• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.131-142
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to assess the physical activity and energy balance of weekdays and weekend in male high school students. Fifty healthy male high school students participated in this study. Anthropometric data were collected. Physical activity level (PAL) and energy intake for weekdays and weekend were calculated from a physical activity diary and food diary using the 24-hour recall method and interview. The resting metabolic rate (RMR) and estimated energy requirement (EER) were calculated from the prediction equations suggested in 2015 KDRIs. Total energy expenditure (TEE) was calculated by multiplying RMR by PAL. Mean age of subjects was $15.9{\pm}0.33years$. The daily pedometer counts were significantly higher in the weekdays (12,837 steps) than in weekend (6,661 steps) (P<0.001). The PAL of the weekdays ($1.63{\pm}0.17$) was significantly higher than that ($1.37{\pm}0.26$) of the weekend (P<0.001). PAL was significantly correlated with pedometer counts on the weekdays (r=0.495) and weekend (r=0.686). The total energy intakes ($2,847.2{\pm}681.5kcal$) and TEE ($3,046.3{\pm}437.3kcal$) of weekdays were significantly higher than those of the weekend. The results of this study would be useful to develop nutrition and exercise programs for male high school students on weekdays and weekend, respectively.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2002

The purposes of this study were to explore amount of time use for house work, leisure and extracurricular lesson used by adolescents and to explain its influencing factors. Tobit model was used to analyze the factors of time use because amount of time use was a limited continuous variable. The results of this study were as follows: 1) Amount of time used for house work per day by adolescents was found to be 36min. for weekdays and 64 min. for holidays. Amount of time used for passive leisure per day by adolescents was found to be 203min. for weekdays and 375 min. for holidays. Amount of time used for active leisure per day by adolescents was found to be 74 min. for weekdays and 194 min. for holidays. Amount of time used for extracurricular lesson per day by adolescents was found to be 96min. for weekdays and 36 min. for holidays. 2) Time use for house work was found to be significantly influenced by education status, education level of mother, job status of mother for weekdays and gender, education level of mother, job status of mother, household income for holidays. Time use for passive leisure was found to be significantly influenced by education status, small children at home for weekdays and gender, education status for holidays. Time use for active leisure was found to be significantly influenced by gender, education status for holidays, while there was no influencing factors for weekdays. Finally, time use for extracurricular lesson was found to be significantly influenced by gender, education status, household income for weekdays, and age, education level of mother for holidays.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.213-220
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• 2003

In this study, I analyzed dual-career commuting couples time use. Concretely, this study compared the husband with the wife on the becoming a commuter family, the living apart on weekdays. And it examined time use on weekdays and weekends by the time amount of each activities and the ratio of actor on each hour. The survey participants included 131 married people who were dual-career commuting couple and who were maintained separate residence and work place. The major findings are as follows: First, weekday separation of the dual-career commuting couples is largely due to career. This kind separation is mostly due to sociostructural labor market factor and individual factor to increasing working women. Second, 94.6%(53) of male participants were resident living apart from their family on weekdays. Third, the most wives mentioned some kind of emotional liberation such as freedom on weekdays. Finally, there was gender difference in the time spent on each activities when dual-career commuting couples are living together and they are apart. Especially the most gender difference on weekdays is household work time and leisure time.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.61 no.12
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• pp.1765-1773
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• 2012

The accuracy of load forecast is very important from the viewpoint of economical power system operation. In general, the weekdays' load demand pattern has the continuous time series characteristics. Therefore, the conventional methods expose stable performance for weekdays. In case of special days or weekends, the load demand pattern has the discontinuous time series characteristics, so forecasting error is relatively high. Especially, weekdays near the thanksgiving day and lunar new year's day have the mixed load profile characteristics of both weekdays and weekends. Therefore, it is difficult to forecast these days by using the existing algorithms. In this study, a new load forecasting method is proposed in order to enhance the accuracy of the forecast result considering the characteristics of weekdays and weekends. The proposed method was tested with these days during last decades, which shows that the suggested method considerably improves the accuracy of the load forecast results.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.187-199
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to understand the weekend couples' type of residence, and to identify the factors to determine their major living place. Specifically, this study dealt with the weekend couples' psychological costs and rewards when they live apart in weekdays. The data were collected from 33 married couples from 2002 June to July about their family life history. The major findings of this study were summarized as follows: 1) the type of living together ; husband living apart on weekdays, wife living apart on weekdays, wife and child living apart on weekdays, living multi-residence. The majority of them were the type of husband living apart on weekdays. 2) children's care and education were an important factor in a couple's decision 3) weekend couples' psychological costs were such as difficulties of children's care, very fatiguing, shortage of time, and emotional isolation. In spite of all these costs, weekend couples still maintain their separate living arrangements during the week. They felt different kind of psychological costs by the type of living together. 4) psychological rewards were professional success, self-fulfillment, plenty of time to use purposely, and weekenders' relationships to their spouses might seem better than before. Socialization of child-care and household-labor are important factors to reduce psychological costs for the all weekend couples.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.513-523
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• 2010

