The construction industry is more labor-intensive than other industries, automation is difficult and productivity is not increasing due to long-standing government regulations and construction practices. Early in the architectural design process, many legal reviews are conducted for site surveying, legal review, and other tasks related to basic design, but architects must also review upper and lower laws. However, unlike high-level laws and local ordinances that can be found online, the enforcement guidelines for district unit planning areas during city planning are inconvenient to visit administrative agencies directly for confirmation. Korea developed a technology to automatically review laws and derive initial planning plans, but only some of the laws reviewed on the database are included, so the accuracy is limited. Therefore, in this study, we propose a computerization plan that can integrate data on district unit planning areas. To this end, first, a survey was conducted on the status of the automatic legal review service and district unit planning area. Second, based on the published data, boundary area, related drawings, and legal data were collected. Third, the layer setting of the drawing data and the legal sentence were coded so that the data could be driven smoothly in the authoring tool. Fourth, the database was verified by constructing data for use in authoring tools and implementing authoring tools. As a result of the study, for general commerce in urban areas, the scope of legal review of existing services was the same. However, in the case of a parcel within a district unit planning area, the data constructed and the initial design plan generated by the implemented writing tool showed legal results. Through this study, it is expected that the data of district planning areas will be integrated to save time and manpower for legal review, and that the initial plan will be generated quickly to increase the efficiency of planning work.

While the issuance of permits and reports for temporary buildings has been steadily rising in recent years, complaints linked to them persist due to the absence of well-defined legal benchmarks. To address these issues, this study scrutinizes civil grievances directed at the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, along with inquiries from officials and suggestions originating from local government representatives. By examining these inputs, the analysis pinpoints shortcomings within the system's operation and proposes improvements. Through an exploration of both civil complaints and official perspectives, this study delineates three critical dimensions of concern: definition and scope, retention period, and the management of unauthorized temporary buildings. First, ambiguity envelops the definition of temporary buildings, leading to numerous disputes concerning the interpretation of pertinent laws and regulations. Second, a vast majority of temporary buildings can essentially be employed indefinitely through successive extension requests within the stipulated validity period, thus effectively enabling permanent utilization. Lastly, constraints are evident in the oversight of unauthorized temporary constructions. Although issues arise regarding structures lacking proper permissions for those exceeding their permissible duration, actively managing these illegal structures proves challenging due to the manpower constraints faced by local governments. To mitigate these institutional limitations, specific enhancements are recommended for each concern. The first entails clarifying principles and standards for categorizing temporary buildings within the Building Act. Next, establishing retention periods for temporary buildings should be guided by the features of facility type. Finally, continued efforts in institutional responses are essential. This involves bolstering punitive regulations for unauthorized temporary structures, fortifying administrative systems for efficient management, and sustaining comprehensive guidance and education on relevant procedures in tandem with systemic reforms.

A survey was conducted on the current status of architectural planning works at design offices to confirm the need for education on architectural planning amid changing construction market environment. Comparison was made with the 1998 research results to see a change over time. In addition, to compensate for the results of the survey, the overall changes in the domestic construction market and the corresponding responses and problems of each construction market entity were reviewed, and the actual status of architectural planning education at domestic universities was investigated. As a result, awareness of the importance of architectural planning in the pre-planning stage was still high, and the contents of architectural planning were added to the relevant laws, and public institution ordering projects required the planning capabilities of project participants. However, in the survey on the completion of architectural planning education, only 19.4% of the respondents completed education in the school and company curriculum, and 31.6% of the respondents confirmed that they had no experience of receiving education. In addition, a survey of 110 universities nationwide on the status of architectural planning education confirmed that only 9 universities systematically provide architectural planning lectures. In order to cope with changes in the construction market environment, there have been many efforts by each construction industry entity, such as legal and institutional improvement and manual development, but it will not be possible to effectively carry out architectural planning on the site without talented people. Therefore, the necessity of architectural planning education was clarified in this study, and for this education, it was proposed to establish an infrastructure for architectural planning education, such as the necessity of textbook production and regular school education.

