• 산업공학
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.104-112
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• 2004

The purposes of the study were twofold: to investigate the stereotype of position and direction that the users expect when operating the handles of a water faucet in different directions, and to collect information about user’s preferred directions. Six hundred subjects, aged from teens to over sixties, participated in the experiment with the procedure of showing them actual water faucets of a lever-type handle and two round-shaped handles mounted on the sink(horizontal plane) and wall(vertical plane). The water faucets presented to the subjects were most widely used devices in our living environment. The results showed that when the handle of the lever-type water faucet was in the 'up' position, 63% of the subjects expected the device was 'open'. When the cold hot separated water faucets were mounted on the horizontal or vertical plane, over 50% of those who answered the 'open' direction of round type handles responded as 'counter clockwise' for a 'hot' water faucet and 'clockwise' for a 'cold' water faucet. In conclusion, this study suggests that water faucet devices be designed and installed in the way that the users expect them to operate.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.519-525
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• 2011

We studied on the effect of faucet cleanliness, faucet conditions (screen, mixing faucet), and flushing time for bacterial detection in tap water. As results, tap water should be left to run to waste for 2 to 3 minutes and if a questionable cleanliness is questionable, disinfect the faucet by using flaming or other methods before sampling. We proposed sampling method to decrease effect of factors associated with bacterial detection in tap water and contributed to be evaluated more accurate water quality.

• 디자인학연구
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.351-362
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• 2004

일반적으로 사람들은 주변에서 일어나는 어떤 현상을 눈으로 보고 그것에 대해 각자 어떤 방식으로든 반응한다. 그리고 보여 지는 것이 무엇인가에 따라 아주 다양한 순차적 행동이 이어진다. 육체적, 지적인 능력과 경험적 교육에 대한 큰 장애가 없는 사람일수록 스스로의 행동에 대해 외부의 물리적 힘에 의한 행위의 교정보다는 보고, 듣고, 느낌에 의해 자발적으로 행동을 규제하는 쪽을 선호한다. 다른 한편으로 우리들이 일상생활에서 편리하게 사용하고 있는 도구들일지라도 사용자 스스로 행동을 규제해야 하는 기능들이 상황에 따라 빈번히 요구된다. 그렇지 않으면 사용자 측면에서 별로 의식하지 않고 사용하고 있으나 무언가 필요성을 느끼면서도 뚜렷한 대안을 찾지 못한 채 현재의 기능에 적응하고 있는 경우일 것이다. 구체적인 예를 들자면 가정에서 요리나 설거지, 혹은 세면이나 목욕 시에 수도꼭지를 틀지만 계몽적인 측면에서 익히 접해온 절약이란 말과 안이한 행동사이를 오가면서 스스로를 제어하지 못한다. 이런 점에서 흐르는 물의 양을 작업 공간내에서 시각적으로 바로 확인 할 수 있는 부가적인 기능을 갖춘 도구가 있다면, 모두에서 언급하였듯이 사용자가 자발적으로 자신의 행위를 조절 할 수 있으며, 또한 정확한 물의 양을 측정함으로써. 여러 가지 후속적인 행동에 아주 요긴하게 이용될 수 있을 것이다. 이와 같이 작업공간에서의 유량측정이 가능한 수전금구는 시대적 조류와 더불어 디지털의 기술을 적용한 유량측정센서를 수도꼭지에 부착하고 부피를 최소화함으로써 구조나 형태를 최적화하는 조형 작업을 통해 시대 조류에 부응하는 제품으로 업그레이드 될 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 일상생활에서 꼭 필요로 하는 수전금구에 대해 사회적, 환경적 요구에 부합하며, 이종 기술이 적용된 새로운 개념의 제품을 기능적, 구조적, 조형적 측면에서 연구함으로써 향후 이와 관련된 유사한 제품개발의 참고 자료를 마련 하고자 하였다.

• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.581-587
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• 2021

In recent years, contamination of drinking water sources has emerged as a serious social problem, such as a large number of impurities in tap water or groundwater or the supply of suitable water due to rust of pipes. Although the government and public institutions are implementing various measures to protect water sources, they cannot improve water quality in a short period of time because of the enormous cost involved. Therefore, in recent years, preference has been given to a device that converts tap water, which is hard water, into soft water by installing a separate water softener at the faucet from which tap water is discharged. However, the existing filtration device has a problem that filtration performance is gradually lowered when impurities accumulate in the filter, requiring continuous filter replacement. In this study, the optimal design of the filter housing was performed to develop a water softener that can be washed when impurities accumulate on the filter inside the water softener connected to the faucet. For optimal design of the filter housing, fluid and fluid-structural interaction analysis were performed on the design pressure to determine the shape and thickness of the housing, and design review was performed through prototype.

• 한국소음진동공학회논문집
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.226-234
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• 2007

This study aims to evaluate noise emission from water supply and drain installations in apartment bathroom. These noise were one of the most annoying noise sources in apartment houses. Especially, drain plumbing system have used bellow bathroom ceiling, it was very discomfort to hear the noise in bellow apartment. Noise of closets and faucets were measured which were main noise source, then these noise were evaluate and analyzed the emitting characteristics varying the supplying water pressure. As increasing the water pressure, also total noise level of the water supplying stool noise and faucet noise were increased. Especially the water closet showed remarkably the increasing noise level in middle and high frequency bandwidth, while the noise level of faucets increased in $50\;Hz{\sim}250\;Hz$ of low frequency bandwidth. Vortex closet were favorable to syphon closet, and lever faucet were favorable to conventional lavatory faucet on reducing the noise. Above these results could be used in basic data establishing KS (Korean Standard) for evaluation and rating procedure and measures reducing these noise.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.37-42
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• 2015

오늘날 지구는 환경오염이 심해짐에 따라 여러 가지 자연 재해 때문에 실제 사용할 수 있는 수자원이 점차 고갈되어 가고 있어 그 수자원을 절약할 수 있는 방법이 필요한 때이다. 본 연구는 욕실용 수전 모델들의 내부에서의 유동 해석을 하여 속도 및 온도 분포들을 분석하였다. Model 3가 Model들 중 혼합 후의 온도가 가장 균일하게 나타나고, Model 3는 가장 낮은 속도 분포를 가지고 있고 혼합을 위한 공간이 가장 커서 물의 배출속도에 가장 많은 영향을 줌으로서 물을 아낄 수 있다고 보인다. 본 연구 결과를 이용하여 여러 가지 모양의 공간을 만들어 더욱 혼합이 잘 이루어지게 하여 그 물을 아끼는 욕실용 수전 모델의 개발에 활용될 수 있다고 사료된다. 또한, 디자인 면에서 융합 기술로의 접목도 가능하여 미적인 감각을 나타낼 수 있다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.23-29
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• 2008

Throughout the analysis of field data from water distribution system, valid parameters were determined that can be included in the water service and design plan. This study investigates water consumption patterns to understand the variation of water-demand structures utilizing the pattern analysis of domestic purpose water. Water use data were collected by a public water resources management firm in Korea, Kwater, for 140 houses monitored during three years. Flow meters were installed at the faucet for drinking water, the shower booth, the laundry machine, bathroom sink, toilet, and garden faucet. Data was filtered using multiple physically meaningful criteria to improve analysis credibility. Mann Kendall and Spearman's Rho tests were used to carry out the analysis. Distinct factors of water consumption patterns can be determined for both increasing and decreasing trends of water use. Throughout the data analysis, the characterization of terms was classified and analyzed by the condition of the location of water-demand. Analysis of this data provide a physical basis for the parameter configuration of a reasonable design for a domestic water demand prediction model.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.71-78
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• 2008

