already concentrated. In order to attract female engineers, it is necessary to provide high-quality jobs that ensure a good work-life balance, and customized professional education programs tailored to preferred job fields are required. Japan, which has structural similarities to Korea's construction industry, has implemented a support network to promote the retention of female engineers, and benchmarking such policies was proposed. This study was conducted to present a strategy for improving the supply and demand imbalance of engineers in the construction industry through the inflow and utilization of female engineers. However, as the analysis was based on gender comparisons of current field engineers, it has limitations in not presenting detailed analysis or specific measures according to variables such as business type or job position. Future research is needed to address these limitations and to explore other sectors of the construction industry.

This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the scholarly activities of Lee Hwa-seon, a leading architectural historian in North Korea, and the content and publication history of The History of Choson Architecture. Born in 1935, Lee was active from his graduation from Pyongyang Construction College in 1960 until his death in 1993. He was a key figure in the study of Korean traditional architecture, particularly through his research on the cities and architecture of Goguryeo, and played a central role in the restoration of major heritage sites, including Anhak Palace, the southern gate of Daeseongsanseong Fortress, Gwangbeopsa Temple, and the Tomb of King Dongmyeong. His book, The History of Choson Architecture, published toward the end of his career, traces the chronological development of Korean architecture from the prehistoric era to the modern period through a North Korean lens, and has exerted a lasting influence on the architectural historiography of the country. By examining Lee’s career and his major works, this study offers valuable insights into North Korean architectural scholarship and the intellectual legacy of one of its most influential figures.

This study analyzes the historical and policy significance of Hyeop-dong Housing in Seoul between 1974 and 1988. Introduced under the 1973 Act on Temporary Measures for the Promotion of Housing Improvement, Hyeop-dong Housing aimed to upgrade substandard housing through a self-reliant redevelopment model. The government provided basic infrastructure and reorganized land parcels, while residents were responsible for constructing their own homes with limited financial support. To improve land efficiency, Seoul grouped four households on small, fragmented plots into a Hyeop-dong Unit, consolidated their lots, and encouraged the construction of compact, multi-story housing. This model embodied the self-help and cooperation ideals of the Saemaul Undong movement. Despite its early promise, Hyeop-dong Housing was phased out in the late 1980s due to the financial strain placed on residents. However, its transitional legal status was significant. Although functioning as multi-unit housing, Hyeop-dong Housing was regulated under single-family housing laws to ease construction burdens. This legal compromise paved the way for the institutionalization of multi-household and multi-family housing in the mid-1980s, models designed to serve low-income residents on small urban lots. These housing types became widespread in low-rise areas, but ongoing deregulation led to overcrowded neighborhoods and declining living conditions. This trajectory mirrors the earlier decline of Hyeop-dong Housing, much of which was demolished as housing quality worsened. The case highlights the need for policies that strike a balance between urban density and residential livability in low-rise zones.

During the Japanese colonial period, Gaeksa sites underwent significant modifications, losing their original form as a premodern administrative facility, and were converted to modern facilities. With subsequent urban development, these sites stayed at the core of modern city centers. This study examines the restoration pattern of Gaeksa sites in relation to their urban environments. Since the 1980s, the scope of restoration has expanded beyond the conservation of physical structures of each heritage to include broader redevelopment of Gaeksa complexes and their surrounding areas. This study classifies the restoration of Gaeksa sites into five types and categorizes the historic city center into four types. The analysis reveals that Gaeksa site restoration in Bu-mok developed cities, characterized by high urban density, tend to follow the Urban Historic Environment Association Type, whereas Gaeksa sites in Gun-hyeon declined cities with lower urban density primarily adopt the City Wall Restoration Type. This suggests that the restoration of Gaeksa sites is not limited to individual buildings but is pursued as part of the broader historic urban landscape, which reinstates the Gaeksa sites as integral elements of the Eupchi landscapes that characterized administrative centers in the Joseon Dynasty.

This study examines the administrative procedures through which the Government-General of Korea repurposed existing buildings as government offices for the newly established bu (府) in 1935 and 1941. Rather than establishing comprehensive architectural plans, the Government-General tended to rely on utilizing existing structures, aiming to meet administrative demands with minimal expenditure. The study also focuses on how the Government-General responded passively or with delays when each bu requested the construction of new office buildings or the expansion of existing ones. Faced with these institutional constraints, each bu developed its own strategies to secure office space, depending on factors such as the conditions of the city in which the bu was located, the status of available land for office buildings, and its financial capacity. However, since the Government-General retained the authority to approve all construction of bu office buildings, each bu continued to suffer from space shortages until Korea’s liberation from Japanese colonial rule in 1945. This research analyzes official documents from the Government-General of Korea held in the National Archives of Korea. The findings reveal that while the Government-General maintained a passive and indifferent architectural policy, the local administrative bodies of each bu responded actively to spatial challenges in practical and localized ways.