The purpose of this study is to define a clear definition and scope of living SOC in the care section and to propose a complexation plan that could be linked to the local community based thereon. In this process, the behavioral characteristics of welfare facilities were utilized to classify welfare facilities targeting various vulnerable populations in an integrated manner and define living SOC in the care sector. Following that, this study proposes the following two living SOC complexation plans in the care section based on an assessment of the possibility of complexation from two perspectives, one from the perspective of each facility type and the other from the perspective of each room type: (1) Comprehensive Children Care Center: At this type of facility, psychological counselling and treatment are provided to children and children with disabilities, as well as a full-day care system is operated for children aged 6 to 12 through after-school programs, entertainment, and hobby activities in cooperation with local schools. (2) Local Comprehensive Welfare Center: These facilities are hubs of the regional comprehensive care system and provide a full range of 24-hour comprehensive healthcare services, including disease prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, social reintegration, home care, and welfare, in conjunction with local welfare facilities for the elderly.

This study aims to investigate the housing welfare services provided by housing welfare centers in Korea by analyzing cases by housing welfare center type(local government centered, public organization centered, and private non-profit organization centered), and to analyze the services provided by each type of housing welfare center and the characteristics of each type of service. To achieve these goals, this study established criteria to classify housing welfare service types by examining existing literature and prior research. Based on these criteria, nine Korean housing welfare centers were visited, and interviews were conducted with center directors and staff members. The gathered data and materials were organized and summarized, followed by a content analysis of the housing welfare services provided. These services were categorized as directly supported or indirectly supported based on budget sources. The results indicated that a comprehensive framework was introduced for categorizing and classifying housing welfare services from Korean housing welfare centers. These were grouped into three main service types: physical services, economic services, and social services. Directly supported services mainly focused on physical aspects like housing improvement, renovation, and environmental improvement projects. Social services centered on housing counseling and welfare education. For indirectly supported services, which rely on external resources other than center budgets, establishing measures is essential. These measures should prioritize facilitating access to relevant information for housing vulnerable groups. Additionally, effective collaboration is key to ensuring a well-organized, post-management of indirectly supported services.

Pedestrian count data serves various purposes within architectural, urban planning, and related fields. Typically, this data is collected by government agencies and commercial survey companies. However, conventional methods of recording pedestrian data demand significant time and effort. Consequently, data availability is restricted to specific timeframes and limited locations. In response to this, we conducted feasibility tests for an object-based pedestrian detection procedure. Google Street View data was used to capture geocoded pedestrian counts at street levels in New York City, the U.S. A validation study was performed against historical pedestrian count data recorded officially in the city at 114 different locations. The results indicated a high agreement rate of over 0.8, suggesting that street-level image data could effectively and economically replace conventional pedestrian counting methods.

In managing office building assets, grading assessment plays a crucial role in making investment decisions. In Korea, the grading assessment of office buildings has been handled by private real estate companies, following an inconsistent and sporadic analysis method. Consequently, specific facility criteria for evaluating the grade of office buildings haven't been standardized. This lack of clarity can create confusion for both suppliers and investors seeking reliable building assets. This study aims to establish precise facility standards and provide a clear direction for distinctive grading assessments. To achieve this, the current evaluation criteria were redefined after validating the revised guidelines with industry practitioners. These redefined criteria were organized into 60 items, which were then verified through focus group interviews. To quantify these criteria, a scoring table was devised for each item using a 5-point Likert scale. Using this approach, a comprehensive scoring method was established and five rating systems for office buildings were proposed. By applying this approach to an actual case, it was confirmed that the evaluation closely aligned with real-world performance. This proposed evaluation method is anticipated to assist business operators in their planning efforts and aid tenants in making informed decisions when renting office spaces.

Over the past 70 years, Alvaro Siza has planned around 50 houses and constructed approximately 30 of them in various countries, including Portugal, Belgium, Spain, and South Korea. This study aims to analyze the defining characteristics of Alvaro Siza's houses, their evolution, and the architectural influences that have shaped them. The research approach involved a thorough examination of Siza's houses, utilizing literature, drawings, and photographs. Architectural concepts involving both the external and internal spatial features of 12 selected houses designed by Alvaro Siza were analyzed. Several key aspects revealed Siza's houses had a tendency to increase in size and strategically divide their mass to offer diverse viewpoints of the surrounding natural environment. These houses often nestle into gentle slopes, facilitating panoramic views of the surrounding landscapes. The layout of the internal public spaces, whether L-shaped, U-shaped, straight, or cross-shaped, reflects an inclination toward either introversion, where the focus is on a central courtyard, or extroversion, with an emphasis on outward views. In the cross shape, introverted and extroverted tendencies coexisted by combining a U-shape and a straight shape. Lastly, both exterior and interior elements were adopted and drew inspiration from the works of modernist architects such as Le Corbusier, Frank Lloyd Wright, Adolf Loos, Alvar Aalto, and Richard Neutra.

