• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.1425-1433
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• 2012

Water temperature in the eastern part of the Yellow Sea (EYS) during winter (JFM) and summer (JJA) from 1964 to 2009 and Siberian High Pressure Index (SHI) and Arctic Oscillation index (AOI) during winter (JFM) from 1950 to 2011 were used to analyze long-term variation in oceanic and atmospheric conditions and relationship between winter and summer bottom water temperature. Winter water temperature at 0, 30 and 50 m had fluctuated highly till the late of 1980s, but after this it was relatively stable. The long-term trends in winter water temperature at both depths were separated with cold regime and warm regime on the basis of the late 1980s. Winter water temperature at 0m and 50m during warm regime increased about $0.9^{\circ}C$ and $1.1^{\circ}C$ respectively compared to that during cold regime. Fluctuation pattern in winter water temperature matched well with SHI and AOI The SHI had negative correlation with water temperature at 0 m (r=-0.51) and 50 m (r=-0.58). On the other hand, the AO had positive correlation with Winter water temperature at 0 m (r=0.34) and 50 m (r=0.45). Cyclic fluctuation pattern of winter water temperature had a relation with SHI and AO, in particular two to six-year periodicity were dominant from the early of the 1970s to the early of the 1980s. Before the late of 1980s, change pattern in winter water temperature at 0 and 50 m was similar with that in the bottom water temperature during summer, but after this, relationship between two variables was low.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.41 no.1 s.112
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• pp.94-105
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• 2006

This paper aims to analyze changes of unusual temperature events on summer and winter and their controlling factors. There has been obviously an increased frequencies of summer unusual high temperature occurrence and decreased frequencies of winter unusual low temperature at most of stations. WMI, winter SHI and AOI might be essential for prediction of unusual temperature during winter and summer OHI and spring NPI for summer unusual low temperature. These factors are crucial because they reflect the recent global warming trend as well as have apparent associations with unusual temperature occurrence frequency in Korea.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.99-107
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• 2007

Keeping in step with four seasons, Spring, summer, autumn, and winter, the heaven and earth(天地) has been born(生), grown(長), coverted(化), gained(收), and kept(藏) by interaction of yiyang and yuqi(五氣: 木火土金水). And according to Naiching, human being is born with energy of heaven and earth(天地之氣) and is grown with the law of four seasons(四時之法). So, we now know that the human's body and nature interact each other. The oriental medical science has been studied the effect that the nature's change influences on human body. Now, I get some idea that using herb medicine and acupuncture should have hanged following the change of four seasons. We know that there is a cycle in nature. Every day sun arise and down, and every month moon gets full and new. And every year, four seasons orderly change, from spring to winter. All of this is the law of nature and human body adapts this law. Man always shows the physiological phenomena which changes under the law of nature, especially the turning of the seasons. Therefore, we should use different medical methods in different seasons.

• The Magazine of the Society of Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating Engineers of Korea
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.249-256
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• 1988

The purpose of this paper is to research the estimations of the indoor natural temperature in a case of the earth sheltered space and the 1st basement room in comparison with a conventional housing. The result of this study can be summerized as follows: The natural temperature of the earth sheltered house Summer : $${\theta}es=27.0+1.65sin(2{\pi}/24{\cdot}T-1.34)$$ Winter : $${\theta}ew=11.5+1.15sin(2{\pi}/24{\cdot}T-1.61)$$ The natural temperature of the 1st basement space Summer : $${\theta}us=25.5+1.00sin(2{\pi}/24{\cdot}T-1.72)$$ Winter : $${\theta}uw=13.9+1.10sin(2{\pi}/24{\cdot}T-2.29)$$ From the results of the stated above, we can calculate the cooling and heating load in the earth sheltered house and the underground space exactly and easily at Taejeon City.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 1999

This study examined the spatial distribution of precipitation in Donghae-Shi. The daily, monthly precipitaion on the 2 stations, 3 AWS(Automatic Weather Station) were analyzed by altitudinal distribution, the air pressure type and days of daily precipitation. The results of the study are as follows. 1 Hour greatest precipitation is 62.4mm(1994. 10. 12), Daily greatest precipitation, 200mm(1994. 10. 12), Monthly greatest precipitation, 355.5mm(1994. 10), Maximum depth of snow fall, 35.5cm(1994. 1. 29) in Donghae-Shi, 1993∼1997. Altitudinal distribution of precipitation in Summer tends to have more precipitation at higher altitude, in Winter, high mountains and coast have more precipitation than other sites do. The heavy rainfall in Donghae-Shi is mainly formed by a Typhoon, next is Jangma front. The number of consecutive days of daily precipitation $\geq$20mm is 81days, 44days of those appeared in Summer season. The synoptic environment causes the difference in observed the heavy snowfall amount between high mountains and coast.

