• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.75-85
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the attitudes toward divorce of young men and women. The data were collected by questionnaire from 425 respondents who resided in Sunchon. Statistical methods for the data analysis were frequencies, one-way ANOVA, t-test. The data analysis revealed that the young men and women accepted divorce as an alternative to unhappy marriage and there were significant gender differences in the attitudes toward divorce. Women accepted divorce more positively as an alternative than men in every conditions. Men accepted divorce remarkably as an alternative to unfaithful debauchery of spouse, but women accepted divorce extremely well as an alternative to wrongdoing of spouse. Most of young men and women were worried about children, but not a few of them did not perceived themselves as child rearer. This results showed that divorce will be increased and perceived differently by gender. The young men and women who had lower conservative familism, who were younger, and who had higher education responded more positively about divorce.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.4-8
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• 1976

Authors investigated the hematological examinations of 993 persons at rural region among the 1,7 41 of residents in-the part of Dang Jin (M:268, F:247) and Young Joo (M:270, F:208) in the Korea which was indicated as follows. 1. Average value and standard deviation of hematological items represents as follows: i) Hemoglobin Men Dang Jin-13.99$\pm$0.52. Man Young Joo-14.93$\pm$0.57 Women Dang Jin-12.56$\pm$0.38 women Young Joo-13.65$\pm$0.48 ii)Hematocrit Men Dang Jin-42.68$\pm$1.09 Man Young Joo-44.61$\pm$1.42 Women Dang Jin-38.16$\pm$0.93 women Young Joo-40.33$\pm$1.27 iii) Mean Corpuscular hemoglobin concentration Men Dang Jin-32.79$\pm$1.06. Man Young Joo-33.46$\pm$0.36 Women Dang Jin-32.92$\pm$0.75 women Young Joo-33.83$\pm$0.82 iv) WBC Men Dang Jin-7.130$\pm$880. Man Young Joo-7.490$\pm$910 Women Dang Jin-6.030$\pm$1.150 women Young Joo-7.320$\pm$1.040 2. The aspect of blood type at Young Joo and Dang Jin was same indicated in the order of A,O,B, and AB. 3. There are higher values of hemoglobin, hernatocrit, M.C.H.C. and WBC in men and women at Young Joo than Dang Jin.

• Archives of design research
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• v.21
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• pp.195-204
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• 1997

This study is the comparative analysis of the image structure young korean and Japanese on the present day consumer goods. Korean young men and women have image structure with 3factors of "minute-simplicity" , "practical-nan-practical ", "light-heavy", Japanese young men have those with, "light-heavy", "gay-quiet", "graceful-unstylish". And Japanese young women have those with, "gay-quiet", "light-heavy", "graceful-unstylish". Korean men and women have the same image structure. While Japanese men and women have different image structures. Korean young men and women are sensitive to decoration elements of consumer goods. Japanese young women are also sensitive to the decoration element. Korean young men and women and the Japanese young women seem to grasp their image on the consumer goods at the level of recognition, However, Japanese young men seem to grasp their image on the consumer goods at the level of sense of value.er, Japanese young men seem to grasp their image on the consumer goods at the level of sense of value.

• Journal of Family Relations
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.3-25
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• 2017

