• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.55-59
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• 2003

The fixation and leaching characteristics of chromated copper arsenate (CCA Type C) and chromium- copper-fluoride-zinc (CCFZ) in domestic softwood (Japanese red pine, Korean pine, and Japanese larch) sapwood were investigated using the expressate method to follow chromium fixation and the American Wood-Preservers' Association (AWPA) leaching procedure to determine leaching properties after fixation. The rates of fixation were affected by preservative types; CCA was fixed much faster than CCFZ for all species evaluated. There were definite differences in the fixation rates of different species, with Korean pine requiring shorter to fix than the other species evaluated. Chromium fixation was greatly enhanced by elevated temperatures, and fixation time can be estimated according to fixation temperatures applied. The percentage of arsenic and zinc leached from domestic softwoods was relatively high compared to chromium and copper, indicating that there is still a relatively high unfixed arsenic and zinc components after complete chromium fixation in CCA-and CCFZ-treated samples, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.135-151
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• 1982

In order to investigate the effectiveness of Osmose process for the practical treatment of wood this study has been made using water soluble preservatives such as Malenit and chromated zinc chloride. The results obtained in this investigation are as follows: 1. The penetration of Malenit in sapwood has been observed deeper than that of chromated zinc chloride for all species tested in this investigation. 2. The penetration of preservatives applied in soft wood, ie. Pinus densiflora and Larix leptolepis has been observed better results than that of hard wood, i.e., Quercus accutissima and Carpinus laxiflora. 3. The longer stack covering, despite of preservatives applied and size of wood tested, has given better penetration for all species tested, and the fastest diffusion has been occured in 15 days from they day started. Following after 15 days diffusion had gradualy become slower. 4. The length of time needed for effective penetration has taken 45 days for all species tested, reaching twenty millimeters (20mm) in depth in case of Malnit, that means also more than 50% of penetration into sapwood portion. However it has taken 45 days fer Pinus densiflora and Larix leptolepis, reaching fifteen millimeters (15mm) and 60 days for Quercus accutissima and Carpinus laxiflora, reaching same fifteen millimeters in case of chromated zinc chloride, that means also less than 50% (except 50% for Larix) of penetration into sapwood portion. 5. Deeper penetration of preservatives from the wood surface has been observed in the larger wood than the smaller wood for all species tested, although the penetration ratio between the width of sapwood and the length penetrated has been observed smaller in larger wood than smaller wood. 6. The relation between moisture content of wood and the penetration of preservatives into wood tested has shown the linear regression, that is, the more moisture content brought the deeper penetration. 7. Following the result obtained at this investigation osmose process with Malenit applied has indicated as a useable process for the none pressure treatment of wood.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.41-49
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• 2006

일본에서 2004년도에 발행된 산림토목 목제구조물 시공 매뉴얼에 실려 있는 산림토목 목제구조물 설계지침은 총설, 목재의 이용과 특성, 조사, 계획 및 설계 등으로 구성되어 있으며, 이 논문에서는 총설, 목재의 이용과 특성, 조사 및 계획에 대하여 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 목재의 특성은 목재의 물리 화학적 특성, 환경에의 영향, 심리 생리적인 효과 및 목재의 부후성에 대해 정리되어 있으며, 조사항목은 유수에 의한 영향의 정도, 일사의 정도, 흰개미의 생식 유무, 지표수 및 지하수의 유하 상황, 계류 등에 서식하는 동식물의 상황, 물이용 상황 등이 제시되었다. 또한 계획에서는 목제구조물의 구조와 설치장소, 취급방법, 해당 지역의 목재 간벌재의 이용, 방부처리 등에 대하여 설명되어 있다.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.50-57
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• 2006

일본에서 2004년도에 발행된 산림토목 목제구조물 시공 매뉴얼에 실려 있는 산림토목 목제구조물 설계지침은 총설, 목재의 이용과 특성, 조사, 계획 및 설계 등으로 구성되어 있으며, 이 논문에서는 설계 및 시공에 대하여 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 설계편에는 목재의 사용 환경과 열화, 구조, 수종의 선정, 치수 표시 등의 통일, 안정성과 강도의 검토, 목재의 강도, 목재의 치수의 허용 폭 등에 대하여 제시되어 있다. 또한 시공편에는 목재의 품질 확보, 방부처리 등의 품질 확인, 목제구조물의 기능 확보 방법, 목재열화의 정기적인 조사방법과 정성적인 판정기준 및 정량적인 조사방법 등에 대하여 설명되어 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.60-66
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• 1995

The treatability of Japanese larch heartwood was assessed by pressure treatment of non-incised dimension material with CCA or CCFZ. The effectiveness of incising(conventional, high density, and needle incising) for improving CCA treatability on refractory Japanese larch heartwood was also investigated. Preservative retention and penetration were somewhat greater with CCFZ treatment, although those was generally poor in both preservatives. The retention gradients for both CCA and CCFZ-treated stock were essentially the same shape. Treatment of non-incised material with CCA acheived the recommended treatability for using treated wood at the regions of hazard class H2 in the Japanese Agricultural Standards. However, Japanese larch heartwood would require incising as a pretreatment for enhancing treatability, if CCA-treated larch is intended to be used at the regions of hazard class H3 and H4. As expected, incising resulted in a considerable improvement of preservative treatability, particularly penetration, and the effect of incising on the improvement of treatability was excellent at the sequence of needle incising, high density incising, and conventional incising. Among incising techniques investigated in this study, high density and needle incising enhanced CCA treatability beyond the point where it did meet a minimum requirements specified by the Japanese Agricultural Standards for using CCA-treated Japanese larch at the regions of hazard class H3 and even H4.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.157-174
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• 2024

