Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy (한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지)

The Korean Society for Marine Environment and Energy (한국해양환경•에너지학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Marine Environmental Characteristics of Goheung Coastal Waters during Cochlodinium polykrikoides Blooms

Cochlodinium polykrikoides 적조 발생시의 한국 남해안 고흥 연안의 해양환경 특징

  • Lee, Moon Ock (Faculty of Marine Technology, Chonnam National University) ;
  • Kim, Byeong Kuk (Marine Research Center, Korea National Park Service) ;
  • Kim, Jong Kyu (Faculty of Marine Technology, Chonnam National University)
  • 이문옥 (전남대학교 해양기술학부) ;
  • 김병국 (국립공원관리공단 해양연구센터) ;
  • 김종규 (전남대학교 해양기술학부)
  • Received : 2015.06.16
  • Accepted : 2015.08.06
  • Published : 2015.08.25
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

We investigated marine environmental characteristics of Goheung coastal areas in August where is known to be the first outbreak site of Cochlodinium polykrikoides (hereafter C. polykrikoides) blooms, based on the oceanographic data observed from 1993 to 2013 around the Korean southern coastal waters including Eastern China Sea by National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI). The data of NOAA/NGSST satellite images as well as numerical simulation results by Seo et al. [2013] were also used for analysis. Water temperatures at the surface and bottom layers in Goheung coast, i.e. Narodo, were $25.0^{\circ}C$ and $23.7^{\circ}C$ so that they were higher than $23.8^{\circ}C$ and $19.4^{\circ}C$ in Geoje coast where is a reference site, respectively. In addition, salinities at the surface and bottom layers in Goheung coast were 31.78 psu and 31.98 psu so that they were a little higher than 31.54 psu at the surface but a little lower than 32.79 psu at the bottom in Geoje coast, respectively. That is, the differences in water temperature or salinity between the surface and bottom layers in Goheung coast in August were not large compared to Geoje coast. This suggests that stratification in Goheung coast in August is fairly weak or may not be established. In addition, the concentrations of DIN and DIP at the surface layer were 0.068 mg/L ($4.86{\mu}M$) and 0.015 mg/L ($5.14{\mu}M$) in Goheung coast while 0.072 mg/L ($5.14{\mu}M$) and 0.01 mg/L ($0.32{\mu}M$) in Geoje coast, so they did not indicate a meaningful difference. On the other hand, when C. polykrikoides blooms, water temperature and salinity in August at the station 317-22 ($31.5^{\circ}N$, $124^{\circ}E$) of the East China Sea, where is near the mouth of Yangtze River, were $27.8^{\circ}C$ and 31.61 psu, respectively. Thus, water temperature was much higher whereas salinity was almost similar compared to Goheung coast. Furthermore, concentrations of $NO_3-N$ and $PO_4-P$ in the East China Sea in August were remarkably high compared to Goheung coast. When C. polykrikoides blooms, according to not only the image data of satellites NOAA/NGSST but also numerical experiment results by Seo et al.[2013], the freshwater out of Yangtze River was judged to clearly affect the Korean southern coastal waters. Therefore, the supply of nutrients in terms of Yangtze River may greatly contribute to the outbreak of C. polykrikoides blooms in Goheung coast in summer.

