• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.69-75
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• 1992

This study was carried out to compare the effect of caustic soda with the effect of caustic potash on cotton fabric. Instead of caustic potash, sodium carbonate similar in chemical composition to caustic potash was used. The damage of cotton cellulose by repeated washing in various alkaline solutions at 8$0^{\circ}C$, 60 rpm was examined. The damage of cotton cellulose by the variation of copper number, carboxyl content, degree of polymerization and retained tensile strength was estimated. The results obtained at this study are as follows; 1. The damage of cotton by caustic soda was severer than caustic potash. The retained tensile strength at 50 washing cycle in caustic soda was 59% and in sodium carbonate was 80%. 2. By adding soap to caustic soda, the damage of cotton fabric decreased because contact area between fabric and air diminished by foam. 3. Detergency of EMPA 101 in caustic soda was lower than sodium carbonate. Consequently, using caustic soda that damage fabric severely and have lower detergency for caustic potash is unreasonable.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.137-143
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• 2003

Among the most popular means of mainstream smoke collection for specific analysis are solvent traps. Determination of the carbonyl compounds as their 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones(DNPHs) by HPLC offers increased sensitivity and reproducibility in the analysis of mainstream cigarette smoke. In this work, the mainstream smoke of a reference cigarette(lR4F) was collected in four kinds of gas washing bottles and their effects on the analysis of carbonyl compounds were investigated. The results show that the porosity of fritted glass filter in gas washing bottles exerted profound effect on the composition of the carbonyl compounds in mainstream smoke.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.20-24
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• 2022

In the process of long-term use of PEMFC (Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells), chemical degradation of membrane electrode assembly (MEA) occurs due to corrosion of stack elements and contamination of supply gas. In this study, we investigated whether chemically degraded MEA can be recovered by acid washing. The performance was measured and compared in a PEMFC cell after contamination with iron ions and washing with an aqueous sulfuric acid solution. The performance was reduced by about 25% by 0.5 ppm iron ion contamination, and 97.1% performance recovery was possible by washing of 0.15 M sulfuric acid. The membrane resistance was increased due to iron ion contamination of the polymer membrane, and the ionic conductivity was restored by washing the iron ions from the membrane while minimizing the loss of the electrode catalyst by washing with a low-concentration sulfuric acid aqueous solution. The possibility of solving the decrease in durability caused by chemical contamination of PEMFC MEA by the acid washing was confirmed.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 2020

Objectives : In previous studies, I presented various effects of Seosiokyongsan (SSOOS) cp soap on facial skin. However, in the case of skin clinical trials, various factors such as lifestyle, alcohol, tobacco, and stress could not be excluded. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of face wash using SSOOS cp soap on the skin without environmental factors. Methods : The same water and towel were used at the same place in order to examine the skin change state immediately before and after washing face with SSOOS cp soap. The skin test was performed before washing the face and after 10 minutes washing the face to compare the changes. As a control group, the case of washing with water without using cleanser and the case of washing with S-K cleanser, which is a popular commercial product, were set. Three cases were compared and analyzed. Results : In the case of water washing, the decrease in moisture was similar to that of the S-K cleanser and the amount of oil and pores decreased, but it was weaker than that of the S-K cleanser. The SSOOS cp soap showed a decrease in oil, pores, and pigments, but it was not significant, the moisture showed a significant decrease, but it was mild compared to S-K cleanser and water wash. Conclusion : In the case of SSOOS cp soap, the stimulation caused by facial cleansing was the least, showing a gentle change.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.85-95
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• 1999

The mechanically deboned chicken meat(MDCM) has several limits in using for in using for in processed meat products as a main material because of poor color and textural properties, chance of microbial contamination and lipid oxidation. There has been a growing interest all over world in the application of MDCM to the surimi process. The surimi made from MDCM contains a high concentration of myofibrillar protein since this processing involves repeated washing processes with an aqueous solution in order to remove heme pigments, fat and other undesirable substances. The quality of the surimi made from MDCM is affected by various processing factors, such as kinds of wash solution, ion strength, washing cycle, temperature, pH changes, composition, part of muscle, particle size, and rigor state etc. A number of researchers havee investigated the effect of the various washing conditions on the properties of surimi gels. A fuller information of all the factors affecting surimi processing and gel formation by heat-induced gelation has not been known yet.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.35-40
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• 2008

