Kim, Dae-Su;Yang, Jae E.;Ok, Yong-Sik;Yoo, Kyung-Yoal
Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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v.39
no.2
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pp.65-72
/
2006
Objective of this research was to remove the accumulated salts in the plastic film house soils by installing the perforated PVC (${\phi}10cm$) underdrainage pipes at 50 cm depth of soils with cultivating vegetables. Efficiency of the underdrainage pipes was assessed based on the changes of soil chemical properties such as pH, EC, and cations, and growth and yield parameters of the vegetables between the two treatments; the control and the underdrainage pipe treatments. The EC of the underdrainage pipes installed soils after two growing seasons were in the ranges of $1.42-2.88dS\;m^{-1}$ but those of the control were in the ranges of $3.86-4.53dS\;m^{-1}$, indication the underdrainage pipes effectively removed the accumulated salts in soils. The pHs of the control soils and the underdrainage pipe installed soil were in the ranges of 7.2-7.5 and 6.9-7.3, respectively. There was a significant correlation between pH and cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soils ($CEC=17.107{\times}pH-106.2$, $r^2=0.759$, P < 0.05). The ECs of the soils at different depths were compared between the two treatments after cultivating vegetables with lettuce-lettuce-garland chrysanthemum rotation systems. The ECs of the control soils at depths of 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, and 40-50 cm were 3.45, 3.47, 3.03, 2.03, and $2.28dS\;m^{-1}$, respectively, with decreasing with soil depths. On the other hand, the respective ECs of the underdrainage pipes installed soils were 2.43, 2.52, 2.28, 4.00, and $4.23dS\;m^{-1}$ with increasing with soil depths. This might be derived from the salts moved downward with the draining water into the subsoil. The order of cations moved downward was Mg > Ca > K, based on the ratios of cations at specific depth over those at the surface soil. The survival rates of lettuce after 15 days of transplanting in the underdrainage pipe installed soils were 98.2% as compared to 86.6% of the control. The underdrainage pipe treatment also increased the diameter of the lettuce stalk from 12.9mm of the control to 13.7mm. Overall results demonstrated that the installment of the underdrainage pipes in the subsoils of the salt accumulated plastic film house soil effectively removed the salts by leaching downward,resulting in lowering soil EC and enhancing the growth and yield of vegetables.
Kim, Yong-Uk;Myoung, Jung-Goo;Han, Kyeong-Ho;Kang, Chung-Bae
Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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v.4
no.2
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pp.44-54
/
1992
The blenniid fish, Pictiblennius yatabei(Jordan et Snyder) is ditributed in the central and southern Japan and southern Korea. The fish grows to a maximum size of 9cm in total length, and it seems to be matured in two years. Sex dimorphisms of the fish appear in the crest and the anal fin. Five egg masses of the fish were collected in Tongyoung Bay near Kyeong Nam on June 16 and 20, 1991. The eggs were laid on inner surface of empty shells of the oyster, Crassotrea gigas and blue mussel, Mytilus edulis. Each egg mass was guarded by the male parent. Numbers of eggs in each of masses were as about 450~1000.The eggs were spherical but somewhat oval in shape and ranged from 0.72 to 0.80mm in longer axis and from 0.55 to 0.65mm in shorter axis. Each egg was provided with an adhesive pedestal. Hatching took place in 105 hours after formation of embyo at the water temperature varying from 20.0 to $21.4^{\circ}C$. Melanophores appearing on the yolk remarkably changed in form during the embryonic development.The newly hatched larvae, having 32~34 somites, were from 2.71 to 3.35mm in total length. The larvae absorbed the yolk material and oil globule completely in 7 days after hatching and became postlarvae. Nine days after hatching, the larvae averaged 5.35mm in TL and the caudal notochord flex at $45^{\circ}$ Total lengths of the larvae reached 6.00 and 6.58mm in 11 and 13 days after the hatching, respectively.
Statement of problem: An incompatibility between the initiator systems of self-curing composite resins and light-curing adhesives was supposed recently. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the influence of activators for self/dual bonding on dentin shear bonding strengths. Material and methods: Fifty human molars were divided into 5 groups. A flat dentin surface was created for each tooth. A self-curing composite resin (Luxacore) was bonded with the following adhesives (n = 10); One-Step, Prime&Bond NT, AdheSE, Prime&Bond NT and AdheSE were also used in combination with activators. Shear bond strengths were measured after 24 hours of water storage. The specimens were loaded in shear in the Instron until failure at a 1 mm/min crosshead speed. Data were compared using one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test (${\alpha}$= 0.05). Results: The dentin adhesive systems in order of decreasing median bond strength were One-Step > Prime&Bond NT with activator, AdheSE with activator > Prime&Bond NT, AdheSE. Among adhesives, One-Step had the highest bond strength. Prime&Bond NT with activator had higher bond strengths than Prime&Bond NT that was used alone, and so was AdheSE. Conclusion: Shear bond strengths were increased in Prime&Bond NT and AdheSE when these were used with activators comparing used without activators. But using activators was not effective clinically comparing One-Step.