국립수산과학원이 1993년부터 2013년까지 지난 20년간 우리나라 연안에서 관측한 정선관측자료, NOAA/NGSST 위성영상자료, 적조자료 및 수치실험자료 등을 분석하여, Cochlodinium polykrikoides (이하 C. polykrikoides)적조의 최초의 발생지로 알려진 고흥 연안의 8월의 해양환경적 특징을 조사하였다. 조사기간 중 고흥 연안 (나로도)의 표층 및 저층의 평균 수온은 각각 $25.0^{\circ}C$와 $23.7^{\circ}C$로, 대조구인 거제 해역의 표층과 저층에서의 평균 수온인 $23.8^{\circ}C$와 $19.4^{\circ}C$ 보다 약 $1.2-4.3^{\circ}C$가 높았다. 또한, 고흥 연안의 평균 염분은 표층과 저층에서 각각 31.78 psu과 31.98 psu로, 대조구인 거제해역의 31.54와 32.79에 비해 표층은 다소 높으나 저층은 낮았다. 즉, 고흥 연안은 하계인 8월에 표층과 저층간의 수온차나 염분차가 거제에 비해 크지 않았으며, 따라서, 고흥 연안은 8월에 성층이 매우 미약하거나 형성되지 않을 가능성을 시사하였다. 또한, 고흥 연안과 거제 해역의 표층에서의 DIN과 DIP농도는 각각 0.068 mg/L($4.86{\mu}M$)와 0.072 mg/L ($5.14{\mu}M$), 0.015 mg/L($0.48{\mu}M$)와 0.01 mg/L($0.32{\mu}M$)로, 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 한편, C. polykrikoides 적조 발생시, 양쯔강 하구에 인접한 동중국해($31.5^{\circ}N$, $124^{\circ}E$)에서의 8월의 표층 평균 수온 및 염분은 각각 $27.8^{\circ}C$와 31.61psu로, 고흥 연안에 비해 수온은 $2.8^{\circ}C$가 높았으나, 염분은 거의 유사하였다. 또한, 동중국해의 8월 표층의 질산염($NO_3-N$) 및 인산염($PO_4-P$) 농도는 고흥 연안에 비해 현저히 높았다. 게다가, C. polykrikoides적조 발생시의 NOAA/NGSST 위성영상자료 및 수치실험결과에 의하면, 양쯔강 하천수가 제주도와 우리나라 남해안까지 확장하여 영향을 주고 있는 것으로 판단되었다. 따라서, 하계 고흥 연안에서의 C. polykrikoides적조 발생에는 양쯔강 하천수에 의한 영양염 공급이 크게 기여하고 있는 것으로 사료된다.

