• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.720-729
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• 1998

Immunohistochemical technique of the c-fos primary gene protein, Fos, was used to analyze the effects of external factors on the neuronal activities in the periaqueductal gray(PAG) of the intact rats, sham-operated rats and post-operated stress control rats. In addition, the number of Fos positive neurons has been evaluated to verify the effects of cannula implantation and veratridine treatment on the neuronal activities in PAG area. The results were summerized as follow : 1. There was no significant difference in the number of Fos positive neurons observed in the caudal and middle portion of lateroventral PAG from cannula implanted rats and sham operated rats. 2. The number of Fos positive neurons in the PAG was not changed by the stress induced by connection of collecting tube to rats for 12 hours as compared to that of intact rats. 3. In the saline treated group, the Fos immunoreactivity in the PAG did not changed at 30 minutes and 1 hour after saline treatment as compared to that of intact rats. However, the number of Fos positive neurons was significantly increased at 2 hours after treatment compared to that of saline treated rats at 30 minutes after treatment. 4. The Fos immunoreactivity was dramatically increased at 30 minutes, 1 hour and 2 hours after veratridine treatment as compared to those of saline treated groups. The number of Fos immunoreative neurons showed the maximal level at 2 hours after veratridine treatment. 5. The Fos positive neurons induced by saline and veratridine treatment were mainly distributed in front of the microdialysis window. These results suggest that new microdialysis demonstrated in this study improves efficiency and accuracy to confine the neuronal activity in front of microdialysis window site. Moreover, this directional specificity allows us to locate probe tips adjacent to the brain area of the interest site rather than centering the probes within that brain area. Finally, This microdialysis method can be used to dialyse the neurotransmitters using concious and freely moving rats.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.540-546
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• 2006

Effects of organic and inorganic additives on the SNCR reaction of NOx were investigated in a pilot scale flow reactor with a variation of operating parameters. NOx reduction efficiency increased with the increase of a residence time and an initial NOx concentration. NOx reduction reaction by urea solution started to appear about 850 and then reached to maximum value around $970^{\circ}C$. NOx reduction efficiency also increased with the increase of NSR (Normalized Stoichiometric Ratio) up to 2.0. Addition of ethanol and phenol as an organic additives shifted the optimum temperature window to lower region with decreasing the maximum NOx reduction efficiency. This might be due to the side reaction of hydrocarbon in ethanol structure. NaOH addition widened the temperature window and enhanced the NOx reduction efficiency about 10％ due to the chain reaction of NaOH and the reduction of $N_2O$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.716-732
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• 2016

Focusing on the communication effects of fast fashion visual merchandising (VM), this paper examines the effects of a fast fashion store's VM attributes on consumer's perceptions of store image towards newness and prestige that influence the time spent at stores as well as the frequency of visits. This study was conducted by collecting data online using males and females in their twenties to forties; subsequently, a total of 382 samples were analyzed. The VM communication effect model utilized in fast fashion stores was developed and tested on structural equation modeling. The findings of the study were as follows. First, the show window presentation and ancillary facilities of VM elements have a positive effect on the perception of newness, while merchandise display, layout, and signage have a positive influence on the perception of prestige. Therefore, the VM elements in the fast fashion stores that affect the perception of newness and prestige are unique. Second, the perceptions of newness and prestige have a positive impact on time spent in fast fashion stores; however, only the perception of store's newness has a significant effect on the frequency of visits. Third, show window presentation and facilities are VM elements that directly influence the time spent and frequency of visits. Finally, we confirm that store image partially mediate between VM elements and shopping behavior at a fast fashion store.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.263-270
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• 2020

This study was conducted to identify the effects of major selection motivation and occupational values on employment preparation behavior for paramedic students', and to provide basic data for improving employment preparation behavior based on the results. After receiving the consent to participate in the research from November 4 to 8, 2019, a self-written questionnaire was conducted for 3rd and 4 year university paramedic students' located in D Metropolitan City and J Province. Among the collected data, 341 parts, except for the 9 parts with insufficient response, were finally analyzed with SPSS ver. 12.0 (Window). Results, personal motivation of major selection motivation, intrinsic work values of occupational values, and extrinsic work values were influenced in order to employment preparation behavior.Therefore, it is considered that it is necessary to open a vocational value course in individual and group counseling and regular or non-regular curriculum considering the characteristics of gender and grade, major selection motivation, and occupational oalues.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.721-731
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of VMD consciousness on importance of VMD components and clothing purchasing behaviors of university students. The research method was survey and subjects were 545 male and female university students in Chungnam province. The questionnaire consisted of 4 measuring instruments; VMD consciousness, importance of VMD components, clothing purchasing behaviors, and demographic attribution. The data were analyzed by factor analysis, $X^2$ test, t-test, cluster analysis, ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test, using SPSS program. The results were as follows. First, university students had high VMD consciousness and attended to fashion trend, brand image, product information, and enjoyment of shopping, and felt appetite to purchase. Second, university students considered store arrangement and show window display as the important VMD components to purchase clothing. Third, university students were categorized into 3 consumer types(shopping/brand pursuit type, utilitarian information pursuit type, and trend/information pursuit type) by VMD consciousness. Forth, the consumer types by VMD consciousness showed many differences in importance of VMD components and clothing purchasing behaviors. Shopping/brand type considered show window display, cleanness and lighting/music/properties/color as more important VMD components, and used more money to purchase clothing and shopped more often than other consumer types.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.847-855
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is descriptive research to understand the effects of somatic symptoms, aging anxiety, and social support of middle-aged women on depression. Data collection was conducted from March 2020 to May 2020 using a structured questionnaire from a sample of 110 middle-aged women. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis test, Pearson's correlation coefficients and multiple linear regression analysis using SPSS Window 25.0 program. As a result of the study, the influence factors on the depression were confirmed by the somatic symptoms(β=0.42, p<.001), aging anxiety(β=0.35, p<.001) and total explanatory power of the variables was found to be 48.0%. Therefore, based on the result of this study, it suggests that more research is needed a program that considers somatic symptoms and aging anxiety when developing interventions to reduce depression and to verify the effectiveness.

• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.402-409
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• 2008

Wind loads and environments in realistic situations surrounded by neighboring buildings may be considerably different from those in idealized or simplified situations such as codes and standards. Interference effects of change in wind passage of a building group on wind loads and wind environments are reviewed. Wind-induced interference effects depend mainly on the building geometry and arrangement of these structures, their orientation and upstream terrain conditions. The most important factor among them may be the arrangement of building structures which can change the wind direction directly. Interference effects regarding wind loads are discussed with examples of window damages by typhoon and of pressure measurements in the boundary layer wind tunnel. Wind environment problems are also discussed, specially underlined on pedestrian comfort and safety. Various evaluation techniques or standards of wind environment are introduced. The change of wind velocity between the panel-type apartment buildings is examined, depending on the distance each other.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.143-149
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• 2008

The effects of fruit bagging time, bag kinds, and plant oil treatment on fruit cracking, pathogenic decay, and quality in grapevines were studied. The occurrence of cracking fruit was not affect by bag kinds in 'Campbell Early'. But, bitter rot occurrence in 'Campbell Early' and occurrence of cracking fruit and bitter rot in 'Wase Campbell Early' decreased effectively compared the ones of conventional bag, window bag, calcium coated bag to non-bagging. The cracking fruit occurrence of and 'Kyoho' decreased significantly by bagging to each before July 5 of 'Campbell Early' and before June 29 and July 5 of 'Kyoho' grapevines. The cracking fruit and bitter rot occurrence by plant oil treatment decreased significantly in 'Wase Campbell Early', and increased calcium of fruit skin in 'Campbell Early'. The soluble solids in fruits were much reduced by window bag and the Hunter b value in fruit skin was reduced by calcium coated bag. Accordingly, treatment of Ca-coated bag and plant oil was become judgment to reduction effect of cracking fruit.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.39 no.5_1
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• pp.551-561
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• 2023

In this study, we investigated the effects of the spectral fitting window and absorption cross-section on the retrieval of the formaldehyde (HCHO) slant column density (SCD) from the direct-sun measurement of pandora spectrometer system using differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS). Pandora Level 1 data observed at Yonsei University in Seoul from October 12 to 31, 2022 were used. The HCHO column density was retrieved under eight ranges including the spectral fitting window used in the Second Cabauw Intercomparison campaign for Nitrogen Dioxide measuring Instruments (CINDI-2) and seven types of absorption cross-section composition. The spectral fitting window was selected from 336.5 to 359.0 nm with minimum residual and HCHO SCD error. When the nitrogen dioxide (NO2) absorption cross-section at 220 K was added to the cross-section composition used in the CINDI-2 campaign among seven types, the residual and HCHO SCD error were the smallest and the HCHO column density wasstably retrieved. The average HCHO SCD with the highest retrieval accuracy and the values retrieved under other conditions differed from a minimum of 4% to a maximum of 40%.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.129-137
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• 2021

External shading devices are well known solar control devices that can help reduce the cooling load of commercial buildings. For this study, experiments were conducted to examine the feasibility of shading devices in reducing both the cooling and heating loads. The influence of sky radiant cooling during winter was verified for the external shading device, internal roller blind, and window. Results can be summarized as follows. The temperature difference between the inner and outer surfaces of the window with the external shading device was 11.8℃ compared to 14.6℃ for one without the external shading device. This 2.8℃ difference was due to heat exchange by sky radiation when the surface temperature of the shading device was lower than the ambient outdoor air temperature. The roller blind resulted in a lower temperature of 0.8℃ compared to the average temperature of the window's air cavity. This was due to heat exchange by sky radiation of the roller blind surfaces. Without shading devices, the outside surface temperature of the window is about 3℃ higher. The study also found that when external shading devices were installed on both the southwest and southeast sides, the outside surface temperature of the windows were lower on the southwest side than the southeast side.