In this study, the possibility of improving comfort ventilation of single-room modular homes for free cooling was examined by using CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation. A modular house with existing residential units connected in parallel and an improved model with additional operable window for cross ventilation was selected for comparative evaluation. Conventional single rooms have only one operable window at the front, allowing restricted natural ventilation performance. Even though fan-assisted natural ventilation using a bathroom exhaust fan was performed, the indoor airflow speed was found to be very low. At this time, the indoor airflow speed can partially contribute to discharging excessive heat of indoors during intermediate seasons, but it is difficult to improve the thermal comfort of residents during the hot summer season. As a result, it was confirmed that the average indoor airflow speed improved from 0.0375 m/s (Case 4) under the condition of operating only the exhaust fan to 0.456 m/s (Case 5) when cross ventilation was implemented.. Consequently, the PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) of occupants could be lowered from 1.2 to 0.39. In this study, it was found out that it is practically difficult to provide comfortable ventilation in a modular single-person residential unit with only one window on the front, and that comfortable ventilation performance can be significantly improved by changing the unit layout and adding operable windows.

This study explores the use of on-stage reflectors to enhance stage acoustics for cello players in a circular 533-seat recital hall with an unoccupied reverberation time of 1.31 seconds. Initial analysis suggested that the stage configuration could negatively affect acoustic performance. To address this, measurements were conducted in accordance with KS F ISO 3382-1 standards, and a simulation model was developed. Reflectors were designed with a focus on the 250 Hz band, considering the sound characteristics of the cello. Both ceiling and movable reflectors were installed, and simulations were carried out by adjusting reflector height and the effective stage area. Lowering the front and rear ceiling reflectors improved early sound strength in STEarly, while raising the rear reflector slightly increased late sound strength on STLate, though the effect was minor. The rear ceiling reflector had a more noticeable impact than the front. For movable reflectors, adjusting the distance from the stage led to improvements in STEarly, with limited effect on STLate. The most significant improvement occurred when the reflectors were positioned at an optimal distance from the front of the stage. Future research should include post-installation field measurements and auditory evaluations to assess the acoustic impact on performers.

In South Korea, the energy performance of residential buildings is primarily evaluated through the Energy Efficiency Rating System. However, the current system is designed mainly for new buildings and relies on design-based simulation data, making it difficult to apply to existing buildings where actual total energy consumption data must be used. Furthermore, the system does not adequately account for detailed consumption characteristics such as housing type, climate zone, floor area, and household size. To address these limitations, previous studies have proposed group-average-based benchmark data, but these approaches also fail to capture the continuous variations in energy use resulting from differences in floor area and household size. This study aims to overcome these limitations by utilizing microdata from Korea's Household Energy Panel Survey (HEPS) to quantitatively analyze how Net Usable Area (NUA) and the number of occupants affect residential energy consumption. Based on this analysis, a regression-based benchmark adjustment model is developed. Among three evaluated regression models, the model combining linear regression for NUA with an independent adjustment coefficient for household size was selected as the most appropriate in terms of accuracy, interpretability, and usability. The results show that as NUA increases, the annual Energy Use Intensity (EUI) decreases, leading to a variation range of approximately ±30% compared to the conventional group-average benchmarks. Additionally, each additional household member increases electricity consumption by approximately 5-7% and fuel consumption by 8-10%. The final benchmark range defined by the proposed model includes 49.7% of the total sample, while the remaining 50.3% are identified as households with atypical energy consumption, characterized by either overconsumption or energy-saving behavior. The findings of this study offer a practical alternative that complements existing benchmarks and supports more precise assessments of residential energy performance.

This study presents a method for continuously predicting internal heat gains (IHG) using plug and lighting power data, which are generally more accessible than occupancy data. In addition, a procedure is introduced for effectively integrating these dynamic IHG predictions into a multi-objective Model Predictive Control (MPC) framework. To reflect the dynamic behavior of IHG in real buildings, a Modelica simulation environment was developed using long-term measured data on occupancy, plug loads, and lighting loads. The impact of dynamically incorporating IHG variations on MPC performance was evaluated over a one-month period. Results showed a 4 percent reduction in heating energy use and a 32 percent decrease in air quality discomfort, although thermal discomfort increased by 14 percent. These findings suggest that in a multi-objective MPC framework, the accuracy of disturbance predictions, particularly those related to occupancy, can strongly influence air quality comfort. They also emphasize the importance of carefully adjusting the weighting between energy consumption and thermal and air quality comfort, depending on the specific goals and priorities of each application.