The construction industry is a field with the largest number of workers among single industries, but various problems such as lack of employment safety, inadequate skilled expertise, decline in labor productivity, and the generalization of apprenticeship education are occurring. Despite the government introducing various systems to strengthen wage guarantees, improve the working environment, and secure skilled workers, the lack of education and training institutions to foster construction workers is a recurring issue. It is urgent to improve the professionalism of construction workers, and the working environment for field work employees. In this study, the advanced programs of construction skill education facilities were identified through the study of legal systems, related policies, similar case reviews, and interviews were conducted about practical demand and essential education programs. As a result, the lack of expertise and fieldwork was derived as the biggest issues regarding domestic construction skill education. However, public-private cooperation, public-led, and private-led educational programs were found to have high expertise, signifying that the operation of facilities in the form of public-private cooperation is most suitable to ensure stable operation. In the future, further research should be conducted in various fields to derive detailed curriculum and operation plans to improve productivity and job structure of the construction industry in the long run.

This study aims to derive the spatial characteristics of Kim Swoo-Geun's Space Group Old Office Building that can be used to activate and control informal communication, the essential element required in contemporary workplaces. This paper draws the following conclusions. First, the entire spatial organization of the building shows two characteristics: a sequentially connected spatial structure and a circular circulation system. The former means that the interconnection between spaces is made in the form of a skip floor and, thus, connected sequentially and according to certain phases. Due to the forced movement and visual continuity caused by the characteristics of these connections, occurs active and wide informal communication that transcends the divisions of the headquarters' departments and floors. The circular circulation system means that communication allowing free choices can be provided by constructing several circular circulation paths. It can compensate for the simplicity of communication caused by the forced movement. The free movement enabled due to the selection of various routes generates nomadic communication, required in contemporary offices, through frequent encounters among employees in the moving process. Finally, the central indoor and outdoor void spaces of this building activate communication. At the same time, the human scale in the workspace and the composition of the various floor levels serve to compensate for the decrease in work concentration level, that may occur because of the activated communication, enabling gradual control of communication.

In the current 4th industrial revolution era, there is an increasing interest worldwide in smart cities with smart technology applied to established cities. However, in the process of promoting these smart urban regeneration projects, specific and relevant services must first be introduced; few studies have been conducted on the importance of each. Therefore, this study derives several smart urban regeneration services that can be applied to smart urban regeneration projects while utilizing the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) to supplement the sample limitations and uncertainty risks of existing decision-making methodologies. Therefore, in this study, four types and thirteen detailed serviceswere derived through existing research and related guidelines. Through an expert survey, the importance of each service was calculated, and risks were considered by defining unavoidable, uncertainty factors in a probability distribution using MCS; the process was repeated 100,000 times. The most important service scored 28.4% for Work·Employment, in the detailed service category 9.4% was for the job information service, 9.3% for safe return home service and 9.2% for fire monitoring. These results suggest that smart urban regeneration services should be applied differently according to the location of the target site and the size of the project. Additionally, when implementing smart urban regeneration projects, it is necessary to actively introduce smart urban regeneration services that can help local residents solve job issues, crime and disaster prevention concerns, and environmental problems. From a methodological point of view, this study is significant in that it proposed and utilized MCS to supplement the risk of uncertainty in the existing expert survey. These results are expected to be useful in the process of further promoting smart urban regeneration.

The purpose of this study is to suggest the tendency and problems through a time-series analysis of legal management standards of the outdoor advertisement landscape. Moreover, based on the analysis result of the problem, a direction for improvement was suggested. Changes in management standards over 30 years from 1991 to 2021 were analyzed for each of the eight elements of type, shape, quantity, size, display location, color, material, and lighting for which legal management standards were established. Although the outdoor advertisement landscape formed by a cluster of outdoor advertisements is an important element of the urban landscape, in Korea, it is being criticized as the main culprit in lowering the urban landscape as more and larger outdoor advertisements are installed. Among the analysis elements, it was confirmed that there was no significant change in the management standards for type, form, material, and lighting, but the quantity, size, and location were continuously relaxed. Not only specific figures such as number and area, but also mitigation conditions and targets have been relaxed. In particular, after the introduction of digital advertisements in 2016, the size, location, application area, and protrusion width have been expanded. Although digital advertisements have a very large impact on the urban landscape, management standards were relaxed without careful consideration. It is necessary to seek specific solutions through in-depth follow-up studies for each analysis element.