Dyeing and washing fastness properties of polyurethane-impregnated polyester (PU-impregnated PET), and the distribution of two disperse dyes between PET and PU film were studied to investigate the effect of PU portion to exhaustion and washing fastness. Dyeing properties of PU-impregnated PET were quite different with those of PET: PU-impregnated PET absorbed disperse dye linearly from the early stage of dyeing to equilibrium, and it exhibited excellent build-up property up to 4 %owf dyeing. The absorbed dye on PU film at early dyeing stage migrated to more substantive PET at the temperature higher than $115^{\circ}C$. The amount of exhausted dye on PET portion was larger than on PU film and the distribution ratio was $2.08{\sim}2.34$. The grade of washing fastness of PU-impregnated PET was the same as or lower by $0.5{\sim}1$ grade than PU film whose washing fastness was lower by $0.5{\sim}1$ than PET.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.711-717
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• 1996

This study was carried to figure out the effect of washing on the cationic surfactant (DSDMAC) absorption by nylon fabrics washed with anionic surfactant(SDBS). Cationic surfactant absorption, static electricity, and fabric stiffness of washed and unwashed nylon fabrics were estimated. And to check the correlation between DSDMAC absorption and SDBS absorption, SDBS absorption by nylon fabrics were measured The results were as follows; 1. Nylon fabrics washed with SDBS absorbed more DSDMAC than unwashed fabrics. The more SDBS absorbed by nylon fabrics, the more DSDMAC absorbed. This is account for the increase in negative zeta potential of washed nylon fabrics. 2. Absorption of SDBS by nylon fabrics increased static electricity. Absorption of DSBMAC by washed and unwashed nylon fabrics greatyl decreased static electricity, and static electricity of washed nylon fabrics more decreased than that of unwashed nylon fabrics. 3. When washing cycles were under 20, DSDMAC absorption decreased fabric stiffness. As washing cycles were over 20, DSDMAC deposited as particles acted as points of weak adhesion between adjacent fibers, so increased the fabric stiffness.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.1076-1082
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• 2009

Six pesticides were determined in hot pepper leaves after successive processing steps of washing, blanching, and drying. The tested pesticides included dichlofluanid, flusilazole, folpet, iprodione, ${\lambda}$-cyhalothrin, and lufenuron. Each pesticide was singly applied to the leaves of the pepper plants, which were being cultivated in a greenhouse. The processing factors were dependent on the type of pesticide, and were in the following ranges: 0.09-0.73 by washing, <0.00-0.48 after blanching, and <0.00-3.30 after drying. Only lufenuron showed a processing factor of more than 1, at 3.30 in dried leaves, while the processing factors of the other pesticides were less than 1. The removal ratios of the tested pesticides by washing ranged from 27 to 90%. The blanching step increased their removals by 10-25%. However, drying did not have an effect on residue reduction. Finally, after proceeding to the drying step, removal ratios ranged from 85 to 100%, with the exception of lufenuron at 47%.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.591-598
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• 2004

This study examines the effects and influences of fumigation using chemical composite of Methyl Bromide and Ethylene Oxide on the change of strength of excavated dresses. The fabric strength immediately after washing and fumigation increased slightly, but it decreased greatly as the time progressed. The strength of the test sample from Museum A showed a steady decrease with time, while that of Museum B decreased rapidly 5 months later. Compared with the non-fumigated sample, fumigated sample was greater in strength regardless of the time progression, and the strength of sample kept in the exhibit hall was greater than that kept in the storage room. The strength of the fumigated sample was almost same regardless of the three different time periods, before washing, after washing and immediately after fumigation, and it decreased steadily with time, whereas the non-fumigated sample became much weaker in its strength in 10 months after washing. Even 5 months later, the fumigated sample was about as strong as immediately after fumigation, but the strength dropped to a great extent 10 months later.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.28 no.8
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• pp.611-618
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• 1991

In the present study adding hydroxypropyl celluose as dispersant to the ethanol solution of Zr-butoxide prior to starting the hydrolysis reaction, spherical and submicrometer sized hydrated zirconia powders were synthesized successfully. But syntesized hydrated zirconia powders were soluble considerably in ethanol used as washing medium. Washing once the powder with plenty amount of water after washing thrice it with acetone, reaction mother solution remained between the particles was effectively removed and the particles were converted to insoluble state to ethanol at the same time. As a result of such washing processes it was able to prevent the formation of polydispersed, agglomerated and multiplet particles almost always even when such concentrated solutions of Zr-n-butoxide as 0.5 M were hydrolyzed.