This study aim to present the 'The Design Elements of Hospitals to Respond to Disaster' to maintain uninterrupted medical services during disasters. Factors contributing to disaster risk, measures for ensuring continuous medical care, response and recovery plans, specific design and construction strategies, medical sector plans, and construction cases were examined. It is important to note that this study focuses solely on the physical environment and gathers insights exclusively from design experts in hospital architecture. This research involved a literature review of disaster response standards and healthcare architecture cases in the United States and Japan. Ten medical planners representing seven architectural design firms specializing in hospital design participated in this survey that was conducted between July and October 2022. Open-ended questions were used to tap into their specialized and diverse experiences. Design considerations for hospital service continuity during disasters, organized by various sectors were presented. These include infection prevention, evacuation routes, seismic structural design, handling patient surges, and standards for life support equipment to ensure the safety of both patients and medical staff. Consequently, the development of a comprehensive design checklist tailored to different levels of medical institutions is recommended. Additionally, in the event of a surge in patients during a disaster, policies should be in place to encourage the voluntary participation of medical institutions in providing extra space and manpower. This proactive approach will enhance hospitals' resilience in disaster response, minimize damage within their facilities, and enable them to fulfill their crucial role in safeguarding patients' lives and continuing treatment. Furthermore, by actively participating in disaster response efforts, hospitals can earn the trust of local residents and contribute to the well-being of their communities during challenging times.

This study aims to uncover the essential spatial programs and design elements that resonate with lifestyle hotel users. It utilizes deep learning methods with social big data to access authentic customer opinions in today's digital world. In this context, this research focuses on evaluating Instagram images of South Korean lifestyle hotels systematically collected using a Python web crawler developed by the researcher. The image dataset was initially analyzed using a pre-built computer vision model to explore spatial design elements. Subsequently, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) was applied to scrutinize images categorized as spatial in the previous stage, identifying crucial spatial programs. These findings emphasize the significance of decorative elements like furnishings, materials, textiles, and indoor greenery in shaping lifestyle hotel environments. Additionally, this research revealed that these hotels offer a range of services beyond accommodation, with a strong emphasis on Food and Beverage (F&B), banqueting facilities, and retail offerings. Ultimately, this study aims to expand and enrich the toolbox of big data analysis techniques and deep learning models in the field of architecture and spatial design, introducing a new paradigm for their application.

In this study, we first explored and classified the types of multi-level pedestrian spaces in the sky as elevated walkways, connecting passages, and sky-bridge by comprehensively reviewing previous studies and practical projects. Second, we analyzed their design features related to connectivity, which are critical for their successful usage. As a research method, we selected Sejong City's elevated walkways and Pangyo New Town's connecting passage as study cases. Then, we measured their connectivity in three aspects: an urban center, surrounding facilities, and adjacent buildings and urban spaces, which we extracted through a literature review. As a result, we found that these recent cases widely applied the following design strategies to improve permeability between a city, a neighborhood, and adjacent buildings. First, their location is the city center, where the street network and infrastructure are most highly concentrated. Second, the land use of the study sites is a mixed-use, combining residential, business, cultural, commercial, and park, and green facilities. Lastly, adjacent buildings have vertical transportation approaching the multi-level pedestrian space on the main pedestrian circulation axis of the basement, as well as the ground floors, both inside and outside. The lower floors of the buildings have large atriums and a terrace on the second floor, mainly consisting of retail shops. In addition, the facades on the floor connected to the multi-level pedestrian space were opened up as much as possible through many entrances. These findings contribute meaningful insights into planning and designing multi-level pedestrian spaces in the sky, which have become important in creating a sustainable and compact city.

This study examines the seismograph rooms and stands in 10 out of 28 weather observation facilities dating back to the Japanese colonial period in Korea. The analysis is based on architectural drawings from the National Archives of Korea. During the 1920s, seismograph rooms were selectively integrated into observatories and their extensions. These rooms were typically located in the basement or semi-basement and shared space with the barometer room. Inside these rooms, T or L-shaped seismograph stands made of bricks were installed and positioned at a higher level than the wooden floor. Moving into the 1930s, the seismograph rooms shifted to ground level, featuring standalone concrete seismograph stands with rectangular or square shapes. Simultaneously, concrete was applied to the floor structure. In these cases, the height of the concrete stand matched that of the room floor. The findings of this study are expected to provide valuable insights into the preservation and utilization of the seismograph stand's foundation, which was excavated at the Seoul Meteorological Observatory in 2020.