In the 1900s, the Korean government imported architectural and medical professionalism from the West while adopting modernization in the process. Professionalism was spontaneous and autonomous in Western countries, but in Korea strong governmental regulations and restrictions were imposed. This study aims to review and compare the educational systemicity involving 68 architectural courses, 40 medical schools, 30 architectural firms, and 46 accredited tertiary medical hospitals of architectural and medical professionals in Korea. This research revealed that the educational system in the medical field is extremely subdivided and specialized, but the architectural field is integrated with a tendency to be generalized. Although the architectural design field has drastically changed from architectural engineering to a five-year undergraduate educational system with Korean architectural accreditation, the medical educational system has only had minor changes after being systematized. Lastly, the clinical education programs in hospitals are accredited by official organizations, however the architectural practice programs will need accreditation to overcome issues within the architectural practice educational system.

The purpose of the study is to classify the residential structures according to the main area for the integrated remodeling of residential houses and to suggest the integrated remodeling plan of the residential layout for the elderly. The procedure is as follows. First, a literature review on the integrated remodeling of residential spaces and housing for the elderly is conducted. Second, focusing on residential house in non-metropolitan areas, rural house types are categorized and their spatial hierarchy is investigated. Third, spatial characteristics are analyzed through current status and interview surveys. Finally, the plan for integrated remodeling of residential spaces for the elderly is presented. The conclusion of the study is as follows. The rural house types are categorized to a living room centered type and a bedroom centered type. The living room centered type is a type with the living room in the center and rooms at the edges. The bedroom centered type is a type in which rooms (bedrooms) are arranged in parallel and connected by a hallway. For integrated remodeling of residential space for the elderly, it is required to decide the space that is mainly used. The main area should be well connected with other functions. Efficient connections between public space and private space and between private spaces are necessary. The size of unnecessary space should be reduced and other rooms can be merged in order to expand the size of the main use area.

To establish and vitalize a public building's pre-architectural planning, this study intends to derive specific analysis items, determine the current status and navigate system improvements. The pre-architectural planning analysis items were prepared by comparing and analyzing the 'Pre-architectural Planning Task Performance Guideline' items and the preliminary review items; a total of 346 actual public building projects were analyzed. On average, 45.69% of 68 items were performed, however, details on materializing public characteristics, improving the class and design details regarding the project management systems were insufficient. As a result of conducting a one-way ANOVA on the use of buildings, institutions, and construction methods, it was found that the ordering institutions and construction methods had an impact on the current status of construction planning. The correlation according to the size of the design cost was judged to be minimal. Therefore, a plan to differentiate planning work based on these institutions and construction methods including subdividing the system improvement direction items were proposed.

This study aims to analyze users' EEG responses of visual perception elements for a reproduced healing space in an immersive virtual reality setting to construct a model that can produce a visual perception element combination scheme. A brain wave measurement experiment was carried out targeting a total of 33 females that measured their changes in arousal and stress levels before and after stimulation using RAB and RHB indices to apply the analysis results for model construction. Statistically, it was verified that changes in visual perception elements such as aspect ratio of space, ceiling height and window area ratio influenced EEG, which is involved in the relaxation-arousal and stress levels of research participants. This implied that reflecting on users' physiological responses in planning a healing space is essential. Arousal and stress levels of research participants differed in each virtual reality space, applying changes in spatial and visual perception elements. There was a specific part of the brain that responded sensitively, which signified a need for a model that can perform an integrated analysis. Standardization was applied to correct the RAB and RHB indices to extract the arousal and stress level ranges using the deviation percentage of the median values from the corrected indices. An integrated matrix of arousal and stress levels were devised to suggest a standard domain for selecting a combination of visual perception elements optimized for a healing space. Lastly, an optimized model integrating an EEG data analysis framework and matrix were designed. This model is a variable model where the result value can change depending on the healing space visual perception element and EEG indicators. In the future, this research would be useful for planning a healing space that applies physiological responses.