In, Hee-Sun;Park, Jong-Il;Choi, Jong-In;Cho, Hye-Won;Dong, Jin-Keun
The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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v.46
no.5
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pp.535-543
/
2008
Purpose: The objective of this study was to compare the bonding characteristics of a new self-adhesive resin cement to dentin, which does not require bonding and conditioning procedure of the tooth surface, and conventional resin cement. The effect of phosphoric acid etching prior to application of self-adhesive resin cement on the shear bond strength was also evaluated. Material and methods: Fortyfive non-carious human adult molars extracted within 6 months were embedded in chemically cured acrylic resin. The teeth were ground with a series of SiC-papers ending with 800 grit until the flat dentin surfaces of the teeth were exposed. The teeth were randomly divided into 3 experimental groups. In group 1, self-adhesive resin cement, RelyX Unicem (3M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany) was bonded without any conditioning of teeth. In group 2, RelyX Unicem was bonded to teeth after phosphoric acid etching. For group 3, Syntac Primer (Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Schaan, Liechtenstein) was applied to the teeth before Syntac adhesive (Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Schaan, Liechtenstein) and Helibond (Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Schaan, Liechtenstein) followed by conventional resin cement, Variolink II (Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Schaan, Liechtenstein). To make a shear bond strength test model, a plastic tuble (3 mm diameter, 3 mm height) was applied to the dentin surfaces at a right angle and filled it with respective resin cement, and light-polymerized for 40 seconds. All the specimens were stored in distilled water at $37^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours before test. Universal Testing Machine (Z020, Zwick, Ulm, Germany) at a cross head speed of 1 mm/min was used to evaluate the shear bond strength. The failure sites were inspected under a magnifier and Scanning Electron Microscope. The data was analyzed with One way ANOVA and Scheffe test at ${\alpha}$= 0.05. Results: (1) The shear bond strengths to dentin of RelyX Unicem was not significantly different from those of Variolink II/Syntac. (2) Phosphoric acid etching lowered the shear bond strength of RelyX Unicem significantly. (3) Most of RelyX Unicem and Variolink II showed mixed fractures, while all the specimens of RelyX Unicem with phosphoric acid etching demonstrated adhesive failure between dentin and resin cement. Conclusion: Shear bond strength to dentin of self-adhesive resin cement is not significantly different from conventional resin cement, and phosphoric acid etching decrease the shear bond strength to dentin of self-adhesive resin cement.
Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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v.28
no.3
/
pp.504-511
/
2001
Preventive resin restoration, extended concept of occlusal pit and fissure sealing, is procedure composed of as follows. Cavity preparation is limited to areas of initial caries The cavity is then restored with composite resin, while other sound pits and fissures are sealed with pit and fissure sealant. If pit and assure sealant with which microrestoration is possible is used, it may be of great benefit to both patient and operator in case of difficult-to-control children s treatment. However study on preventive resin restoration using this kind of materials have been scarce. The purpose of this study was to compare the microleakage of four different modes of preventive resin restoration. Restoration using only composite resin was compared together Fifty-five bicuspids were prepared with small class I cavity preparation on the occlusal surface, divided into the following groups and restored accordingly. Group 1 : Cavity was restored with Z-100 composite resin Group 2 : Cavity was restored with Z-100 composite resin. Pits and fissures were then sealed with Teethmate F-1 Group 3 : Cavity was restored with Z-100 composite resin Pits and fissures were then sealed with Ultraseal XT-plus Group 4 : Cavity and pits and fissures were restored with Ultraseal XT-plus altogrether Group 5 : Cavity was restored with Ultraseal XT-plus. Pits and fissures were then sealed with the same material. After restoration, the samples were thermocycled 500 times between $5^{\circ}C$ and $55^{\circ}C$ with a dwell time of 30 seconds. After thermocycling, the samples were dipped into 1% methylene blue solution for 24 hours, then rinsed with tap water. The teeth were then embedded in resin and cut buccolingually along the tooth axis and observed with a stereomicroscope to determine the degree of microleakage. The results were as follows : 1. Group 4 showed the greatest microleakage, while group 3, showed the least. The mean microleakage decreased in the following order:4>1>5>2>3. 2. There was no stastically significant difference between group 1 and group 5(p>0.05). However, group 1 showed significantly greater microleakage compared to group 2 and 3(p<0.05) Group 1 showed significantly less microleakage compared to group 4(p<0.05). 3. Group 2 showed no statistically significant difference compared to group 3(p>0.05). However group 2 showed significantly less microleakage compared to group 4 and 5(p<0.05) 4. Group 3 showed significantly less microleakage compared to group 4 and 5(p<0.05). 5. Group 5 showed significantly less microleakage than group 4(p<0.05).
Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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v.27
no.2
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pp.351-360
/
2000
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microleakage of class V compomers according to acid etching treatment and treatment times. Extracted 180 sound human molar teeth were selected then prepared physiologic pulpal pressure far this experiment. In this study class V cavities were prepared on buccal surface with gingival margin located in 1mm superior to CEJ under simulate physiological conditions. These specimens were randomly divided into 6 groups of 30 each and restored following methods : A: Dyract AP + Prime&Bond 2.1 Group 1 : No acid etching, according to manufacturer's instruction. Group 2 : 15 seconds acid etching and same method with Group 1. Group 3 : 30 seconds acid etching and same method with Group 1. B: F2000 groups + Single Bond adhesive Group 1 : No acid etching, according to manufacturer's instruction. Group 2 : 15 seconds acid etching and same method with Group 1 Group 3 : 30 seconds acid etching and same method with Group 1. After 500 thermocycling between $5^{\circ}C\;and\;55^{\circ}C$, the specimens were sealed with glass ionomer and nail varnish then placed in 5% methylene blue dye for 5 hours and rinsed with tab water. The specimens were embedded in orthodontic clear resin, then sectioned buccolingually through the center of restoration with a low speed diamond saw. The dye penetration on each of the specimens were then observed with a stereomicroscope at $\times20$ magnification. The results of this study were statistically analyzed using the indepedent sample t-test and analysis of variance. Results were as follows, 1. In occlusal walls, microleakage were significantly reduced in acid etched group restored with Dyract AP but no statistically significance in F2000 groups. 2. In gingival walls, microleakage were significantly reduced in group 2 restored with Dyract AP, and group 2 and group 3 in F2000 groups. 3. All groups, except group 3 in Dyract AP, showed significantly less microleakage in occlusal wall than gingival wall. 4. No statistical significance were showed between group 2 and group 3 in both materials.
Root uptakes of $^{54}Mn,\;^{60}Co,\;^{85}Sr\;and\;^{137}Cs$ by rice were studied through a greenhouse experiment in which the upper 20 cm of the culture box was filled with an acidic loamy-sandy soil and a mixed solution of the radionuclides was applied to the surface water on the soil 2 days before, and 5 different times after, transplanting. Percent uptakes of the radionuclides to rice tops varied $3.4{\sim}13.7%,\;0.03{\sim}0.1%,\;0.6{\sim}1.5%,\;0.02{\sim}0.15%$, respectively, with application time. Among radionuclides, soil-to-plant transfer factors decreased, on the whole, in the order of $^{54}Mn>^{85}Sr>^{60}Co{\geq}^{137}Cs$, and among plant parts, in the order of straw > chaff > hulled seed. Transfer factors $(m^2/kg-dry)$ in hulled seed were, depending on application time, $1.2{\times}10^3{\sim}5.0{{\times}10^3\;for\;^{54}Mn,\;1.6{\times}10^5{\sim}2.6{\times}10^4\;for\;^{60}Co,\;1.1{\times}10^4{\sim}7.6{\times}10^4\;for\;^{85}Sr\;and\;5.2{\times}10^5{\sim}7.0{\times}10^4\;for\;^{137}Cs$. The highest factors of all the radionuclides in straw came from the application at 67 days after transplanting while those of $^{54}Mn,\;^{60}Co\;and\;^{85}Sr$ in hulled seed appeared at later applications. The data from this studv can be referred to in assessing the radiological impact of an accidental contamination during the rice growth.
