• 생명과학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.565-568
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• 2012

선식에 사용되는 곡류의 종류도 다양하고 오염미생물의 종류도 다양하여 곡류는 크기 모양 등을 고려하여 검정콩, 찹쌀, 수수의 3종류를 대상으로 피검균은 대장균을 인위적으로 오염시켜 세척조건에 따른 효과를 조사하였다. 초기 원료에 비해 세척횟수를 증가하여도 세척에 의한 오염균 감소효과는 없는 것으로 나타났다. 세척수량도 원료대비 200%의 경우가 오염균 감소에 약간 영향을 미치었으나 큰 효과는 나타나지 않았다. 세척 수 온도를 찬물이 아닌 $40^{\circ}C$의 물로 세척 시 1 log 이상의 오염균 감소효과를 보았다. 세척방법 시 염수를 첨가한 세척수의 사용 시 5% 정도가 적당하였으며 염수 처리 시 2 log 내지 3 log 정도의 감소효과를 관찰 하였다. 그러나 염류의 사용은 짠맛을 최종제품에 주게 되므로 염류를 제거하기 위한 세척공정이 추가로 필요하게 되며 완전한 염류의 제거를 위해서는 많은 양의 세척수량이 추가로 필요하게 된다.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.93-100
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• 2018

This study comparatively analyzed the changes in the dimensional stability and the mechanical properties of stretch knit fabrics associated with washings conditions in order to determine the most appropriate washing method. Polyester and spandex knit fabrics were washed 25 cycles with nine washing condition profiles that controled detergent, hardness. temperature and RPM. The knit fabrics with repeated washings were evaluated by dimensional stability and measured by the KES-FB system. Polyester and spandex fibers have good chemical resistance. However, the changes in the dimensional stability and the mechanical properties were observed in washed knit fabrics. After repeated washings, the knit fabrics washed in an alkali or neutral detergent had good dimensional stability compared with the knit fabric washed in functional detergent. The washed knit fabrics were extended, stiff, rough, and had a smaller volume. The changes were the result of the rearrange of polyester fibers which twisted around spandex core and chemical interactions involving the detergent and the physical and mechanical forces of washing. Especially, using an alkali detergent resulted in increased stiffness and roughness of the knit fabric. In conclusion, the washing in water with low hardness and a neutral detergent can minimize the changes in dimensional stability and mechanical properties of polyester and spandex knit fabric.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제28권3_4호
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• pp.539-545
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• 2004

In this study, the effect of washing, bleaching, and abrasion on tactile and the water absorption properties of the split-type Nylon/Polyester (N/P) microfiber pile-knit was investigated under various enduse conditions. We examined the water absorption and surface properties of PET microfiber which will be very useful in the future. We also studied the variations of their performance during usage caused by friction and repeated washing, regard to all kinds of physical, chemical changes which will appear while using those textiles. Progress in further splitting of PET microfiber fabric is observed with increases in the number of washing and bleaching cycles, and treatment temperature. Initial water absorption (%) was increased with progress in splitting, which provided efficient capillary channel. Surface properties were varied with additional splitting by washing and abrasion. Formation of pilling and splitting by abrasion increase surface roughness, diminishing tactile property, and reduced water absorption property. The current results from this study is expected to provide the appropriate washing management guide to consumers, and to inform end-use performance of product to a producer for improving product quality.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.19-24
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• 1985

The effect of temperature, washing time, mechanical agitation and concentration on the removal from cotton fabrics of tripalmitin labelled with C\sup 14\ were studied. In order to correlate the detergency with the removal mechanism, solubilization and suspending power of surfactants were observed. RESULTS : 1. The detergency from cotton fabric was increased with elevating temperature and over the temperature of maximum detergency, the rate of soil removal was rather decreased. 2. The effects of washing time and mechanical agitation on the removal of triplamitin were obvious at lower temperature. 3. The removal of tripalmitin was remarkably increased at higher concentration over cmc for all surfactants. The detergency of nonionic surfactant -NPPG- was best, this was resulted from its large solubilization and suspending power.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.7-7
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• 2001

This paper investigated the dyeability and surface color of silk and cotton fabrics dyed with chustnut bur extract. Some experiments were performed under the various dyeing conditions such as dyeing temperature, dyeing time, repetition of dyeing, dyeing pH, mordanting condition, washing fastness and light fastness with silk and cotton fabrics. The results obtained were as follows 1. △E value was increased when dyeing temperature and time was higher, value of munsell was shifted from Yellow to Yellow-Red at hither dyeing temperature and time in silk and cotton fabrics. 2. Optimal dyeing pH was increased with acidity of dyeing solution in silk and cotton fabrics, and repetition of dyeing did not change the dye-uptake. 3. When mordanting time and temperature was higher, △E value was larger in silk and cotton fabrics. Silk and cotton fabrics with Fe-premordanting treatment had best dyeability, but treatment with Sn-mordanting was worst. 4. Washing fastness and light fastness was excellent in various dyeing condition at silk fabric but cotton was without practical use.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.93-103
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• 2001