This study aims to analyze the transformation of architectural expressions involving an apartment complex's main entrance and reveal the changes made on an apartment's social perception. An apartment's social perception was segmented into five distinct stages of time based on previous research that include the bourgeosify stage, commercialize stage, recession stage, differentiation stage and the intense-differentiation stage. Photographs of the architectural expressions of the main entrances were taken at actual apartment complex visits to use as data. The collected photographs were analyzed and placed into two categories: the physical forms of the main entrances and the apartment brand locations. The main entrance of an apartment complex's physical transformation occurred when an underground parking lot was built due to the increase in vehicles and traffic in the area. For pedestrian safety, vehicle roads and pedestrian walkways were separated at the main entrance. The location of an apartment complex's brand dramatically changed following the increase of social value regarding these brand-name apartments. Throughout the branding process, apartments showcased an ostentatious display of wealth due to the residents' change in social perception of apartments. During the early 2000s to early 2010s, to satisfy these architectural expression changes, gate-shaped structures were installed at a complex's main entrance during the differentiation stage. The gate-shaped structure not only functioned to separate the vehicle and pedestrian pathways, but also served as a display of a complex's name as their prominent ostentation strategy.

It is necessary to apply crime prevention environmental design through improvement of the physical environment to relieve crime and fear of crime by children for the purpose of creating a safe childcare environment for urban low-rise residential area. This study proposes a plan for urban low-rise residential areas that factor such environmental characteristics and to support childcare by offering improvement measures for a safer space. A literature review was analyzed, and a survey conducted on 366 parents. The analysis results of this research indicated that expanding and designating various child protection zones in urban low-rise residential areas is essential to enable safer walking conditions, safeguard playgrounds and create more activities for children. Improving the walking environment is needed considering these spaces are frequently used by children. Safeguarding playgrounds to better monitor children's activities, control access to criminals, and strengthen territoriality around them would contribute to a more secure space. Lastly, strengthening various local activities for the public and its residents would also significantly help to foster a safer environment in preventing crime towards children.

When a new police station design contest is held, the planning for the integrated civil service office must align with the planning instructions from the public offering guidelines. When it comes to remodeling this kind of space, there are no such guidelines. Unlike the initial planning of a new space, various factors and the current status of a police station are considered. This study aims to propose a sample plan that involves an applicable planning direction for an integrated civil service office that could eventually be used for remodeling planning purposes in actual cases.

This study calls the existing regeneration strategies in the revitalization of modern architecture into question and emphasizes the importance of giving new values such as spatial utilization and improvement of collectivity according to the demands of consumers. The existing ways of preserving and utilizing historical space aimed at stimulating curiosity use form and architectural style that differ from modern space. The modern space has been made into a viewing spectacle rather than for utilization purposes. However, various spaces with modern values are now recognized as historical heritages, which has led to various discussions about its use, and expanded various spatial experiments that recycle a space by presenting it with new values. At present, the discussion on space regeneration has developed considerably; the use of modern and present age buildings is being dominated by the conversion of industrial heritage over artistic and cultural spaces. Attempts at complex spatialization are relatively insufficient including daily functions such as residential and work related. The Boerentoren revitalization is an experiment on how buildings with historical value can contribute to urban collectivity and community formation; rather than being occupied by specific subjects, its purpose is to make buildings work in urban functions within the urban context. Utilization of these resources is an effective way to strengthen the city's community, and can be seen as the realization of sustainability that regenerates the city's idle and symbolic space.

Schools built from approximately 40 years ago have become obsolete and take up to 35% of the total; most of these schools have adopted standardized design planning. Antiquated schools are are reluctant to embrace innovative educational changes yet are now having to confront deteriorating physical condition, manage leftover spaces due to the declining student population and address rigid modular space compositions. Obsolete schools that are typically located in low-rise detached residential areas. These factors possess the potentials to integrate a social infrastructure or living social overhead capital(SOC) that can be a used as a strategy to enhance both the school and the local environment. This study presents six remodeling design proposals conveyed to a selected school that has been confronting deterioration and idle space areas within a typical low-rise housing community. An analytical framework was set to examine physical remodeling tactics and integrating methods for living SOC to mutually beneficial. The results revealed that various approaches can be taken through remodeling the existing modular plan of the school building with varying degree. The playground that is typically covered in sand affords the opportunities for multi-level programming by utilizing the underground area to provide a mediatory green space between the school and the local neighborhood. The full spectrum of remodeling design strategies applied to antiquated schools carry the potential to become a safer educational space and can activate its role as a communal anchor.

