• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1032-1032
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• 2001

Artificial Neural Network (ANN) calibration techniques have been used commercially for agricultural applications since the mid-nineties. Global models, based on transmission data from 850 to 1050 nm, are used routinely to measure protein and moisture in wheat and barley and also moisture in triticale, rye, and oats. These models are currently used commercially in approx. 15 countries throughout the world. Results concerning earlier European ANN models are being published elsewhere. Some of the findings from that study will be discussed here. ANN models have also been developed for coarsely ground samples of compound feed and feed ingredients, again measured in transmission mode from 850 to 1050 nm. The performance of models for pig- and poultry feed will be discussed briefly. These models were developed from a very large data set (more than 20,000 records), and cover a very broad range of finished products. The prediction curves are linear over the entire range for protein, fat moisture, fibre, and starch (measured only on poultry feed), and accuracy is in line with the performance of smaller models based on Partial Least Squares (PLS). A simple bias adjustment is sufficient for calibration transfer across instruments. Recently, we have investigated the possible use of ANN for a different type of NIR spectrometer, based on reflectance data from 1100 to 2500 nm. In one study, based on data for protein, fat, and moisture measured on unground compound feed samples, dedicated ANN models for specific product classes (cattle feed, pig feed, broiler feed, and layers feed) gave moderately better Standard Errors of Prediction (SEP) compared to modified PLS (MPLS). However, if the four product classes were combined into one general calibration model, the performance of the ANN model deteriorated only slightly compared to the class-specific models, while the SEP values for the MPLS predictions doubled. Brix value in molasses is a measure of sugar content. Even with a huge dataset, PLS models were not sufficiently accurate for commercial use. In contrast an ANN model based on the same data improved the accuracy considerably and straightened out non-linearity in the prediction plot. The work of Mr. David Funk (GIPSA, U. S. Department of Agriculture) who has studied the influence of various types of spectral distortions on ANN- and PLS models, thereby providing comparative information on the robustness of these models towards instrument differences, will be discussed. This study was based on data from different classes of North American wheat measured in transmission from 850 to 1050 nm. The distortions studied included the effect of absorbance offset pathlength variation, presence of stray light bandwidth, and wavelength stretch and offset (either individually or combined). It was shown that a global ANN model was much less sensitive to most perturbations than class-specific GIPSA PLS calibrations. It is concluded that ANN models based on large data sets offer substantial advantages over PLS models with respect to accuracy, range of materials that can be handled by a single calibration, stability, transferability, and sensitivity to perturbations.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.70-77
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• 2002

Jangachi(salted and fermented vegetable) has been made by Korean traditionally using several kinds of vegetables, which is a good source of variety of nutrients and vitamins. There are many methods for making Jangachi. Generally soy sauce Jangachi is made through two steps. First, as a pretreatment, vegetables are soaked in salt water. Second, soaked vegetables are fermented in various ingredients like soy sauce, sugar, garlic, ginger and so on. This study was performed to observe changes in contents of chemical components and sensory evaluation of pretreated perilla leaf. Perilla leaf was soaked in water with different levels of salt concentration(2, 5 and 8 %) and soaking time(1, 3 and 5 days). The optimal level of salt and soaking time was determined with the results of sensory evaluation by response surface methodology and analysis of composition. The moisture contents decreased as the levels of salt and soaking time increased. The moisture content of untreated sample was 87.5 % and when soaked for 5 days in the water of 8 % salt concentration, it became 78.27 %. pH of Perilla leaf was high in high levels of salt concentration and short soaking time. Total acidity was so opposite to pH that was low in high levels of salt concentration and short soaking time. In the water of 8 % salt concentration, total acidity was 0.14 % when soaked for 1 day, 0.20 % for 3 days and 0.30 % for 5 days. Salt contents became greater as the soaking time increased. As the results of puncture test, soaked Perilla leaf's toughness increased as the levels of salt increased and soaking time decreased. Among the sensory attributes, greenness increased as the levels of salt concentration increased when soaked for more than 3 days. Saltiness and bitterness became greater as the levels of salt concentration increased. Perilla flavor decreased with the short soaking time. Off-flavor increased with the increased levels of soaking time and decreased salt concentration when soaked for more than 3 days. Toughness decreased as the levels of soaking time increased. Crispness increased with the increased levels of salt concentration. The condition of pretreated Perilla was optimum when it soaked for 42 hours in 4 % salt concentration.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.110-115
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of adding various concentrations of cherry powder(obtained from freezed dried fruit of Prunus serrulata L. var. spontanea Max. wils.) on the physicochemical, antioxidant, and sensory characteristics of jelly. The pH of the jelly decreased significantly with the addition of cherry powder. The sugar content of the jelly increased significantly (p<0.05) with cherry powder added more than 7%. The Hunter color L-values decreased significantly (p<0.05) by the addition of cherry powder, and a- and b-values increased by the addition of cherry powder compared to the control, but there were no constant changes with increasing amounts of cherry powder. For the textural characteristics, the addition of cherry powder significantly (p<0.05) increased the hardness, chewiness and gumminess but there were no significant difference (p<0.05) in the springness and cohesiveness. The antioxidative activity measured by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity of jelly increased as the concentrations of cherry powder increased. The jellies containing 1 and 5% cherry powder had acceptable sensory properties, such as color, flavor, taste, texture, and overall quality. In consideration of the antioxidant properties and sensory characteristics, the highest quality improvement was obtained by adding 5% (w/w) of cherry powder into the jellies.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.451-456
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• 2010

