• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.63 no.8
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• pp.27-42
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• 2013

The study was aimed to develop men's working pants patterns through the computerized 3-D virtual clothing simulation system and to verify the effects of the 3-D simulated outfit by comparing it to the images of the actual outfits. The average body measurements of South Korean men aged between 30 and 39 used for the simulation in order to generate a 3-D virtual model and to realize outfits of men's working pants for the workers in the heavy industry in South Korea. And also the preliminary questionnaire survey results on certain aspects of the working pants such as type, detailed design preference and discomforting parts were taken into consideration. Both the simulated and real images of the developed working pants were compared in terms of the ease amount according to parts of the working pants, the position of seam lines, the appearance of darts and pleats, and the effects of the fabric surface according to expertise panels' subjective 5-point scale evaluation. The results throughout the study were (1) the basic working pants item worn by subject workers were the straight one pleated pants. The most discomforting parts of the working pants were in the order of body rise, thigh, hip, waist, pants hems and knee girth. (2) the drafting factors of pants patterns differed by the men's body features, which was related to the allocation of suppression amounts between waist and hip girths into darts and hip curve amounts on the waist line level of the pants. (3) the similarity of the virtually simulated and real images of men's working pants resulted in an average of 4.5 to the ease of appearance, 4.6 to the seam lines, 4.1 to the fabric surface effects in a 5-point scale, which means that the two were highly alike.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.1-18
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• 2012

This study analyzes the balance between work and family in married, working men and investigates their need to create this balance. Data from 253 married men was collected and analyzed. The index for the questionnaire was developed using the scale from the Second National Survey of Korean Families and related research. The results show that married, working men are slightly better at balancing their work and family lives than average. Furthermore, the effects of job-related variables were higher than the effects of other social-demographic variables. Job flexibility was the major variable that determined the balance between work and family. The highest need to balance between work and family was monetary support for caring and educating children. This paper concludes that in order to improve the work-family balance, the current working culture has to be changed, and various policies and strategies that encourage a family-friendly working culture must be implemented.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.165-177
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of different working days of married working men and women on their time use on the weekend. The data collected by The National Statistical Office in 1999 was used. Among the total sample of 17,000 families, 7580 samples who are married, employed, and more than 20 yews old are selected for the analysis. This study has resulted in two major findings. (1)the working days affect on the time use on the weekend. The pattern is somewhat different by sex. The women spend more time in leisure and houseworks on the weekend as the working days decrease. However, the men do not spend more time on doing houseworks as the working days decrease. The time spent on leisure and physiologic time is increased both men and women as the change of workweek from the biweekly five-day to the weekly five-day: (2)if the five-day workweek and more flexible hours are introduced, they will contribute to Improve the quality of life of workers. This fact shows positive view at the last stage of legislation of the five-day workweek .

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.887-899
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• 2006

In this study the preference degree of a Dangcho pattern with priority given to demographic variables was examined. The results was that demographic variables have influence on the preference degree of a Dangcho pattern. The continual arrangement pattern of a stylistic type was shown as the pattern that men in their 40s and over most prefer. The continual arrangement pattern of a realistic type was shown as the pattern that men in their 40s and over and women in their 50s and over most prefer. The continual arrangement pattern of a geometrical type was shown as the pattern that men working on a sales, service, production position and women in their 50s most prefer. The single arrangement pattern of a stylistic type was shown as the pattern that college men in their 20s, men in their 50s and women working on a sales, production, service position most prefer. The single arrangement pattern of a stylistic type of a realistic type was shown as the pattern that men in their 40s working on a sales, service, production position and college women in their 20s most prefer. The single arrangement pattern of a geometrical type was shown as the pattern that most of people prefer.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.51-72
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to identify perceived work-family conflict of married working women and men with children under 12 years. Specifically, This study attempts to examine the differences of relative influence between objective time variables and subjective satisfaction variables unlike previous research. For research, this study used the data of 1012 working men and women from the 3rd Nation survey of Korean Family in 2015. The main results of this study were as following. First, Business hours and cognition of enough leisure time had more relative effect of work${\rightarrow}$family conflict than any other variable. On the other hand, leisure time on weekdays had the effect of family${\rightarrow}$work conflict with women and men. Second, gender differences of work${\rightarrow}$family conflict and family${\rightarrow}$work conflict were identified. In work${\rightarrow}$family conflict, men were influenced cognition of enough leisure time, women were influenced couple conversation time and employment status unlike men. In family${\rightarrow}$work conflict, men were not influenced subjective satisfaction variables. But women were influenced satisfaction with division of child care. Third, in family${\rightarrow}$work conflict, the addition of objective time variables in Model of men resulted in an increased $R^2$-value, but in work${\rightarrow}$family conflict and family${\rightarrow}$work conflict, the addition of subjective satisfaction variables in Model of women resulted in an increased $R^2$-value.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.23-75
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• 1995