In coping with the increasingly dominant process of Westernization, an essential task an architect faces in contemporary China is to create architecture that is culturally sensical and valid. For this reason, uncovering and interpreting the tradition of spatial art such as gardening has been a major subject of study by many leading Chinese architects. This study analyzes ShiliHongzhuang Cultural Center, a masterpiece by Wang Shu, the 2012 laureate of the Pritzker Prize and explores the specific ways by which the project represented and reproduced the characteristics of the traditional Chinese garden. This study first examines the theory of the traditional garden in terms of its layout, figures and materials. Second, the study investigates Wang's philosophy of gardening by reviewing his three articles and analyzes Wang's early work entitled Five Scattered Houses, a work regarded as the originator of his garden-style architecture, in order to draw out its characteristics in reference to traditional gardening. This study identifies six prototypical elements of commonality between the garden and the architecture such as aisle, courtyard, mountain house, water house, taihu house, and wapan wall under the categories of layout, figure and material. Lastly, this study analyzes how these architectural prototypes are represented in ShiliHongzhuang Cultural Center. The results illuminate how the Center evolves further from his early work to implement the prototypical elements in a more mature and advanced fashion. Wang's approach to design thus marks a significant point of reference for contemporary architecture that seeks to reconcile the tradition of gardening, the cultural identity, and the value of architectural creation.

This study investigated the name, function, structure, and type and usage pattern of Gagusikdam(Post-lintel wall) of the Joseon Dynasty by collecting and analyzing literature and historiacal materials related to Post-lintel walls. The findings of the study are as follows. First, Post-lintel wall is a name related to the structure of the wall, and in terms of dictionary definitions and usage examples, the description of the Tofanjang(土板墻) of the Joseon Dynasty was most similar to it. Second, Post-lintel walls were widely used during the Joseon Dynasty in not only public places such as palaces, government buildings, royal tombs, but also private houses. Third, Post-lintel walls were mainly installed in enclosed areas, especially in the female space. Fourth, the main functions of Post-lintel wall were space-dividing and visibility control in intimate areas. In addition, it was installed to prevent fires. Fifth, Post-lintel walls could be identified three types according to the material and the facade: Stone & Plastering, Stone & Wood Panelling, and All Plastering. Since the facade of Post-lintel wall is similar to the building walls, they were installed to form a continuous landscape with the surrounding buildings. Post-lintel walls have a unique structure differentiated from the known traditional walls. The study is meaningful in that it deals with in depth the historical and structural aspects of Post-lintel walls that were commonly used in the Joseon Dynasty, but are not well known now.

A stylobate is an important component of a building at the bottom, being exposed to the outside while supporting a building or pagoda. Researches have been conducted consistently on stylobates in traditional architecture, and most of them focused on remaining cases containing excavations. This study examined stylobates in ancient Chinese architecture in iconographic materials from Eastern Han Dynasty to the Northern and Southern Dynasties to understand stylobates made before the remaining cases. The findings led to the following conclusions: All styles of architectural stylobates were found from the stilt style to stone-constructed, brick-constructed, and post-lintel styles. Of them, the stone-constructed style was the most popular, being followed by the post-lintel style. The brick-constructed style was found in intaglio murals in stone burial chambers and stone coffins from the Northern and Southern Dynasties, which indicates that it developed after the stone-constructed style.

This study aims to statistically verify the pathways that impact public art. Through public art projects, it promotes communication among residents, enhances community values through resident participation and improves the social well-being of residents. A survey was conducted, three times during February through March, May through June, and September through October of 2020, on residents from 20 villages in Busan who participated in at least one public art project. Upon conducting empirical analysis, the results revealed that activist attitudes and resident participation attitudes had a positive effect on the socio-cultural, economic, and residential environment performances with regards to public art. Additionally, the socio-cultural and residential environment performances positively affected the sense of community and overall social well-being. While this study may have verified pathways that impact public art, current studies are limited to case studies and post-project questionnaire surveys.

In 2020, COVID-19 became a global pandemic; new vocabulary such as self-quarantine, social distancing, and temporary living facilities emerged in tandem with a rising interest for indoor isolation spaces. As a result, more than 80-90% were voluntarily or artificially trapped in an indoor space, essentially making indoor air quality a top priority. Since 2003, the Ministry of Environment in Korea implemented and imposed on local governments the indoor air quality management law as a statutory regulation to monitor and determine if the recommended standard range is exceeded; it measures, diagnoses, evaluates, and informs indoor air quality from sample households during a certain period and a certain number of times each year. Since 2000, many researchers have studied indoor air quality, but research on radon in new apartment buildings is somewhat insufficient. Since 2018, the dangers of domestic and foreign radon have been intensifying. From 2019, Korea was obliged to strengthen the recommendation standards for radon and to notify its measurements and diagnosis. For new apartment buildings with business plans approved after January 1, 2018, residents were provided with obligatory access to the measured and diagnosed indoor air quality. This study examines the administrative notices from 2017 to 2020 regarding the indoor air quality measurements and evaluations of new apartment buildings conducted by the Ministry of Environment. Actual radon measurement data for approximately 3,000 new apartment housing units scheduled to move in between June and October 2021 were analyzed and evaluated to determine how well the recommended radon standards set by the Ministry of Environment were followed. Additionally, achieving the goal of reducing radon from the current standard of 148Bq/m³ to 100Bq/m³ by 2024 was assessed.

