• IE interfaces
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.104-112
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• 2004

The purposes of the study were twofold: to investigate the stereotype of position and direction that the users expect when operating the handles of a water faucet in different directions, and to collect information about user’s preferred directions. Six hundred subjects, aged from teens to over sixties, participated in the experiment with the procedure of showing them actual water faucets of a lever-type handle and two round-shaped handles mounted on the sink(horizontal plane) and wall(vertical plane). The water faucets presented to the subjects were most widely used devices in our living environment. The results showed that when the handle of the lever-type water faucet was in the 'up' position, 63% of the subjects expected the device was 'open'. When the cold hot separated water faucets were mounted on the horizontal or vertical plane, over 50% of those who answered the 'open' direction of round type handles responded as 'counter clockwise' for a 'hot' water faucet and 'clockwise' for a 'cold' water faucet. In conclusion, this study suggests that water faucet devices be designed and installed in the way that the users expect them to operate.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.519-525
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• 2011

We studied on the effect of faucet cleanliness, faucet conditions (screen, mixing faucet), and flushing time for bacterial detection in tap water. As results, tap water should be left to run to waste for 2 to 3 minutes and if a questionable cleanliness is questionable, disinfect the faucet by using flaming or other methods before sampling. We proposed sampling method to decrease effect of factors associated with bacterial detection in tap water and contributed to be evaluated more accurate water quality.

• Archives of design research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.351-362
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• 2004

Generally, they respond to a phenomenon, with their any way, which they have looked at in their surroundings, and also put into their action successively and variously according as what it is. A person who has not so much problems in experiential education added to mental and physical ability prefers controlling his manner by himself as seeing, listening and feeling to being cured it by other physical support. Meanwhile, even though there are tools that we use conveniently in everyday life, it is sometimes required that user is able to control his action by himself with a certain interactive function to deal with a accidental situation. For example, in the home, when they were cooking, washing dishes and taking a bath they would not often control their minds on how to act about flowing water through the faucet going back and forth between saving and easygoing. By reasons of those statements, the project has been studied to propose the new conceptual faucet which digital technology is applied to, for recognizing the volume of water flowed through water pipe as counting it with built-in flow meter, and then saving water as controling the water-flow with faucet lever. It means that homemakers can observe the flow rate of water from the faucet placed in front of the sink in kitchen and control it right away for saving water. For studying this project, the kinds and features of the various flow-meters that measure the volume of water-flow were researched and analyzed for taking a reasonable type to the new ideal faucet. According to this analyzing, turbine-flow-meter was selected as appropriate form for the digital display-built-in faucet that would be presented in this project. As the next step, the basic structure was created for developing a new conceptual faucet. Finally two models have been presented through several steps for making the suitable shape to the new style faucet.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.581-587
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• 2021

In recent years, contamination of drinking water sources has emerged as a serious social problem, such as a large number of impurities in tap water or groundwater or the supply of suitable water due to rust of pipes. Although the government and public institutions are implementing various measures to protect water sources, they cannot improve water quality in a short period of time because of the enormous cost involved. Therefore, in recent years, preference has been given to a device that converts tap water, which is hard water, into soft water by installing a separate water softener at the faucet from which tap water is discharged. However, the existing filtration device has a problem that filtration performance is gradually lowered when impurities accumulate in the filter, requiring continuous filter replacement. In this study, the optimal design of the filter housing was performed to develop a water softener that can be washed when impurities accumulate on the filter inside the water softener connected to the faucet. For optimal design of the filter housing, fluid and fluid-structural interaction analysis were performed on the design pressure to determine the shape and thickness of the housing, and design review was performed through prototype.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.17 no.3 s.120
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• pp.226-234
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• 2007

This study aims to evaluate noise emission from water supply and drain installations in apartment bathroom. These noise were one of the most annoying noise sources in apartment houses. Especially, drain plumbing system have used bellow bathroom ceiling, it was very discomfort to hear the noise in bellow apartment. Noise of closets and faucets were measured which were main noise source, then these noise were evaluate and analyzed the emitting characteristics varying the supplying water pressure. As increasing the water pressure, also total noise level of the water supplying stool noise and faucet noise were increased. Especially the water closet showed remarkably the increasing noise level in middle and high frequency bandwidth, while the noise level of faucets increased in $50\;Hz{\sim}250\;Hz$ of low frequency bandwidth. Vortex closet were favorable to syphon closet, and lever faucet were favorable to conventional lavatory faucet on reducing the noise. Above these results could be used in basic data establishing KS (Korean Standard) for evaluation and rating procedure and measures reducing these noise.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.37-42
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• 2015

Nowadays, as the environmental pollution becomes severe on the earth, the water resource which can be used practically is dried up because of the natural disaster. And so, this is the time to be necessary to have the method for saving the water resource. This study investigates the distributions of velocity and temperature by the flow analysis inside the faucet models for bathroom. Model 3 has the most uniform distribution of temperature after mixing among all models. As model 3 has the smallest velocity distribution and the biggest space to mix by comparing the other models, it is seen to have the most influence on the discharged velocity of water and save the water. As the space of various configuration inside faucet model for bathroom is made by using the result of this study, it is thought to utilize at the development of this model in which more mixing becomes and the water can be saved. And it is possible to be grafted onto the convergence technique at design and show the esthetic sense.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 2008