Objectives: We examined which socioeconomic and intergenerational characteristics were associated with the level of intention to marry among Korean men and women in young adulthood. Method: Data came from 351 men and 391 women who were 25-34 years old, had never been married, and had at least one living parent. We conducted multiple regression analyses by gender after controlling for age and current romantic relationship. Results: Among the socioeconomic characteristics, more years of education was linked to both men's and women's higher levels of intention to marry. For women, having a secure, full-time job was related to greater intention to marry. For men, the higher their subjective socioeconomic status, the greater their intention to marry. Among intergenerational characteristics, both men's and women's positive attitudes toward supporting elderly parents were related to a higher level of intention to marry. For men, the frequency of providing instrumental support for their parents was negatively associated with the men's intention to marry. For women, higher levels of agreement with parents' responsibility to support their adult children as well as greater affection for their parents were positively related to greater intention to marry. Conclusions: The findings suggest that young adults' socioeconomic resources and the family context are important predictors of young adults' marital intentions. The results also reveal gender differences in the factors associated with young adults' marital intentions.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.221-228
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to establish normative data for healthy Korean adults by measuring the maximal strength and endurance scores of the tongue, lip, and cheek, and to examine correlations between these measurements. Materials and Methods: This study included 120 subjects that were divided into three groups according to age: young (20-39 years), middle-aged (40-59 years), and older (over 60 years); and by gender. Measurements were taken using the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument (IOPI). Results: The mean maximal tongue strengths were as follows: young men ($46.7{\pm}10.2kPa$) and women ($32.1{\pm}7.9kPa$), middle-aged men ($40.9{\pm}9.3kPa$) and women ($36.9{\pm}8.6kPa$), and older men ($35.2{\pm}9.0kPa$) and women ($34.5{\pm}6.9kPa$). The mean tongue endurance scores were: young men ($28.8{\pm}12.6$ seconds) and women ($20.8{\pm}13.5$ seconds), middle-aged men ($17.0{\pm}8.5$ seconds) and women ($15.3{\pm}5.2$ seconds), and older men ($15.8{\pm}6.7$ seconds) and women ($17.9{\pm}8.1$ seconds). The mean maximal lip strengths were: young men ($11.6{\pm}3.0kPa$) and women ($11.4{\pm}3.8kPa$), middle-aged men ($11.4{\pm}4.2kPa$) and women ($11.1{\pm}5.1kPa$), and older men ($14.5{\pm}3.9kPa$) and women ($11.7{\pm}2.6kPa$). The mean lip endurance scores were: young men ($41.1{\pm}23.9$ seconds) and women ($22.4{\pm}21.7$ seconds), middle-aged men ($24.3{\pm}10.3$ seconds) and women ($30.5{\pm}13.4$ seconds), and older men ($24.9{\pm}11.0$ seconds) and women ($12.8{\pm}7.6$ seconds). The mean maximal cheek strengths were: young men ($24.5{\pm}4.6kPa$) and women ($20.5{\pm}4.3kPa$), middle-aged men ($25.2{\pm}6.4kPa$) and women ($21.2{\pm}5.5kPa$), and older men ($22.4{\pm}5.3kPa$) and women ($18.0{\pm}4.8kPa$). The mean cheek endurance scores were: young men ($47.8{\pm}24.4$ seconds) and women ($43.9{\pm}25.0$ seconds), middle-aged men ($27.3{\pm}11.3$ seconds) and women ($20.0{\pm}14.6$ seconds), and older men ($21.7{\pm}14.5$ seconds) and women ($17.2{\pm}11.4$ seconds). Conclusion: The data collected in this study will provide an important database of standardized measurements for maximal strength and endurance scores of the tongue, lip and cheek in healthy, normal Koreans.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.91-103
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• 2010

Objectives: This study firstly examined the pattern and prevalence of drinking. Secondly, we examined the sociodemographic and health factors associated with binge drinking and problem drinking among Korean men and women. Methods: Secondary analysis of the 2005 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was conducted for 6,613 respondents aged 19 to 64. Results: Prevalence for binge drinking was 59.7% of men and 15.2% of women. Overall, 45.0% of men and 7.1% of women reported problem drinking. For both men and women, being divorced/separated/widowed was associated with binge drinking (OR=1.51 for men, OR=1.91 for women) and problem drinking (OR=1.43 for men, OR=2.12 for women), and smoking was associated with binge drinking (OR=3.20 for men, OR=3.96 for women) and problem drinking (OR=2.39 for men, OR=4.93 for women). Among women, unmarried and less educated increased the risk of binge drinking and problem drinking but being single and education level were not associated with binge drinking and problem drinking in men. Conclusion: There might be sex difference in the relationships between sociodemographic, and health factors and binge drinking, and problem drinking. Our finding suggest that the need to develop appropriate binge drinking prevention and intervention strategies for sex specified groups at greater risk.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.45-52
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• 1968