Purpose: This study standardizes the position and direction of devices based on general user expectations and stereotypes. Population stereotypes are cognitive structures that contain the perceiver's knowledge, beliefs, and expectations about human groups. In this paper, the stereotypes that people typically expect when manipulating 'cylindrical key-in-knob locks' and 'lever-type water faucet handles' were investigated and data regarding their expectations were collected. Methods: Two sets of 600 participants, between 13 and over 60 years old, were recruited for the experiment. Each group was evenly subdivided into six age groups. Each participant was presented with cylindrical door locks mounted on a miniature door and actual lever-type water faucet handles mounted on a mockup sink. Results: If the cylindrical lock was positioned 'vertically,' 59.2% of the participants expected the device to be locked, and if the lever type faucet handle was positioned 'up,' 63.0% of the participants expected the device to be turned on. Thus, daily-use devices should be designed consistent with user expectations of operation. There was a significant difference between genders for manipulating the faucet handle between up and down. Conclusion: A more general stereotype may be defined by repetitive measurements under the same test conditions with fixed time intervals, as well as accounting for people with cognitive problems.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.229-242
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• 2024

This study investigated water quality characteristics and influencing factors of park drinking fountains having directly piped water systems by analyzing stagnation water (first draw) and water after a 10-minute flush (flushed water). First draws exhibited significant variations in residual chlorine, heavy metals, bacteria, and turbidity, which were largely influenced by usage frequency and external environmental contamination. However, water quality stabilized after flushing. A seasonal analysis indicated that the greatest difference in residual chlorine between first draws and flushed water occurred in spring, followed by that in winter when drinking fountains were discontinued, accompanied by increased zinc concentrations in stagnation water. A comparative analysis of water quality variability by faucet type revealed that push-button faucets exhibited greater variabilities in copper, zinc, and nickel levels than screw-down faucets, likely due to corrosive by-products generated from water hammer effects. Additionally, an analysis based on exterior material indicated that metal fountains experienced higher temperature increases and elevated zinc concentrations in first draws than stone fountains. Regarding installation environments, drinking fountains exposed to direct sunlight or partial shade had higher concentrations of copper, zinc, and nickel in first draws than those installed in constant shade. Overall, these findings suggest that frequent use or flushing can help maintain stable water quality with the exception of push-button faucets.

• 대한안전경영과학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.35-42
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• 2009

본 연구는 급수전('tap'과 'faucet'은 호환사용)의 종류에 따른 사용자의 조작방향에 대해 우리나라와 다른 나라의 문화적인 차이를 비교한 연구결과이다. 이를 위하여 우리들이 가정과 공공시설의 화장실이나 욕실 등에서 많이 사용하고 있는 냉 온수 일체형 레버형 손잡이 급수전과 냉 온수 분리형 손잡이 급수전을 선정하여 이의 열림 방향에 대한 스테레오타입을 파악하였다. 또한 본 실험결과와 다른 문화권의 자료를 비교하여 이의 차이를 규명함으로써 서로 다른 사용자들이 공감하는 설계방향에 대해 언급하였다. 국외 자료는 연구문헌을 참조하였으며 국내자료는 직접 10대에서 60대 이상까지 6개 연령계층의 남 여 50명씩 총 600명을 할당표본추출 방식으로 선정하여 실험을 통하여 수집하였다. 조사 결과는 각 항목별로 통합 자료, 성별, 연령별, 주손에 따라 빈도분석을 실시하였으며 카이제곱검정을 통해 성별, 연령계층별, 주손(hand dominance)별로 스테레오타입의 기대특성(expectation characteristics)에 대해 문헌을 통해 조사된 연구결과와 상호비교 분석하였다. 분석결과 우리나라 사람은 비교 분석된 다른 나라 사람과 같이 스테레오타입에 대한 통상적인(그러나 동일하진 않음) 문화적인 배경을 공유하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 본 연구결과는 급수전 손잡이 설계에 있어서 서로 다른 문화적인 배경에 따른 보편적 기대와 일치된 설계지침으로서 사용상의 편리성과 안전성을 향상시키는데 유용하게 이용될 수 있을 것이다.