This study investigates the influence of varying concentrations of boric acid (BA) preservative on the physical and mechanical properties of light red meranti (LRM) found in Sarawak. LRM or Shorea leprosula samples were treated with various concentrations of BA via the dip diffusion method using American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. The physical property, particularly the retention rate and mechanical properties, bending strength, modulus of elasticity (MOE), tensile and compression strength parallel to grain of impregnated and control samples were tested to determine the effects of BA preservative. The retention rate was found to increase with increasing BA concentration and higher surface area to volume ratio. The mechanical properties in terms of the MOE and tensile strength parallel to grain were found to be greater than those of the control samples, whereas the bending strength and tensile strength parallel to grain were lower. Amongst the results, only the retention rate and MOE showed significant interaction effects at 5% level of significance between all factors tested (samples size and BA concentration for retention rate and BA concentration for MOE).

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.187-200
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 목재보존제의 최근 국제적 동향 중, 비 구리계 약제를 중심으로 조사되었다. 최근의 목재보존제 연구 분야에서 다루어지는 비 구리계 약제로는 환경친화적 수용성약제 성분의 대표적인 붕소계 화합물이 가장 많았고, 자연에서 얻어지는 천연물질을 이용한 약제, 화학처리목재, pyrethroid계 방충제 등이 포함되었다. 인축 및 환경에 대한 사용안전성이 고려된 약제들이 주 연구대상이 되는 경향이 있었다. 붕소의 경우에는 옥외 사용 시 물에 대한 용탈성을 개선하기 위하여 다양한 고분자 등의 물질을 도입하여 정착성을 높이고자 하는 연구들이 주요 이슈였다. 또한 의학 분야에서 많이 다루어지던 천연물질이 목재보존제로써 사용하고자 하는 시도와 치수안정성을 목적으로 개발되었던 아세틸화 목재와 같은 화학수식목재에 대한 옥외 사용 시도가 눈에 띄게 증가된 경향을 나타내었다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.21-32
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• 2019

In order to investigate the decay process of wood treated with preservative, waterproofing agent and their compound systems, a full-cell process was applied to impregnate the sapwood of poplar (Populus cathay) at paraffin wax emulsion concentrations of 0.5% and 2.0%, Copper Azole (CA) concentrations of 0.3% and 0.5%, and their four compound systems, respectively. Leaching tests and laboratory decay resistance against the white-rot fungus Corious versicolor (L.) Murrill for treated wood were carried out according to the America Standard E11-06 and China Standard GB/T 13942.1-2009. At certain time intervals during the decay test, samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction technique (XRD) to investigate the time-dependent changes of chemical components and crystalline structure, thus clarifying the decay mechanisms. The results suggested that white-rot fungi degrade hemicellulose and lignin in the wood cell wall first, followed by a simultaneous degradation of polysaccharides and lignin. Besides, CA could not only slower the decomposition of both hemicellulose and lignin, but also reduce the degradation amount of hemicellulose. However, paraffin wax emulsion at high concentration had a negative effect on the impregnation of CA for the compound system treated wood.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.667-673
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• 2019

The performance of a wooden deck made of refractory materials that have difficulties in achieving target penetrations as stipulated in the specification and quality standards for treated wood in Korea, was assessed via a case study in this research. A wooden deck built in Jinju in 2009 was selected for this study because of its fabrication method using pressure and treated refractory materials. The penetration and retention analysis did not satisfy the domestic standard for treated wood. Inspection of the deck in 2019 revealed that the deck had been attacked by decay fungi. Cap rails showed much deeper and wider checking on their surface compared with the top and base rails, resulting in a severe fungal attack. The decking boards exhibited severe fungal decay primarily in the end parts. However, the rails and balusters without checks and posts were virtually free of fungal attack irrespective of the preservative penetration measures. Copper content in the soil 5 cm away from the deck was less than 150 mg/kg, implying that copper movement in the soil was very limited. These results suggest that the inhibition of surface propagation and the protection of end surfaces are essential factors in increasing the longevity of treated wooden decks; further, the results also showed that the deck was within an acceptable range from the point of copper contamination.

• 분석과학
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2008

이 연구에서는 chromated copper arsenate(CCA)로 처리된 방부목재가 실외환경에 노출될 때 금속들의 용탈 특성을 알아보았다. CCA 방부목재를 수평 또는 토양에 묻은 채 수직으로 1년 동안 노출시켰다. 수평으로 노출된 목재의 옆면에서 매월 드릴로 목재 시료를 채취하였고, 노출이 종료된 후에는 톱밥 시료를 채취했다. 수직으로 노출시킨 목재 주변에서는 표토를, 그리고 깊이별로 토양 시료를 채취하였다. 채취한 시료는 원자흡광광도계(AAS)로 분석하였다. 목재 표면 부위에서의 농도는 강우에 따라 매월 변하였고, 목재가 수평으로 노출된 경우보다는 수직으로 노출된 경우 금속들이 더 많이 용탈되었다. 비소의 경우에는 노출 전에 비해 80 % 정도까지 용탈되었다. 또한 지상보다는 지하 부위에서 더 많이 용탈되었으며, 수직으로 세운 말뚝 주변의 토양은 금속으로 오염되었다.