Maximal oxygen uptake was measured in twenty-eight middle-aged men aged 45.0 (range: 40.3-50.7) years and fourteen middle-aged women aged 40.5 (range: 34.3-47.5) years by means of a treadmill test. The physique of subjects were:mean skinfold thickness at 4 sites, namely, back, arm, waist and abdomen was 7.59 mm in men and 14.5 mm in women; total body fat estimated from the mean skinfold thickness, 11.9% fat in men and 25.5% fat in women. The detailed observations are as follows: 1. Maximal oxygen uptake expressed on any reference unit in men was greater than that of women. The values of men to women were: 2.61 to 1.92l/min., 45.1 to 37.0 ml/min./kg, 51.8 to 46.5 ml/min./kg lean body mass (LBM), 15.7 to 12.6 ml/min./cm body height. 2. Maximal pulmonary ventilation in men was 80.2 l/min. and 63.5 l/min. in women. 3. There was a correlation of fairly high degree between maximal oxygen uptake and body weight, namely, r=0.56 in men and r=0.79 in women. The correlation between maximal oxygen uptake and lean body mass also was fairly high, namely, r=0.58 in men and r=0.69 in women. 4. The correlation between maximal pulmonary ventilation and body weight or lean body mass was r=0.51 and r=0.25 in middle-aged men and r=0.41 and r=0.19 in middle-aged women, respectively. 5. Maximal heart rate in men was 176.4 beat/min. and it was 183.9 beat/min. in women. 6. Maximal oxygen pulse in men was 14.6 ml/beat and 9.5 ml/beat in women. 7. Aerobic work capacity of korean middle-aged men and women maintained the same level as that of young men and women, respectively, as shown by maximal oxygen uptake expressed ml/min./kg or ml/min./kg lean body mass.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.285-298
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• 1989

This study investigated the effect of changing position from supine to standing upright on the circulation of young men and women. Healthy men and women ranging from age of 18 to 24 were examined. Two minutes before standing, the baseline heart rate and blood pressure were measured. Heart rate and blood pressure were recorded immediately and at every minute for 10 minutes after standing upright. Differences in heart rate and blood pressure between supine and standing upright position were evaluated. The results were summarized as follows : 1. Heart rate increased significantly immediately and at every minute for 10 minutes after standing upright. 2. Systolic blood pressure increased significantly immediately and at every minute for 4 minutes after standing upright. 3. Diastolic and mean blood pressure increased significantly immediately and at every minute for 10 minutes after standing upright. 4. Pulse pressure immediately and at every minute for 10 minutes after standing upright was significantly narrower than that of supine position. 5. There was no significant difference of heart rate between men and women after standing upright. 6. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure of men after standing upright was significantly greater than those of women. From these results, it may be concluded that heart rate, systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure and pulse pressure increase after standing upright, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure in men is greater than those of women after standing upright.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.47-51
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• 2018

BACKGROUND/OBJECTTIVES: The purposes of the study were to investigate folate intakes and plasma folate concentrations as well as estimate folate status in Korean healthy adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 254 healthy 19- to 64-year-old adults (68 men and 186 women) living in Seoul metropolitan area, Gumi, and Kwangju, Korea participated. Three consecutive 24-hour dietary recalls, information on folate supplementation, and fasting blood samples were collected from the subjects. RESULTS: The mean dietary folate intakes were 587.4 and $499.2{\mu}g$ dietary folate equivalent (DFE)/day for men and women, respectively. The median dietary intakes of men and women were 566.6 and $474.6{\mu}g\;DFE/day$, respectively. Forty subjects (16.7% of total) less total folate than the estimated average requirement (EAR). Folate intakes of 23.3% of men and 34.8% of women aged 19-29 years did not meet the EAR for folate. Major food sources consumed for dietary folate were baechukimchi (Chinese cabbage kimchi), rice, spinach, eggs, and laver, which provided 44% of dietary folate intake for the subjects. Plasma folate concentrations were 23.4 nmol/L for men and 28.3 nmol/L for women, and this level was significantly lower in men than in women. Approximately 13% of men and 3% of women were folate-deficient, and the percentages of subjects showing folate concentrations lower than 10 nmol/L were 27.9% of men and 6.4% of women. CONCLUSIONS: Folate intakes of Korean adults in this study were generally adequate. However, one-third of young adults had inadequate folate intakes.

• Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.544-558
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• 2018

Because of the sex-gender differences that are shown in a diversity of physiological and psychological factors, it can be speculated that the clinical presentation of symptoms as well as treatment strategies in women and men with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) may differ. Studies have revealed that IBS is more common in women than men. As for the IBS subtype, IBS with constipation is significantly more prevalent among women than men. Sex hormones and gender differences may play important roles in the pathophysiology of IBS. However, its pathophysiologic mechanisms still remain largely unknown, and therapeutic implications are limited. Moreover, women IBS patients have been reported to feel more fatigue, depression, anxiety, and lower quality of life than men IBS patients. Furthermore, there has been evidence of differences in the appropriate treatment efficacy to IBS in men and women, although relatively few men are enrolled in most relevant clinical trials. A more sex-gender-oriented approach in the medical care setting could improve understanding of heterogeneous patients suffering from IBS. An individualized and multicomponent approach including sex and gender issues might help improve the treatment of IBS.