The food and nutrient intakes on weekdays and weekends was examined with 196 high school girls residing in Seoul using the 3-day food record. Frequency for skipping breakfast was higher than that for lunch and dinner. Frequencies for skipping breakfast and lunch were significantly higher on weekends than on weekdays (p < 0.05). The daily average food, vegetable food, and animal food intakes were 1,074.8 g, 680.0 g, and 317.3 g, respectively. The total food and vegetable food intakes on weekdays were significantly higher than on weekends (p < 0.05). The daily average dietary variety score (DVS) was 20.5, and was significantly higher on weekdays (23.3) than on weekends (15.1)(p < 0.05). The daily averages of energy, protein, fat and carbohydrate intake were 1,732.9 kcal, 68 g, 56.2 g, and 240.9 g, respectively. Energy, protein, carbohydrate, phosphate, iron, sodium, potassium, thiamin, niacin, folate and vitamin C intakes were significantly higher on weekdays than on weekends (p < 0.05). Fat intake was significantly lower on weekdays than on weekends (p < 0.05). The daily average percentages of energy intake from carbohydrate, protein, and fat were 55.4%, 15.6%, and 29.0%: 56.1%, 15.8%, and 28.2% on weekdays and 54.7%, 15.3%, and 30.1% on weekends, respectively. The percentages of energy intake from carbohydrate on weekdays and weekends were below 60%, and that from fat was above 28% on weekdays and weekends. The daily averages of energy, vitamin A, riboflavin, niacin and phosphate intake were above 80% as compared with the estimated energy requirement (EER) or the recommended intake (RI). The intakes of calcium, potassium and folate were below 50% as compared with the adequate intake (AI) or (RI). The daily average mean adequacy ratio (MAR), an index of overall dietary quality, was 0.77, and significantly high school girls was worse on weekends than on weekdays.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.692-697
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• 2011

Restaurant managers seeking to maximize revenue should look carefully at how long their tables are occupied and how much the average diner spends. This study examined the effect of the customer's party size on restaurant revenue. The dining periods were divided into 2 types (lunch vs. dinner/weekdays vs. weekends), which were combined to show the average spending per minute (SPM), to determine if the dining periods have measurable effects on the dining duration and average bill. The results show that the dining duration for dinner was much longer than that for lunch and there was no significant difference in dining duration between weekdays and weekends. On the other hand, customers in larger parties at lunch time had a higher SPM than those in smaller parties. A larger customer party size was associated with a longer dining duration for dinner and on weekdays. During all operating periods (lunch, dinner, weekdays, weekends), the party size had a significantly positive effect on the mean spending per minute. For restaurant managers, these findings suggest opportunities to increase revenue and adopt revenue management strategies.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.119-132
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in time use between Korean and American high school students. The data sources were the '2009 Time Use Survey' conducted by Korea National Statistical Office and the '2009 ATUS (American Time Use Survey)' conducted by Labor Statistics Division in the U.S.. 1,734 Korean diaries (1,311 on weekdays and 423 on Sundays) and 321 American diaries (208 on weekdays and 113 on Sundays) from high school students of 15 to 18 years of age were analyzed. Descriptive statistics and t-test were used for the statistical analysis. The time use patterns of Korean students on weekdays and Sundays were different than those of their American counterparts. On weekdays and Sundays, the sleeping time of Korean students was 2 hours less than the time of their American counterparts. Koreans studied more, nearly double the time of their American counterparts on weekdays and five times more on Sundays. The study-oriented time allocation of Korean students resulted in less leisure time than the American students. Korean students spent their leisure time of more than 30 minutes participating in social activities, media, and hobbies, and their time allocation to volunteer work and religious activities were nil. On Sundays, the time for studying by Korean students was more than five times longer than that spending by their American counterparts. Koreans used their leisure time of 6 hours and 47 minutes mainly for media, hobbies and social activities. The participation rate of volunteering by Korean students was only 0.5%, though it was 31.0% for the Americans. For a study-life balance for Korean students, it was recommended that trends toward time management and social policy should increase the time allocation to sleeping, housework, work, sports, and volunteering and decrease the time use in studying and hobbies.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.277-288
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to assess the energy expenditure and investigate the relationship between related variables of 57 dieticians in Youngdong-area. The average daily number of steps was found to be 9358.0$\pm$2714.3 steps/day on weekdays and 7862.9$\pm$2504.9 steps/day during weekends. Hourly step rates on weekdays and weekends came to 570.6$\pm$249.8 steps/hr and 564.0$\pm$224.8 steps/hr, respectively. Activity coefficient of subjects was higher on weekdays (1.56) than weekends (1.51, p<0.05). Resting energy expenditure estimated by the Harris-Benedict formula, WHO/NAO/FAO formula as well as formulas based on body surface area and DRIs (Dietary Reference Intake for Koreans) were calculated to be 1333.7$\pm$89.5kcal/day, 1351.0$\pm$123.3kcal/day, 1388.5$\pm$100.3kcal/day and 1295.9$\pm$90.8kcal/day, respectively. Using these resting energy expenditures and the activity coefficients, daily energy expenditures were calculated to be from 2039.7kcal/day to 2183.5kcal/day on weekdays and from 2016.1kcal/day to 2159.2kcal/day on weekends. Meanwhile energy intakes of subjects on weekdays and weekends were 1594.7$\pm$698.3kcal and 2152.9$\pm$768.0kcal, respectively. The activity coefficient (1.49) of dieticians who managed less than 500 meals per day was significantly lower than that of dieticians who served more than 500 meals per day. Dieticians of schools located in rural areas had higher activity coefficient (1.59) than those of schools located in urban or island settings. These results suggest that work analysis and development of management strategies are necessary to improve dieticians' productivity.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.21-37
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• 2020

This study focuses on the leisure activities of young, single-person households. Data collection involved selecting and interviewing eight cases. The results are as follows: 1. The leisure activities of young, single people are divided between weekdays and weekends. 2. Important factors affecting these leisure activities are time, money, and cognition. 3. Respondents maintain their work-life balance by focusing on weekdays and weekends, they work and study intensively on weekdays and spend their time and money on leisure and rest on weekends. 4. Young people want a chance to meet and share their experiences with others. This point must be central to planning the Healthy Family Support Center program.