• Particle and aerosol research
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.161-172
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• 2012

Three-dimensional numerical simulation using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was carried out in order to investigate the formation and dispersion of the plume discharged from the stack of a thermal power station. The simulation was based on the standard ${\kappa}{\sim}{\varepsilon}$ turbulence model and a finite-volume method. Warm and moist exhaust from a power plant stack forms a visible plume as entering the cold ambient air. In the simulation, moisture content, emission velocity and temperature of the flue gas, air temperature and wind speed were dealt with the main parameters to analyze the properties of the plume composed mainly of water vapor. As a result of the simulation, the plume could be more apparent in cold winter due to a big difference of latent heat capacity. At no wind condition, the white plume rises 120 m upward from the top of the stack, and expands to 40 m around from the stack in cold winter after flue gas heat recovery. The influencing distance of relative humidity will be about 100 m to 400 m downstream from the stack with a cross wind effect. The decrease of flue gas temperature by heat recovery of thermal energy facilitates the formation of the plume and restrains its dispersion. Wind speed with vertical distribution affects the plume dispersion as well as the density.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Health Society Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.19-29
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• 2001

Nutrients are key environmental factors in marine ecosystem. They limit algal growth when at low concentrations and cause algal bloom when at high contents. They also control the growth and succession of many other biota including bacteria and zooplankton, either directly or indirectly. Nutrient contents therefore affect both the structure and functions of marine ecosystem. To study the contents and distribution of nutrients in Chinese Bohai Sea, two cruise surveys were undertaken in August 2000 (summer) and January 2001 (winter), respectively. A total of 595 water samples were collected from 91 sites. After collection the samples were transported to the laboratory and five nutrients, i.e., nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, phosphate and silicate, were analyzed. The results showed that tile average concentration of total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) in Bohai Sea in winter (6.5293.717 ${\mu}$mol$.$l$\^$-1/) was significantly higher than that in summer (3.717 ${\mu}$mol$.$l$\^$-1/). The phosphorus concentration in winter (0.660 ${\mu}$mol$.$l$\^$-1/) was also significantly higher than that in summer (0.329 ${\mu}$mol$.$l$\^$-1/). Mean silicate concentration in winter (7.858 ${\mu}$mol$.$l$\^$-1/) was not significantly different from that in summer (7.200 ${\mu}$mol$.$l$\^$-1/). Nutrients also varied considerable among different areas within Bohai Sea. TIN concentration in Laizhou Bay (4.444 ${\mu}$mol$.$l$\^$-1/), for example, was significantly higher than those in Bohai Bay (2.270 ${\mu}$mol$.$l$\^$-1/) and Bohai Straight (2.431 ${\mu}$mol$.$l$\^$-1/), which probably reflects tile discharge of large amounts of nitrogen into Laizhou Bay via Yellow River. The nutrients also showed vertical distribution pattern. In summer, nutrients in bottom layer were generally higher than those in surface and medium layers. In winter, however. nutrients in different layers were not significantly different Compared with historic data, TIN contents increased continuously since early 1980s, phosphorus arid silicone contents, nevertheless, fell down to some degree. Based on atomic ratios of different nutrients, nitrogen is still the main limiting factor for algal growth in Bohai Sea.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.191-196
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• 2010

The Oriental White Stork (Ciconia boyciana) and the Crested Ibis (Nipponia nippon) are wetland species listed as "Endangered" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The two species were once common on the Korean peninsula, but have experienced a severe population reduction in the past decades. Currently, they are officially extinct in Korea. At present, reintroduction programs to release the birds to the wild are in progress in Korea as well as in Japan. In this study, we surveyed the historic breeding sites of the two species using the literature and face-to-face interviews with local people as a step toward determining appropriate breeding habitats for reintroduction. We found 26 historic breeding sites for the Oriental White Stork in Chungcheong-do and Gyeonggi-do, but did not find any breeding sites for the Crested Ibis. These findings suggest that the Oriental White Stork was resident, while the Crested Ibis was a winter visitor to Korea. Based on these results, we discuss the possibilities for successful reintroduction of the two species in Korea.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.96-107
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• 2014

Extreme recovery of the thermal energy from the combustion of flue gas may bring about early gas condensation resulting in the increased formation of nitric acid vapor. The behavior of the nitric acid formed inside the stack and in the atmosphere was investigated through a computer-aided simulation in this study. Low temperatures led to high conversion rates of the nitrogen oxide to nitric acid, according to the Arrhenius relationship. Larger acid plumes could be formed with the cooled flue gas at $40^{\circ}C$ than the present exiting gas at $115^{\circ}C$. The acid vapor plume of 0.1 ppm extended to 25 m wide and 200 m high. The wind, which had a seasonal local average of 3 m/s, expanded the influencing area to 170 m along the ground level. Its tail stretched 50 m longer at $40^{\circ}C$ than at $115^{\circ}C$. The emission concentration of the acid vapor in the summer season was a little lower than in the winter. However, a warm atmosphere facilitated the Brownian motion of the discharged flue gas, finally leading to more vigorous dispersion.

• Journal of international Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.349-355
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• 2013

This paper presents the multi-objective optimisation of an Inductive Coupled Power Transfer (ICPT) device. A setup as complicated as the one at hand in this paper is extremely hard to model analytically. To acquire some knowledge about the influence of the geometric factors, a sensitivity analysis is first performed using design of experiment (DoE) and finite-element modelling (FEM). It allows validating that the choice of the free factors is relevant. This being done, the optimisation itself is performed using a genetic algorithm (GA), with two objectives and a strict functioning constraint.