More than 20% of the schools in Korea are over 40 years old. In an effort to revamp the energy performance of these school buildings, it is necessary to get expert evaluation and seek ways to improve their energy efficiency. To manage a school's energy performance, direct facility users require the ongoing application of energy management methodologies. This study aims to develop a school energy management methodology for education facility operators. Data driven energy analysis coupled with the building energy flow chart helped to ascertain expected energy consumption and estimate possible energy saving tactics. Korea's education database was analyzed to classify energy flow-related standard types by energy source. Additionally, applicability reviews were conducted through a detailed system analysis of ten schools. Through the proposed methodology, it enables even non-experts to easily identify energy saving factors. When utilizing this school energy management methodology, it also allows direct access to information from the school facility to define and fine tune data driven analysis rules.

Evaluating the seismic performance of a piloti-type structure is difficult considering the drift-based limit states such as interstory drift ratio and initial design review (IDR) of piloti-type structures are not defined. Drift-based limit states are defined for a lateral-resisting system, but piloti-type structures consist of two lateral-resisting systems. This study aims to analyze the suitability of existing drift-based limit states through the fragility assessment for piloti-type building structures. The piloti structures consisting of a shear wall system and a RC moment frame were used as a prototype model. IDR and concrete strain were used as the engineering demand parameter (EDP) to analyze the seismic fragility of target buildings through an incremental dynamic analysis (IDA). As a result of the correlation analysis of the seismic fragility curves obtained by IDR and concrete strain, the IDR-based limit states of a piloti-type structure should be lower than that of the practically used shear wall system.

The concrete filled tubular column (CFT) is a composite member with high strength and ductility due to the interaction between steel tubular and concrete. However, the square steel tubular of a CFT column that is welded has the characteristic of the quality being determined by the influence of the environment and technology. Therefore, it was planned not to use welding on CFT columns. Alternatively, increased strength and ductility occurred when the cross section of the steel tubular was improved by using stiffeners. The four steel plates were prefabricated and manufactured in an interlocking form by applying sawtooth rib detail, and the flexural performance was evaluated through cyclic loading. As a result, the flexural performance of the prefabricated CFT column with ribs were similar to the square steel tubular. The prefabricated CFT column with ribs was intended to be presented as a solution to the problem of welding the square steel CFT column.

This study aims to develop the precast concrete (PC) beam-to-column joint in a 3-story building where A-type PC column is used. A-type PC column was developed to replace a pre-engineered building system suitable for warehouses and factories. To create a spacious interior, a 3-story PC structure with a central span of approximately 10m was analyzed; the beam members and the column members were designed based on design codes. Then, two types of PC beam-column joints with mechanical anchors, often called headed bars, were developed. These joints could be constructed easily and rapidly using mechanical anchors; connecting plates made of SM45C and high strength bolts for splicing longitudinal rebars were placed inside the U-shell beam. Although the proposed PC beam-column joints exhibited a similar strength to the monolithic joint, it also showed the failure mode of weak column-strong beam, a common structural behavior in small buildings. Particularly, the PC joint using high tension bolts were determined for special moment frames according to ACI 374.1-05.

Public institutions invest in land costs while construction companies invest in construction costs; the profit gained from sales is then distributed among them based on an investment ratio for private participation regarding public housing and construction types. However, when profit distribution takes place the factors that impact the earnings rate are not considered. This study derives analysis criteria for the earnings rate of construction and land costs, financial loss from unsold housing, and the profit distribution difference between private participation type and public housing type construction. Upon analysis of earnings rate changes without criteria being considered, the earnings rate did not reflect the actual cost of a project; it was observed that fair profit distribution was difficult. Additionally, when the construction costs for basic types were applied in cities with high land costs and national concerns, the risk of unsold housing decreased while the earnings rate increased. Thus, a contract type project is a potential method to increase the earnings rate for public institutions in a city. The analysis criteria of the earnings rate proposed in this study can be used to further establish profit distribution criteria between public institutions and construction companies based on the city and project type.