Throughout the analysis of field data from water distribution system, valid parameters were determined that can be included in the water service and design plan. This study investigates water consumption patterns to understand the variation of water-demand structures utilizing the pattern analysis of domestic purpose water. Water use data were collected by a public water resources management firm in Korea, Kwater, for 140 houses monitored during three years. Flow meters were installed at the faucet for drinking water, the shower booth, the laundry machine, bathroom sink, toilet, and garden faucet. Data was filtered using multiple physically meaningful criteria to improve analysis credibility. Mann Kendall and Spearman's Rho tests were used to carry out the analysis. Distinct factors of water consumption patterns can be determined for both increasing and decreasing trends of water use. Throughout the data analysis, the characterization of terms was classified and analyzed by the condition of the location of water-demand. Analysis of this data provide a physical basis for the parameter configuration of a reasonable design for a domestic water demand prediction model.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.71-78
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• 2008

Purpose: This study standardizes the position and direction of devices based on general user expectations and stereotypes. Population stereotypes are cognitive structures that contain the perceiver's knowledge, beliefs, and expectations about human groups. In this paper, the stereotypes that people typically expect when manipulating 'cylindrical key-in-knob locks' and 'lever-type water faucet handles' were investigated and data regarding their expectations were collected. Methods: Two sets of 600 participants, between 13 and over 60 years old, were recruited for the experiment. Each group was evenly subdivided into six age groups. Each participant was presented with cylindrical door locks mounted on a miniature door and actual lever-type water faucet handles mounted on a mockup sink. Results: If the cylindrical lock was positioned 'vertically,' 59.2% of the participants expected the device to be locked, and if the lever type faucet handle was positioned 'up,' 63.0% of the participants expected the device to be turned on. Thus, daily-use devices should be designed consistent with user expectations of operation. There was a significant difference between genders for manipulating the faucet handle between up and down. Conclusion: A more general stereotype may be defined by repetitive measurements under the same test conditions with fixed time intervals, as well as accounting for people with cognitive problems.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.229-242
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• 2024

This study investigated water quality characteristics and influencing factors of park drinking fountains having directly piped water systems by analyzing stagnation water (first draw) and water after a 10-minute flush (flushed water). First draws exhibited significant variations in residual chlorine, heavy metals, bacteria, and turbidity, which were largely influenced by usage frequency and external environmental contamination. However, water quality stabilized after flushing. A seasonal analysis indicated that the greatest difference in residual chlorine between first draws and flushed water occurred in spring, followed by that in winter when drinking fountains were discontinued, accompanied by increased zinc concentrations in stagnation water. A comparative analysis of water quality variability by faucet type revealed that push-button faucets exhibited greater variabilities in copper, zinc, and nickel levels than screw-down faucets, likely due to corrosive by-products generated from water hammer effects. Additionally, an analysis based on exterior material indicated that metal fountains experienced higher temperature increases and elevated zinc concentrations in first draws than stone fountains. Regarding installation environments, drinking fountains exposed to direct sunlight or partial shade had higher concentrations of copper, zinc, and nickel in first draws than those installed in constant shade. Overall, these findings suggest that frequent use or flushing can help maintain stable water quality with the exception of push-button faucets.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.35-42
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• 2009

본 연구는 급수전('tap'과 'faucet'은 호환사용)의 종류에 따른 사용자의 조작방향에 대해 우리나라와 다른 나라의 문화적인 차이를 비교한 연구결과이다. 이를 위하여 우리들이 가정과 공공시설의 화장실이나 욕실 등에서 많이 사용하고 있는 냉 온수 일체형 레버형 손잡이 급수전과 냉 온수 분리형 손잡이 급수전을 선정하여 이의 열림 방향에 대한 스테레오타입을 파악하였다. 또한 본 실험결과와 다른 문화권의 자료를 비교하여 이의 차이를 규명함으로써 서로 다른 사용자들이 공감하는 설계방향에 대해 언급하였다. 국외 자료는 연구문헌을 참조하였으며 국내자료는 직접 10대에서 60대 이상까지 6개 연령계층의 남 여 50명씩 총 600명을 할당표본추출 방식으로 선정하여 실험을 통하여 수집하였다. 조사 결과는 각 항목별로 통합 자료, 성별, 연령별, 주손에 따라 빈도분석을 실시하였으며 카이제곱검정을 통해 성별, 연령계층별, 주손(hand dominance)별로 스테레오타입의 기대특성(expectation characteristics)에 대해 문헌을 통해 조사된 연구결과와 상호비교 분석하였다. 분석결과 우리나라 사람은 비교 분석된 다른 나라 사람과 같이 스테레오타입에 대한 통상적인(그러나 동일하진 않음) 문화적인 배경을 공유하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 본 연구결과는 급수전 손잡이 설계에 있어서 서로 다른 문화적인 배경에 따른 보편적 기대와 일치된 설계지침으로서 사용상의 편리성과 안전성을 향상시키는데 유용하게 이용될 수 있을 것이다.