• Animal cells and systems
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2005

Class I and class II MHC genes have been identified in most of the jawed vertebrate taxa. In all investigated bony fish species, unlike mammals, the classical class I and class II MHC genes are not linked and even are found on different chromosomes. Linking and clustering of the class I and class II MHC genes is not the only phenomenon clearly detected in the evolution of immune system from cartilaginous to mammals. In all non-mammalian classes the LMP/TAP genes are highly conserved within class I genes region, while these genes are conserved within class II genes region only in mammals. Today we know that LMP/TAP genes in mammals have a crucial role in peptide processing for presentation within class I molecules, as well as in anti-tumor immunity. For these reasons, differences in clustering of LMP/TAP/MHC genes can be responsible for the differences in mechanisms and efficacy of anti-tumor immunity in non-mammalian vertebrates compared to same mechanisms in mammals. Also, the differences in cytokine network and anti-tumor antigens presentation within classes of vertebrates can be explained by toe peculiarity of LMP/TAP/MHC gene clustering.

• Journal of Species Research
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.325-338
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• 2020

The animal gut is filled with highly diverse microbes associated with host metabolism, physiology, and pathology. However, numerous animal gut microbes have not been cultured or reported. We isolated various bacterial species using culture-dependent approaches during a comprehensive investigation of endangered endemic vertebrate species in the Republic of Korea. A total of 18 unrecorded bacterial species were isolated from the feces of an Oriental stork (Ciconia boyciana), and from the intestinal tracts of a cobitid fish (Kichulchoia multifasciata) and a Korean splendid dace (Coreoleuciscus splendidus). Based on a phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences, we discovered species belonging to the phyla Actinobacteria (eight species), Firmicutes (seven species), Proteobacteria (two species), and Bacteroidetes (one species). Based on their high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities (>98.7%) and formation of monophyletic clades with type species, each species was classified into an independent and predefined bacterial species. Gram-stain reaction, colony and cell morphology, basic biochemical characteristics, isolation source, and NIBR IDs for each species are described in the species description section.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.201-215
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• 1981

척추동물 6종의 젖산탈수소효소의 초자내 종간 및 종내 분자교잡을 실시한 결과 드렁허리 $H_4$ 동위효소와 가물치 $M_4$ 동위효소의 교잡 및 가물치 $M_4$동위효소와 메기 동위효소의 교잡에서 $H_2M_2$ 동위효소라고 생각되는 교잡형 동위효소를 얻었다. 하등 척추동물 젖산탈수소효소의 하부단위체 M과 H의 상호간 조합에 관한 한 3차 구조의 하부단위체는 동일한 구조를 가진 하부단위체와 이량체를 형성하고 이러한 동질이량체가 사량체를 형성한다고 사료된다.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 1990

한국산 청개구리 두 종, Hyla japonica와 Hyla suweonensis의 핵형을 C-banding 방법으로 비교분석한 결과 구조적 이질염색질은 두종 모두 주로 동원체 부위에서 관찰되었으나 H. suweonensis의 3번 염색체에서 성별에 따른 이형현상이 나타났으며 이는 ZZ/ZW형의 성염색체로 생각된다. H.suweonensis의 성염색체는 W염색체보다 Z염색체에 더 많은 구조적 이질염색질이 분포하고 있었다. 이러한 현상은 양서류나 다른 척추동물의 성염색첵상의 이질 염색질 분포와는 다른 것으로서 청개구리과의 Gastrotheca ovifera, G. walkeri 와는 같은 현상이었다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제38권11호
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• pp.975-981
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• 2015

Precise 3D spatial mapping of cells and their connections within living tissues is required to fully understand developmental processes and neural activities. Zebrafish embryos are relatively small and optically transparent, making them the vertebrate model of choice for live in vivo imaging. However, embryonic brains cannot be imaged in their entirety by confocal or two-photon microscopy due to limitations in optical range and scanning speed. Here, we use light-sheet fluorescence microscopy to overcome these limitations and image the entire head of live transgenic zebrafish embryos. We simultaneously imaged cranial neurons and blood vessels during embryogenesis, generating comprehensive 3D maps that provide insight into the coordinated morphogenesis of the nervous system and vasculature during early development. In addition, blood cells circulating through the entire head, vagal and cardiac vasculature were also visualized at high resolution in a 3D movie. These data provide the foundation for the construction of a complete 4D atlas of zebrafish embryogenesis and neural activity.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.45-48
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• 2012

