• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 1999.10a
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• pp.465-472
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• 1999

A small scale model reinforced soil wall was constructed in a laboratory to investigate role of the wall facing and the effect of construction sequence on the wall. A panel type facing system and a block facing system are introduced for test. These two different types of facing adapt different construction procedure. The model wall is built with geogrid reinforcement, sand, and the facings on rigid surface. The model wall is instrumented with earth pressure gauges, LVDTs, and strain gauges. It is found in this study that the reinforced soil wall system built with geogrids and panel type facing system be the safest reinforced soil wall ever compared to the block type facing. Thus, it is recommended that study for the wall system be necessary for further wide usage in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.119-126
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• 2004

A small-scale reinforced earth wall was constructed in a laboratory to investigate the effect of wall rigidity and of construction sequence on the wall. A full continuous wall facing and a discrete wall facing were designed and constructed for tests. These two different facing systems should adapt different construction procedures due to their different facing shapes. The model wall was built with geo-grid reinforcement, sand, and facings on rigid surface. The model wall was instrumented with earth pressure gages, LVDTs, and strain gages. The experimental results have shown differences in wall behavior related to construction sequence and types of wall facing. It is found in this study that the reinforced earth wall built with full continuous facing is safer than the reinforced earth wall built with the discrete wall facing.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.9-15
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• 2006

The Green Wall system is one of segmental concrete crib type earth retaining wall. Green wall is constructed as procedures that lay the front stretchers, rear stretchers and headers then making a rigid body through harden filled soil of interior cell. Recently, Green Wall method is applied in variable cutting ground construction because of advantage which minimize to cut base ground. In case of Green Wall method is constructed with soil nail method, expect that total system stability will increase more than flexible facing because of facing stiffness is big. However, in this case of design, facing stiffness is not considered so that is poor economy. Hence, in this study, stability increasing effect of total system analyze about that soil nail method is constructed with rigidity facing like a Green Wall method. In present study, laboratory model tests was performed for analysis on stability increasing effect of total system about changing stiffness of facing. LEM analysis conducted for evaluation on safety factor of total system sliding that facing condition changed.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.39-48
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• 2007

This paper introduces a recently developed reinforced earth wall system with steel framed-facing. The new system incorporates a steel-framed facing that might be assembled on-site and steel strip or geogrid type reinforcements for backfill area. In order to enhance scenery view design of the wall construction, dual-structured facing is proposed in which room for planting space locates in the front of facing. A reinforced earth walls using the proposed system was constructed to verify constructability of the proposed system and facing movement and tensile characteristics of reinforcement were measured to understand the mechanical behavior.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.37-47
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• 2011

This paper describes the stability evaluation of reinforced earth wall with steel framed-facing based on field test. The reinforced earth wall with steel framed-facing is composed of wall facing, reinforcement and backfill soil. The wall facing is assembled by steel frames and the aggregates are filled in that. The reinforcement is steel strip type based on bearing resistance. Field test is conducted to evaluate for two separate sections and the measurement is conducted according to construction elapsed time of structure for earth pressure, horizontal displacement of wall facing and reinforcement strain. The evaluation results show that the measured earth pressure is less than theoretical earth pressure due to dispersion effect of earth pressure by the applied reinforcement. Also, the horizontal displacement of wall facing satisfied a empirical criteria and the measured strain of reinforcement had nearly no effect on stability of structure. Therefore, the reinforced earth wall with steel framed-facing has a structural stability and it can be commonly used in field.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.565-575
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• 2016

Geosynthetics reinforced soil (GRS) walls constructed on weak grounds may change in both the horizontal earth pressure and deformation on wall facing. However, only few studies were done in the literature to measure and analyze the horizontal external deformation behavior of GRS walls constructed on soft grounds for a long period of time. The present study describes the external deformation behavior of GRS walls observed for 12-year long-term performance. The horizontal deformation of the geosynthetics-wrapped-facing GRS walls shows a passive behavior along one third of the wall height, from top going downwards, and active behavior for the rest of the wall height. Even if the geogrid and nonwoven geotextiles are exposed directly to sunlight and rainfalls in a span of 12 years, they have functioned well as wall facing. Therefore, the geosynthetic reinforcement material is strong enough to resist ultraviolet rays.

• International Journal of Railway
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.107-111
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• 2013

In order to constrain the railway roadbed settlement which causes track irregularity, and thus threats running stability and ride quality, advanced Back-to-Back (BTB) reinforced retaining wall was numerically analyzed as railway roadbed structure. This study is intended to improve conventional Back-to-Back reinforced retaining wall as the technology which would reduce the roadbed settlement in a way of constraining the lateral displacement of its prestressed vertical facing and inducing arching effects in roadbed (backfill) placed between masonry diaphragm wall and vertical facing. As a result of numerical analysis, it was found that the roadbed settlement was reduced by 10% due to the prestressed vertical facing and embedded masonry diaphragm wall of the advanced Back-to-Back reinforced retaining wall system.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.53-60
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• 2013

A new type of reinforced earth wall(REW) system is developed with vegetated facing which provides proper environment for long-term vegetation and also applicable to high retaining wall system. Vegetated retaining wall is a green alternative for retaining walls and an effective way to reduce heat island effect than conventional block or concrete systems. Several construction sites using vegetated facing is observed to monitor adaptation state of vegetation and estimate surface temperature of wall facing over two years. It was observed that a number of plants including Siberian chrysanthemum adapt well to the inside of the facing blocks because vegetation bag helps to keep a proper condition for vegetation. According to the results using thermographic camera, average surface temperature of vegetated facing is higher for all ranges of coverage ratio of vegetation. The increment of average surface temperature of vegetated facing is larger than that of non-vegetated facing when the air temperature rises, and vice versa.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.17-23
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• 2007

To construct an ideal geosynthetic reinforced soil retaining wall (GRS-RW), the facing of the wall should be flexible enough to accommodate a large deformation of the supporting ground and to develop the large tensile force in reinforcements during wall construction as long as the stability is ensured, but should be rigid enough to be stiff and stable as well as durable and aesthetically acceptable for a long life time when the wall is in service. Facing conditions during the construction and service of the wall are quite different. So it is difficult to be satisfied all these conditions with the current construction method which is mainly used in reinforced wall construction in Korea. Most of this contradiction could be solved by the staged construction procedure. According to the results of cases and references analyses, stage construction procedures make it possible to accommodate large deformation of the supporting ground and backfill without losing the stability of the wall, and to derive the tensile strength of reinforcement causing deformation of the facing. When the facing is a full-height rigid one, it also appeared almost impossible to occur a local shear failure of the active zone, and pull-out failure of reinforcements. Therefore, GRS-RWs having a full-height rigid facing have been constructed by the staged construction procedures that matched well with the theory of reinforced soil, which had outstanding stability and durability, and thus could be used for railways and bridge abutments in Korea in the future.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 2003

The existing geotextile reinforced soil wall methods have a demerit in terms of esthetic view because concrete panel or block are used as wall facing of the methods. If grass planting walls could be used in reinforced soil slope or wall methods, efficiency of the methods would be increased with maximization of advantage of the methods. In this study, some possible methods in which grass planting wall is used as wall facing are devised. A series of laboratory model tests were performed to investigate the behavior of newly devised methods in order to compare with the results of each others. As a major result, it was found that this kinds of grass wall facing methods could be accepted as a new construction method even in the sense of stability.