This paper investigated the dyeability and surface color of silk and cotton fabrics deed with chustnut bur extract. Some experiments were performed under the various dyeing conditions such as dyeing temperature, dyeing time, repetition of dyeing, dyeing pH, mordanting condition, washing fastness and light fastness with silk and cotton fabrics. The results obtained were as follows 1. $\Delta{E}$ value was increased when dyeing temperature and time was higher, value of munsell was shifted from Yellow to Yellow-Red at hither dyeing temperature and time In silk and cotton fabrics. 2. Optimal dyeing pH was increased with acidity of dyeing solution in silk and cotton fabrics, and repetition of dyeing did not change the dye-uptake. 3. When mordanting time and temperature was higher, $\Delta{E}$ value was larger in silk and cotton fabrics. Silk and cotton fabrics with Fe-premordanting treatment had best dyeability, but treatment with Sn-mordanting was worst. 4. Washing fastness and light fastness was excellent in various dyeing condition at silk fabric but cotton was without practical use.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.185-193
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• 2008

This study has been carried out to examine the feasibility of soil washing process for reducing arsenic contamination level of soil around $Dalch\hat{e}n$ Mine. The results of physicochemical tests of the target soil showed that pH was weak alkalic ($pH{\simeq}7.8$), soil texture was coarse sand, and organic contents (5.7%) and CEC (Cation exchange capacity; 21.5 meq/100 g) were similar with those of soils generally found in Korea. Contamination levels of arsenic were found to over 201 mg/kg which exceed the Korea standard levels of countermeasure and concern. To investigate chemical partitioning of heavy metals, sequential extraction procedures were adopted and it was found that arsenic was predominantly associated with the residual fraction among five fractional forms as much as over 85%, which is demonstrating that only less than 15% of all might be vulnerable to a selected washing agents. Among 6 kinds of washing agents applied on the screening for arsenic-contaminated soil, HCl and $H_3PO_4$ solution were selected as promising washing agents. In comparison with HCl and $H_3PO_4$ solutions for arsenic washing by kinetic experiment in the change of pH, soil-solution ratio, temperature, and washing solution concentration, $H_3PO_4$ solution was determined to best one of agents tested, which showed faster washing rate than HCl to accomplish regulatory goal.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.947-958
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• 2008

은나노를 이용한 드럼식 세탁기로 세탁한 경우 발생되는 세탁물의 변퇴색 및 오염현상을 관찰하기 위해 이와 유사한 세탁원리를 갖는 론더로메타를 이용하여 그 결과를 알아보았다. 반응성염료로 염색한 면직물과 분산염료로 염색한 폴리에스터 직물을 세탁포로 하고, 첨부 백포로 면, 폴리에스테르, 나일론을 이용하여, 세탁온도, 세탁액비, 세제 농도, 세탁용수를 변화시켜 세탁물의 염색견뢰도를 관찰하였고, 은물로 세탁한 경우 세탁물로의 은침착 여부를 관찰하였다. 그 결과, 세탁조건에 따른 염색포의 변색은 크지 않았으나, 세탁온도가 높고, 세탁 액비가 낮은 조건에서 첨부 백포로의 오염이 크게 나타났고, 특히 나일론 첨부 백포로의 오염이 컸다. 세제농도와 세탁용수는 염색견뢰도에 큰 영향을 미치지 않았다. 세탁용수를 달리하여 세제없이 백포만 반복 세탁한 경우, 은물로 세탁한 면, 나일론은 수돗물로 세탁한 경우보다 백도가 약간 낮게 나타났으며, 정량분석 결과 세탁물에 은화합물이 침착되었음이 확인되었다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.85-95
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• 1999

The mechanically deboned chicken meat(MDCM) has several limits in using for in using for in processed meat products as a main material because of poor color and textural properties, chance of microbial contamination and lipid oxidation. There has been a growing interest all over world in the application of MDCM to the surimi process. The surimi made from MDCM contains a high concentration of myofibrillar protein since this processing involves repeated washing processes with an aqueous solution in order to remove heme pigments, fat and other undesirable substances. The quality of the surimi made from MDCM is affected by various processing factors, such as kinds of wash solution, ion strength, washing cycle, temperature, pH changes, composition, part of muscle, particle size, and rigor state etc. A number of researchers havee investigated the effect of the various washing conditions on the properties of surimi gels. A fuller information of all the factors affecting surimi processing and gel formation by heat-induced gelation has not been known yet.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.35-40
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• 2008

Dyeing and washing fastness properties of polyurethane-impregnated polyester (PU-impregnated PET), and the distribution of two disperse dyes between PET and PU film were studied to investigate the effect of PU portion to exhaustion and washing fastness. Dyeing properties of PU-impregnated PET were quite different with those of PET: PU-impregnated PET absorbed disperse dye linearly from the early stage of dyeing to equilibrium, and it exhibited excellent build-up property up to 4 %owf dyeing. The absorbed dye on PU film at early dyeing stage migrated to more substantive PET at the temperature higher than $115^{\circ}C$. The amount of exhausted dye on PET portion was larger than on PU film and the distribution ratio was $2.08{\sim}2.34$. The grade of washing fastness of PU-impregnated PET was the same as or lower by $0.5{\sim}1$ grade than PU film whose washing fastness was lower by $0.5{\sim}1$ than PET.