A major change occuring in the workplace is the willingness of union leaders, managers, and workers to experiment with various work schedules and to work toward the improvement in the QWL(quality of work life). In this study, the writer measures the level of QWL, embodies components of QWL, testifies the difference of QWL according to the demographical traits, and develops some scales to measure QWL in merchant ships. To achieve objectives of the paper, 11 hypotheses were established and a questionnaire was used, 894 proper data was obtained from 2, 910 Korean seamen working in merchant ships. Results of analyses are as follows : 1) The components of QWL in merchant ships are job, employee satisfaction, wage, welfare, working condition, supervise, colleague relations, initiative, and organization management. 2) Seamen of merchant ships are satisfied with job, supervise, colleague relations, and organization management. They are dissatisfied employee satisfaction, wage, welfare, and working condition. 3) According to demographical traits, the number of the factors significant difference(P<0.05) among components of QWL are 9 for type of ships, 8 ages of seamen, 7 for married or single, nationality of ships, and education level respectively, 5 for seamen career, for 4 rank on board and trading route of ships respectively, 2 for whether union or not and whether union involvement or not respectively, and 1 for department on board. 4) Results which tested hypotheses are as follows : For the components of QWL, married men are more satisfactory than an unmarried men, officers are more dissatisfactory than ratings, old men are more satisfactory than young men, men in high education level are more dissatisfactory than men in low education level, those who are much careers as a seaman are more satisfactory than those who are little careers as a seaman. There are significant differences in the components of QWL according to nationality and type of ships. There are insignificant differences in the components of QWL according to the shipboard department, whether union is or not, whether union involvement is or not, and trading route of ships.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.661-669
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• 2001