In puan area the environmental surveys were carried out at two farms of hard clam, Meretrix lusoria from April 1987 to November 1978 in order to know heather the farm environments could be rehabilitated for the cultivation of hard clam or not. The range of temperature of surface seawater was $10.7{\~}27.4^{\circ}C$, pH $7.6{\~}8.2$, salinity $22.3{\~}30.3$ ppt, COD $0.20{\~}4.71\;mg/{\ell}$, sulfide $0.04{\~}0.22\;{\mu}g-at./{\ell}$, suspended solid $34.8{\~}199.3\;mg/{\ell}$ chlorophyll a $3.71{\~}49.02\;mg/m^3$, TIN $2.01{\~}24.47\;{\mu}g-a5./{\ell}$, phosphate $0.60{\~}11.03\;{\mu}g-at./{\ell}$ and silicate $4.04{\~}476.36\;{\mu}g-at./{\ell}$. The range of temperature of substratum (bottom soil) was $14.2{\~}29.7^{\circ}C$, pH $8.3{\~}9.5$, water content of substratum was $0.28{\~}0.49\;mg/g$ dried mud, COD $2.80{\~}50.94\;mg/g$ dried mud, total organic matter $1.05{\~}1.97\%$ concentration of total Kjedhal nitrogen $31.9{\~}194.9\;{\mu}g./{\ell}$ dried mud, and sulfide $0.032{\~}0.133\;mg/g$ dried mud. Fine sand was dominant ranging over $92{\~}95\%$ and silt and clay was $2.8{\~}8.1\%$ of the composition of substratum. Some residual agricultural chemicals, ${\alpha},\;{\beta},\;{\gamma}$-BHC, heptachlor, heptachlor-epoxide, aldrin, DDE, DDT and dieldrin were detected in hard clams collected from Puan areas. Especialy, more chemical were detected during the period of rainfalls. From above results, it is considered that the hard clam frams were not yet recovered from deteriorated conditions for aquaculture.
Kim, Jin Hyun;Kim, Tae Wook;Lee, Keun Woo;Ha, Yu Shin;Lee, Jae Hyun;Kim, Kyung Min
Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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v.22
no.2
/
pp.100-107
/
2013
Unlike general microwave, QRD (Quadratic Residue Diffusor) Microwave used in this study is known as a new technology that enhances the sterilization effect with low power because it is possible to induce the average sterilization by changing wavelength phase difference. Therefore, basic research was conducted on the function that could sterilize culture media for plant factory by using environmentally friendly and low energy consuming QRD Microwave. The results are as follows: It was confirmed that there was no external deformation in the polyurethane foam and rock wool medium when changing the microwave level between 2 and 8 kW in different water content of culture media. However, PDA solid media at 2 kW were not dissolved in 60 and 180 seconds. All of the media were dissolved in other processing. There was little difference in the microwave irradiation level and surface temperature of the strain according to the processing time between Bacillus sp. and Burkholderia sp. In the sterility test according to the microwave irradiation level and processing time, it was confirmed that both Bacillus sp. and Burkholderia sp. grew in the microwave level 2 kW regardless of time. In the microwave level 6 kW, all experimental groups except the processing of Burkholderia sp. for 60 seconds were sterilized, and all of Bacillus sp. was killed in the all experimental groups. In the microwave level 8 kW, it was confirmed that both Bacillus sp. and Burkholderia sp. were sterilized regardless of time. The temperature in microwave-processed media after contaminating strains to each medium was maintained at more than 100 in polyurethane foam and rock wool medium after 60 seconds. In general, it was shown that it was possible to sterilize after 60 seconds. Therefore, it is considered that Bacillus sp. and Burkholderia sp. which are the biggest problems in the plant factory can be adequately sterilized by QRD Microwave used in this study.
Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
/
v.19
no.4
/
pp.669-683
/
2017
The objective of this study is to propose a modification of the previously proposed drainage system for catching the partial leakage of underground concrete structures. Two techniques were proposed for applying the drainage system only to the leaking parts. One was for conveying leaking groundwater to the collection point in the drainage system and the other was for conveying the collected groundwater to the primary drainage system of the underground concrete structure. Four waterproofing materials for conveying leaking groundwater to the catchment point of the drainage system, Durkflex made of porous rubber material, KE-45 silicone adhesive with super strong adhesion, Hotty-gel made of polymeric materials and general silicone adhesive were evaluated for waterproofing performance. Hotty-gel only showed perfect waterproof performance and the other three waterproof materials leaked. The modified drainage system with Hotty-gel and drainage pipe with fixed saddle to convey the leaking groundwater from the catchment point to the primary drainage system were tested on the concrete retaining wall. The waterproof performance and the drainage performance were evaluated by injecting 1,000 ml of water in the back of the modified drainage system at the 7-day, 14-day, 21-day, 28-day, 2-month and 3-month. There was no problem in waterproof performance and drainage performance of the modified drainage system during 3 months. In order to evaluate the construction period and construction cost of the modified drainage system, it was compared with the existing leaching repair method in surface cleaning stage, leakage treatment stage, and protective barrier stage. Total construction period and construction cost were compared in considering the contents of work, repair material, construction equipment, working time, and total number of workers. As a result of comparing and analyzing in each construction stage, it was concluded that the modified drainage system could save construction period and construction cost compared to the existing leaching repair method.
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