This study was aimed at discovering the inherent meaning of architectural language for a building, expressed through metaphysical and abstract language, using content analysis and phenomenological method. Specifically, this research focuses on the early architectural works of Kim, Swoo-Geun, particularly the Office 'Space', to understand the spatial interpretation methods of architects during colonial modernization theory and the international modernist style. The forms, characteristics, and types of each space in the Office 'Space' were classified and organized, and a comparative study with Korean, Chinese, and Japanese architecture was conducted to explore the meaning of hidden Korean spatial characteristics. Although this study did not find a correlation between the Office 'Space' and traditional Korean spatial characteristics, it identified the profound architectural language of a Korean architect and the unique Eastern residential styles. Furthermore, it appeared that Kim's design work was needed to differentiate the value of the space language, and to endow specific meaning to the characteristics of indoor spatial configuration through the phenomenological approach.

The arrangement of cemeteries in urban areas has always been a significant issue due to the meaning associated with them. Because of this, cemeteries did not completely disappear from cities during the conflicts caused by modernization, and through legal and institutional consensus, they have found a new presence in urban areas in the form of cemetery parks. However, due to colonial rule, war, dictatorships, and other factors, we have been unable to achieve sufficient consensus on urban cemeteries. This conflict has become increasingly complex and persists until the present day. In this study, as an initial effort to address these issues, we investigated the historical changes of laws related to urban cemeteries. By analyzing various cemetery-related laws spanning approximately 100 years, from the Regulation of Cemetery, Burial, and Cremation during the Japanese colonial period to recent amendments to the Creation And Management Of Forest Resources Act, we examined whether these laws directly or indirectly regulate cemeteries. Additionally, we investigated the characteristics of urban cemeteries across four layers: area, use, form, and establisher&user. We have become aware of three tendencies in this regard. First, there is a gradual shift in our laws towards providing institutional support for the establishment of urban cemeteries. Second, these changes are channeled through various indirect laws rather than direct laws. Third, there is an introduction of cemeteries with diverse characteristics in terms of area, use, form, and establisher&user. However, we have also recognized certain limitations. Some regulations from the past continue to exist, and due to the negative image of the cemeteries among the public, new legal restrictions and practical obstacles are arising. As a result, the long-term settlement of our urban cemetery requires further observation from a broader perspective.

The objective of this study is to explore the concept of flagship stores, focusing on what is deemed the affective brandscape. These flagship stores stand apart from regular retail stores by emphasizing the experience economy as a pivotal factor. Instead of merely being landmarks, these stores introduce fresh ways of experiencing commerce, blurring the distinctions between local and global, original and symbolic, and authentic and artificial. This blending of elements often referred to as hybrid or hyphenated designs, serves as a means to convey brand identity. To comprehensively understand how flagship stores function and engage potential customers, it is essential to examine how companies combine diverse elements related to the physical and intangible aspects of a store, including its location, ambiance, and historical context. These hybrid commercial models prompt an exploration of how flagship stores are intricately woven together, creating combinations that are both distancing and emotionally impactful. Through case studies, including a detailed analysis of the 2002 OMA-designed Prada Epicenter, this study also compares and analyzes four selected flagship stores of the globally popular cosmetic brand Aesop. This study aims to uncover how disparate elements are harmonized to create a branded world that extends both physically and conceptually beyond the store itself.

This study aims to understand how different factors impact street environment satisfaction on a small scale. There were 17 elements identified across four categories from past research to see what affects people's satisfaction with their surroundings. The spatial layout and visual elements were measured using spatial syntax and computer vision. After analyzing the connections between field survey data, space syntax, computer vision, and street environment satisfaction using an ordinal logit model, this analysis revealed that factors like crime safety, traffic safety, sense of danger, sidewalk width, and overall integration positively impact street satisfaction. Conversely, crosswalk density, road density, building density, and the presence of fences and walls negatively affect it. From this, it's clear that creating a street environment that promotes safe and comfortable walking, free from concerns about crime and traffic, is crucial to encourage diverse and active walking in the downtown area. This study is significant as it quantifies and closely examines various factors influencing street satisfaction. However, it's important to note that the study's focus was limited to the downtown area of Gongju City, and further research is needed to understand the impact of more varied factors.