Keywords

References

  1. Anton, A., Teoh, P.L., Mohd-Shaleh, S.R., and Mohammad- Noor, N., 2008, "First occurrence of Cochlodinium blooms in Sabah, Malaysia", Harmful Algae, Vol.7, No.3, 331-336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2007.12.013
  2. Cho, E.S. and Choi, Y.K., 2005, "The characteristics of marine environment and phytoplankton community around southwestern waters for ichthyotoxic dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides monitoring programme", J. Environmental Sciences, Vol.14, No.2, 177-184. https://doi.org/10.5322/JES.2005.14.2.177
  3. Cho, E.S. and Lee, Y.S., 2005, "Effect of salinity-stratified waters on upward migration and ratio of extracted DNA/RNA in Cochlodinium polykrikoides Margalef based on the ratio of absorbance at 260 and 280 nm", J. Life Science, Vol.15, No.3, 468-473. https://doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2005.15.3.468
  4. Choi, H.Y., 2001, "Oceanographic condition of the coastal area between Narodo Is. and Solido Is. in the Southern Sea of Korea and its relationship to the disappearance of red-tide observed in summer 1998", J. Korean Soc. Oceano., Vol.6, No.2, 49-62.
  5. Gobler, C.J., Berry, D.L., Anderson, O.R., Burson, A., Koch, F., Rodgers, B.S., Moore, L.K., Goleski, J.A., Allam, B., Bowser, P., Tang, Y., and Nuzzi, R., 2008, "Characterization, dynamics, and ecological impacts of harmful Cochlodinium polykrikoides blooms on eastern Long Island, NY, USA", Harmful Algae, Vol.7, No.3, 293-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2007.12.006
  6. Gobler, C.J., Burson, A., Koch, F., Tang, Y., and Mulholland, M.R., 2012, "The role of nitrogenous nutrients in the occurrence of harmful algal blooms caused by Cochlodinium polykrikoides in New York estuaries (USA)", Harmful Algae, Vol.17, 64-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2012.03.001
  7. Jung, C.S., Lee, C.K., Lee, Y.C., Kim, S.G., Kim, H.G., Chung, I.K., and Lee, W.A., 2002, "The outbreak, maintenance, and decline of the red tide dominated by Cochlodinium polykrikoides in the coastal waters off Southern Korea from August to October, 2000", J. Korean Soc. Oceano., Vol.7, No.2, 68-77.
  8. Kim, C.J., Kim, H.G., Kim, C.H., and Oh, H.M., 2007, "Life cycle of the ichthyotoxic dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides in Korean coastal waters", Harmful Algae, Vol.6, No.1, 104-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2006.07.004
  9. Knauss, J.A., 1978, "Introduction to physical oceanography", Prentice-Hall Inc., New Jersey, USA, 1-338.
  10. Kwak, M.T., Seo, K.H., Cho, Y.K., Kim, B.G., You, S.H., and Seo, J.W., 2015, "Long-term comparison of satellite and in-situ sea surface temperature around the Korean Peninsula", Ocean Science Journal, Vol.50, No.1, 109-117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12601-015-0009-1
  11. Kwon, H.K., Kim, H.J., Yang, H.S., and Oh, S.J., 2014a, "The importance of dissolved organic nutrients on the interspecific competition between the harmful dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides and diatom Skeletonema sp.", J. Korean Soc. Oceano., Vol.19, No.4, 232-242.
  12. Kwon, H.K., Kim, H.J., Yang, H.S., and Oh, S.J., 2014b, "Nonoutbreak cause of Cochlodinium bloom in the western coast of Jaran Bay in summer, 2013", J. Korean Soc. Marine Environment and Safety, Vol.20, No.4, 372-381. https://doi.org/10.7837/kosomes.2014.20.4.372
  13. Lee, D.K., 2008, "Cochlodinium polykrikoides blooms and ecophysical conditions in the South Sea of Korea", Harmful Algae, Vol.7, No.3, 318-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2007.12.014
  14. Lee, M.O. and Choi, J.H., 2009, "Distributions of water temperature and salinity in the Korean Southern Coastal Water during C. polykrikoides blooms", J. Korean Soc. for Mar. Environ. Eng., Vol.12, No.4, 235-247.
  15. Lee, M.O. and Kim, J.K., 2008, "Characteristics of algal blooms in the southern coastal waters of Korea", Mar. Environ. Research, Vol.65, No.2, 128-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2007.09.006
  16. Lee, S.W., 1986, "Introduction to physical oceanography", Jipmundaong, Seoul, 1-268.
  17. Lee Y.S. and Lee, S.H., 2006, "Factors affecting outbreaks of Cochlodinium polykrikoides blooms in coastal areas of Korea", Mar. Pollut. Bull., Vol.52, No.10, 626-634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.10.015
  18. Lee, Y.S., Park, Y.T., Kim, Y.S., Kim, K.Y., Park, J.S., Go, W.J., Jo. Y.J., and Park, S.Y., 2001, "Countermeasure and outbreak mechanism of Cochlodinium polykrikoides red tide 1. Environmental characteristics on outbreak and disappearance of Cochlodinium polykrikoides blooms", J. Korean Soc. Oceano., Vol.6, No.4, 259-264.
  19. Lewitus, A.J., Horner, R.A., Caron, D.A., Garcia-Mendoza, E., Hickey, B.M., Hunter, M., Huppert, D.D., Kudela, R.M., Langlois, G.W., Largier, J.L., Lessard, E.J., Ralonde, R., Rensel, J.E., Strutton, P.G., Trainer, V.L., and Tweddle, J.F., 2012, "Harmful algal blooms along the North American west coast region: History, trends, causes, and impacts", Harmful Algae, Vol.19, 133-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2012.06.009
  20. Lim, A.S., Jeong, H.J., Jang, T.Y., Jang, S.H., and Franks, P.J.S., 2014, "Inhibition of growth rate and swimming speed of the harmful dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides by diatoms: Implications for red tide formation", Harmful Algae, Vol.37, 53-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2014.05.003
  21. Oh, S.J., Yoon, Y.H., Kim, D.I., Shimasaki, Y., Oshima, and Y., Honjo, T., 2006, "Effect of light quantity and quality on the growth of the harmful dinoflagellate", Cochlodinium polykrikoides Margalef (Dinophyceae), Algae, Vol.21, No.3, 311-316.
  22. Seo, G.H., Cho, Y.K., and Choi, B.J., 2013, "Variations of heat transport in the northwestern Pacific marginal seas inferred from high-resolution reanalysis", Progress in Oceanography, Vol.121, 98-108.
  23. Shchepetkin, A.F. and McWilliams, J.C., 2005, "The regional ocean modeling system: a split-explicit, free-surface, topography following coordinates ocean model", Ocean Modelling, Vol.9, 347-404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2004.08.002
  24. Suh, Y.S., Jang, L.H., and Kim, H.G., 2003, "Relationships between spatio-temporal distributuio of C. polykrikoides red tide and mesoscale variation of oceanographic environment around the Korean Waters", J. Korean Assoc. Geo. Info. Studies, Vol.6, No.3, 139-150.
  25. Yang, J.S., Choi, H.Y., Jeong, H.J., Jeong, J.Y., and Park, J.K., 2000, "The outbreak of red tides in the coastal waters of Kohung, Chonnam, Korea: 1. physical and chemical characteristics in 1997", J. Korean Soc. Oceano., Vol.5, No.1, 16-26.