The imidazole dipeptide carnosine and its methylated anserine analogues are the major histidine containing dipeptides in vertebrate tissue, especially in skeletal muscle, the heart, and the central nervous system. In this study, the carnosine and anserine content in chicken from different parts and of differing ages was determined and their physiological activities were compared. Anserine was more dominant than carnosine in these tissues and both of them significantly decreased with aging in all parts of chicken muscles. Chicken breast muscle showed the highest content of carnosine and anserine than drumstick and wing. Advanced glycated end-product (AGE) formation was inhibited up to 60% by the extract from 20 wk chicken breast and decreased with aging (90 wk). Anti-oxidation activity was also significantly reduced from 61.2% to 52.9% with aging. As results, anti-glycation and anti-oxidation activity of carnosine and anserine extract from chicken muscle increased proportionally to the amount of those peptides in the muscle, while these decreased with the aging process.

• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.903-912
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• 2016

Hagfish which belongs to the chordate contact cyclostomata, is important phylogenetic relationship between vertebrate and invertebrate. Cathepsins of the cysteine protease family have traditionally been thought to play a major role in intracellular protein degradation and turnover in lysosomes. In this study, Catepsin L was cloned from Inshore hagfish (Eptatretus burgeri), the cDNA encoding ORF of the Eptatretus burgeri Cathepsin L (EbCtL) is 978 bp. The cDNA encoding proEbCtL was expressed in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3) using the pGEX-4T-1 expression vector system. The recombinant proEbCtL protein was overexpressed as a approximately 55 kDa fusion protein. The overproduced soluble GST-fusion protein was then applied to glutathione-Sepharose 4B column chromatography; the sample harboring the fusion protein evidenced a high degree of purity when analyzed via SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis. Its activity was quantied by cleaving the synthetic peptide Z-FR-AMC, Z-LLE-AMC, and Suc-AAF-AMC, and the optimal pH for the protease activity was 8, 9.5, and 9, respectively.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.79-84
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• 1976

살모사 근육조직의 $M_4$형 젖산 수소이탈효소에 대한 항혈청을 토끼에서 얻어서 척추동물 15종의 젖산 수소이탈효소와 항원-항체 반응결과를 초산셀룰로즈 전기영동법에 의하여 얻었으며, 아울러 뱀목 4종에 대한 면역확산 실험도 실시하였다. 살모사, 쇠살모사, 까치살모사 및 유혈목은 면역학적으로 동일한 젖산 수소이탈효소를 가지고 있으며 쇠살모사는 살모사속의 다른 종과는 유연관계가 먼것 같았으며 젖산 수소이탈효소 단위체의 면역학적 상이성이 파충류에서도 재확인되었다.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 1999

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) was originally isolated as a hypothalamic peptide that regulates reproduction by stimulating the release of gonadotropins. Using comparative animal models has led to the discovery that GnRH has a more ancient evolutionary origin. Durinq evolution GnRH peptide underwent gene duplication and structural changes to give rise to multiple molecular forms of GnRHs. Mammalian GnRH initially considered to be the sole molecular form, is now grouped as a family of peptides along with GnRH variants determined from representatives in all classes of vertebrates. Vertebrate species including primates and humanshave more than one GnRH variant in individual brains; a unique GnRH form in the forebrain and chicken IIGnRH in the midbrain. Furthermore, several species of bony fish have three molecular variants of GnRH: salmon GnRH sea-bream GnRH and chicken II GnRH. Also, it has been shown that in addition to the olfactory placodes and the midbrain, there is a third embryonic source of GnRH neurons from the basal diencephalon in birds and fish, which might be true for other vertebrates. Therefore, comparative animal models like fish with discrete sites of expression of three molecular variants of GnRH in individual brains, could provide insight into novel functions of GnRH variants, conservation of gene regulation, and mechanisms governing reproduction in vertebrates.

• 대한구순구개열학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.17-22
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• 2007

The vertebrate upper lip forms from initially freely projecting maxillary, medial nasal, and lateral nasal prominences at the rostral and lateral boundaries of the primitive oral cavity. These facial prominences arise during early embryogenesis from ventrally migrating neural crest cells in combination with the head ectoderm and mesoderm and undergo directed growth and expansion around the nasal pits to actively fuse with each other. Initial fusion is between lateral and medial nasal processes and is followed by fusion between maxillary and medial nasal processes. Fusion between these prominences involves active epithelial filopodial and adhering interactions as well as programmed cell death. Slight defects in growth and patterning of the facial mesenchyme or epithelial fusion result in cleft lip with or without cleft palate, the most common and disfiguring craniofacial birth defect. This review will summarize the current understanding of the basic morphogenetic processes and molecular mechanisms underlying upper lip development.