In South Korea, floor impact noise in multi-family residential buildings has become a growing concern. Specifically, there is interest in reducing floor impact noise in apartment buildings with a column-beam structure. This research conducted full-scale experiments to examine how floor impact noise is generated in different types of structures and utilized computational analysis to understand the vibration behavior known as ODS of the floor slab during floor impact noise occurrences. The results of the full-scale experiments revealed that the column-beam type apartment units had higher levels of floor impact noise compared to wall-type units. Additionally, through modal testing, it was observed that the column-beam type exhibited a low-frequency mode with significant vibration response within the floor impact noise measurement range. Furthermore, a vibration mode stemming from the internal structure of the beam was present within this measurement range as well. Based on these research findings, it is possible to reduce floor impact noise generation by optimizing beam design. The effective performance of the floor is influenced by the position and characteristics of the beams in column-beam structured buildings.

This study aims to assess the safety of steel pipe scaffolding on small-scale construction sites. It does so by comparing wind load coefficients and load combinations for temporary structures used in scaffolding design. Specifically, when accounting for the maximum wind speed and a workable maximum wind speed (10m/s), importance factors and solidity ratios were established for calculating wind loads on each temporary facility. These factors were then used to compare the results through structural analysis. Furthermore, through a comparison of load combinations that consider horizontal loads and the workable maximum wind speed (10m/s) with the load combinations considering solely the maximum wind speed, excluding horizontal loads, it was confirmed that incorporating both factors leads to a safer design.

Indoor air quality issues are on the rise, with five out of ten schools exceeding fine dust standards and 172 out of 694 daycare centers having elevated heavy metal levels attributed to construction materials. Globally, countries are actively researching ways to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, the primary driver of global warming. Within the realm of cement production, which constitutes a substantial 73.6% of Korea's mineral industry, there is a concerted effort to explore alternative materials and methodologies to curb carbon emissions. Tourmaline, as a porous inorganic substance, possesses the unique ability to undergo both physical and chemical adsorption through interaction with water. When integrated into a non-cement matrix, it holds great promise for effectively reducing harmful substances. Therefore, this study explores the incorporation of tourmaline into both cement and non-cement matrices, conducting experiments to assess its impact on properties such as strength, fluidity, density, air volume, and the mitigation of harmful substances.

Due to the pressing issue of global warming, eco-friendly buildings have gained significant attention, and among them, wooden buildings are particularly notable for their eco-friendliness. Wood offers several advantages, including sound insulation and carbon dioxide reduction. However, wood is vulnerable to corrosion and pests, which is why it is often treated with a type of paint known as oil stain. While oil stain provides insect-repellent, antibacterial, and water-resistant properties, it lacks fire resistance, leading to real-life accidents. This study addresses this issue by incorporating a flame retardant into oil stain and applying it to three different types of wood. The research focuses on analyzing the flame retardant's performance and the characteristics of the treated wood, examining flame retardant effectiveness, moisture content, and wood absorption. The findings indicate that as the flame retardant content increases, so does its fire-resistant performance. Among the wood types, acacia plywood exhibited the highest performance, while MDF plywood demonstrated the lowest. Interestingly, variations in moisture content and absorption were not significantly affected by the increased addition of the flame retardant.

This study focused on applying Bi-directional CFRP strips to improve the shear contribution of CFRP strips in Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams. Commercial Finite Element Analysis (FEA) software was used to validate the bond capacity of the CFRP strips. The experimental results from previous research were compared with the analysis results to verify the feasibility of using the software. A fter the verification process, additional variables related to the CFRP layout which were not considered in the previous research were taken into account. These variables include the CFRP layout and the anchorage of Uni-directional CFRP. The main parameters used for the analysis in this study were strains of CFRP strips, transverse reinforcement, and the concrete surface. The analysis results showed an enhancement in bond performance with the implementation of the Bi-directional CFRP layout.

This study examined the current and future competency levels of architectural designers. It identified areas that urgently need improvement for future competency enhancement and suggested measures for such improvements. The analysis highlighted deficiencies in key competencies like planning, coordination, integration, and leadership, both at the individual and organizational levels of architectural designers. Additionally, job competencies were found to be lacking, especially in building design contracts and BIM design areas across all tiers. Currently, there's a lack of adequate education to enhance the individual competency of architectural designers. The education content, organized by job roles, lacks systematic structure. Urgent improvements are needed in the technical education system for architectural designers; these include the expansion of educational programs aimed at strengthening practical competency and the reinforcement of relevance and timeliness of educational content in response to evolving times and technological advancements. A noteworthy approach is the adoption of British education models, which emphasize practical training and individual competencies. If tailored to domestic conditions, this could substantially enhance the well-rounded skill set of architectural designers, unlike the current situation in Korea.