Toxicological Research

Korean Society of Toxicology & Korea Environmental Mutagen Society (한국독성학회)
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Identification of acrolein as a novel diagnostic odor biomarker for 1,2,3-trichloropropane-induced hepatotoxicity in Sprague Dawley rats

  • Ji Eun Kim (Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program)/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute/Laboratory Animals Resources Center, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University) ;
  • Tae Ryeol Kim (Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program)/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute/Laboratory Animals Resources Center, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University) ;
  • Hee Jin Song (Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program)/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute/Laboratory Animals Resources Center, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University) ;
  • Yu Jeong Roh (Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program)/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute/Laboratory Animals Resources Center, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University) ;
  • Ayun Seol (Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program)/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute/Laboratory Animals Resources Center, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University) ;
  • Ki Ho Park (Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program)/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute/Laboratory Animals Resources Center, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University) ;
  • Eun Seo Park (Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program)/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute/Laboratory Animals Resources Center, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University) ;
  • Kyeong Seon Min (Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program)/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute/Laboratory Animals Resources Center, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University) ;
  • Kyu‑Bong Kim (College of Pharmacy, Dankook University) ;
  • Seung Jun Kwack (Department of Bio Health Science, College of Natural Science, Changwon National University) ;
  • Young Suk Jung (Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University) ;
  • Dae Youn Hwang (Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program)/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute/Laboratory Animals Resources Center, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University)
  • Received : 2023.11.21
  • Accepted : 2024.06.26
  • Published : 2024.10.15
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Abstract

Body odor is considered a diagnostic indicator of various infectious and chronic diseases. But, few studies have examined the odor markers for various toxic effects in the mammalian system. This study attempted to identify the novel diagnostic odor biomarkers for chemical-induced hepatotoxicity in animals. The changes in the concentration of odors were analyzed in the urine of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats treated with two dosages (100 or 200 mg/kg) of 1,2,3-trichloropropane (TCP) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The TCP treatment induced significant toxicity, including a decrease in body weight, an increase in serum biochemical factors, and histopathological changes in the liver of SD rats. During this hepatotoxicity, the concentrations of six odors (ethyl alcohol, acrolein (2-propenal), methanesulfonyl chloride, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclotrisiloxane, and 2-heptanone) in urine changed significantly after the TCP treatment. Among them, acrolein, an acrid and pungent compound, showed the highest rate of increase in the TCP-treated group compared to the Vehicle-treated group. In addition, this increase in acrolein was accompanied by enhanced spermine oxidase (SMOX) expression, an acrolein metabolic enzyme, and the increased level of IL-6 transcription as a regulator factor that induces SMOX production. The correlation between acrolein and other parameters was conformed using correlagram analyses. These results provide scientific evidence that acrolein have potential as a novel diagnostic odor biomarker for TCP-induced hepatotoxicity.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The authors thank Jin Hyang Hwang, the animal technician, for directing animal use and care at the Laboratory Animal Resources Center at Pusan National University.

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