Purpose: This study was carried out to investigate the difference in job satisfaction and marital satisfaction by gender and to explore the influences of demographic status. employment characteristics. and job satisfaction/marital satisfaction on each type of satisfaction. Method: Social statistics survey data collected by National Statistical Office in 1998 were used for the secondary analysis in the study. Job satisfaction was measured by questionnaires, which consisted of 12 items such as task, promotion, placement, wage, benefits, future in the work, working environment, human relationship. and working hours. And marital satisfaction was collected by questionnaires which consisted of 7 items, including satisfaction with general family life, relationship with their own parent and parent-in-law, relationship with brothers and sisters, relationship with their children, and economic living status. These are measured by 5-point Likert scale. Result: The results show that more than 60% of women were working as part-time employees. Their education levels were lower than men. Men were satisfied significantly more in their jobs than women. Men also had higher marital satisfaction. The employment status had the most important factor on the job satisfaction. and the marital satisfaction was the second important factor among women and men. As for the age, while older men showed higher job satisfaction, younger women showed higher job satisfaction, 28.04% of the variance in the job satisfaction for men and 33.86% for women were accounted for by the following variables: the younger age. the higher education. job satisfaction, and the higher marital satisfaction, 22.15% of the variance in the marital satisfaction for men and 21.19% for women were accounted for by these variables. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that there were differences in job satisfaction and marital satisfaction between genders, and that job satisfaction and marital satisfaction influenced each other. Employment status was the most predictive factor on the job satisfaction. Married women had an unstable employment status such as part-time position. The stability of employment could be considered as a strategy for enhancing job satisfaction for both sexes. The reason that women had lower marital satisfaction than men will have to be further investigated.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.24 no.1 s.79
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• pp.129-140
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to understand the labor division between men's housework and market work and to research the change of men's contribution to housework. And it was also examined what kinds of valuables work on a change in men's market work and housework. The information about men's change in the labor division was collected from the biggest 5 news papers in Korea for last five years for this study. And either men's new participation trend to household work did. Words searched for this study were men, labor, family, home, housewife, work, household work, father etc. Korean men have experienced a overloaded breadwinner role and have worked most in the world since 1960s. But Korean men's working time was continuously decreased a little every year. As Korean Companies had fired many worker during IMP economic crisis period, Korean men had to work more than before because of decreased fellows and they should have concentrated on their work at the sacrifice of private life and family-sharing time. On the other hand, some men were started to participate to do housework as a results of long-unemployment and early retirement after this periods. 5 day working system be in forced gradually since 2003 especially make men come back home and interest on housework. So Korean men's housework participation is gradually increasing by the practical application of sex-equitable politics such as 5 day working system and men's suspension regime for baby care. father's increased participation to children education and care, men's new family-oriented life style, dual-sexuality education system, and socially changed perception to husband housemaker. These interrelated trends demands us to shape a new labor division pattern in the family that make change the breadwinner/homemaker conception by the gender role. Now, all of family, men, women, and children have to join housework. It would help women, men, and all families make more human and equitable relationship.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.497-511
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• 2013

This study aimed to examine Korean men's experiences of work-family balance in dual income families with children under six years of age. We focused on identifying the difficulty of balancing work and family considering their individual, social, and cultural conditions. The method was a qualitative study involving two in-depth interviews with each of 12 men, and analyzing the data through the grounded theory approach. From the results, a model of men's work-family experience was constructed. It demonstrates the central phenomena (difficulties of balancing), the causal conditions (lacking time for family, seeking support from the employer, and learning husband's roles insufficiently), the contextual conditions (remaining paternalism and changing husband's roles), the intervening conditions (workplace, childcare support, and wife characteristics), and strategies (help from relatives, utilizing daycare centers, controlling birth, managing work conditions, and using family polices). We clarify the overall picture of working and family life experiences, and also show how men deal with their problems in their circumstances by balancing working and family life. In conclusion, males have difficulty participating in family life autonomously because of having less decision-making power than the wife. Moreover, the great responsibilities of the breadwinner disturb the work-family balance. Men devote themselves to working to hold a job instead of spending time with their family. However, they ultimately value work-family balance with respect to 'keeping a peaceful family life'.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.499-514
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• 2016

This study was to determine general trends with respect to work-family balance perception and psychological wellbeing, examine correlations between related variables, investigate differences in related variables, and understand the effect of work-family balance perception on psychological well-being in married employees. The subjects were 300 married employees living in G city. The subjects completed a questionnaire and data were analyzed using IBM SPSS 21.0. The major findings were as follows. First, the average scores of men and women's self-esteem were higher than the median. Men had a more traditional gender role attitude and higher work-family balance perception level than women. The scores of men and women's depression were lower and life satisfaction were higher than the median. Second, the scores of men and women's work-family balance perception were different according to working hours. Men's psychological well-being were different according to the scale of work place and women's psychological well-being were different according to household working time. Third, depression in married employees were negatively related to life satisfaction. Their psychological well-being were significantly related to work-family balance perception. Fourth, men's depression were influenced by self-esteem, social care service, family${\rightarrow}$work conflict, and work${\rightarrow}$family conflict. Depression in women were influenced by health state, self-esteem, gender role attitude, family${\rightarrow}$work conflict, and work${\rightarrow}$family conflict. Men's life satisfaction were influenced by health state, economic state, and self-esteem. Women's life satisfaction were influenced by health state, economic state, weekly working hours, self-esteem, and work${\rightarrow}$family conflict.