We investigated changes in the quality of pulp-containing apple juice, during storage, after addition of various amounts of vitamin C, which was stable over time. Neither sugar content nor acidity level varied when vitamin C was added. The pH was slightly lower (pH 4.29-4.30) in juice with added vitamin C than in unsupplemented juice (pH 4.40). The L and b color values fell as vitamin C content rose and the storage period was extended. In sensory evaluation tests, taste and overall acceptability were higher for juice to which vitamin C had been added to 0.02% (w/v) than for unsupplemented juice. Vitamin C levels fell less during storage at $4^{\circ}C$ than at higher temperatures. The alcohol-soluble color (ASC) value fell as the amount of added vitamin C rose, and tended to be lower when juice was stored at $4^{\circ}C$ compared to $37^{\circ}C$. In summary, apple juice containing pulp was optimally stored at $4^{\circ}C$ after addition of 0.02% (w/v) vitamin C

• BMB Reports
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.432-440
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• 2006

A tuber lectin from Arisaema jacquemontii Blume belonging to family Araceae was purified by employing a single step affinity chromatography using column of asialofetuin-linked amino activated silica beads and the bound lectin was eluted with 100 mM glycine-HCl buffer pH 2.5. The purified A. jacquemontii lectin (AJL) showed a single protein band with an apparent molecular mass of 13.4 kDa when submitted to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing as well as non-reducing conditions. The native molecular mass of AJL determined by gel filtration on a Biogel P-200 column was 52 kDa and its carbohydrate content was estimated to be 3.40%. Thus AJL is a tetrameric glycoprotein. The purified lectin agglutinated erythrocytes from rabbit but not from human. Its activity was not inhibited by any of the mono- and disaccharides tested except N-acetyl-D-lactosamine having minimal inhibitory sugar concentration (MIC) 25 mM. Among the glycoproteins tested only asialofetuin was found to be inhibitory (MIC $125\;{\mu}g/mL$). A single band was obtained in native PAGE at pH 4.5 while PAGE at pH 8.3 showed two bands. Isoelectric focusing of AJL gave multiple bands in the pI range of 4.6-5.5. When incorporated in artificial diet AJL significantly affected the development of Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) larvae indicating the possibility of using this lectin in a biotechnological strategy for insect management of cucurbits. Larvae fed on artificial diet containing sub-lethal dose of AJL showed a significant decrease in acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activity while esterase activity markedly increased as compared to larvae fed on diet without lectin. Out of various human cancer cell lines employed in sulphorhodamine B (SRB) assay, this lectin was found to have appreciable inhibitory effect on the in vitro proliferation of HCT-15, HOP-62, SW-620, HT-29, IMR-32, SKOV-3, Colo-205, PC-3, HEP-2 and A-549 cancer cell lines by 82, 77, 73, 70, 41, 41, 37, 29, 21 and 21% respectively.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.209-217
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• 2004

The shoots of balloon flower (Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC.) in vitro germinated from seeds were cultured on MS basal medium containing 0.1 mg/L NAA under the various sucrose concentrations and with/without membrane filter (MF) on the lid of vessel. The growth responses were checked to obtain healthy plantlets. The $CO_2$ and $C_2$H$_4$ concentration in vessel without MF were higher than those with MF. The $CO_2$ concentration without MF was increased as days in culture went by whereas the $C_2$H$_4$ concentration was decreased. The plant growth with MF and high sucrose concentration was good. Fresh and dry weight of plantlets cultured in sucrose 4.5% with MF were higher than those in no sucrose without MF. Also the content of chlorophyll of plantlets cultured with MF was high and the content of sugar was shown a similar results and a remarkable difference between MF treatments, especially. Stomata cultured with MF was closer than that without MF and mesophyll of leaf were more developed with MF or in high sucrose concentration. When the plantlets were transplanted in the pot at 25$\pm$2$^{\circ}C$, 75% relative humidity and low PPFD (photosynthetic photon flux density), the percentage of survival after 13 days without MF was 0% but it was 100% with MF regardless of sucrose concentrations.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.588-598
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• 2017

Currently, bioethanol, a fuel additive for transportation, is produced mainly by using biomass (first generation) such as corn and sugar canes. First generation biomass can cause various problems in terms of increase in agricultural prices and ethical reasons. To address these problems, a nonedible lignocellulosic biomass can be utilized. Agricultural byproducts such as straw, bagasse, and forest byproducts from the wood processing industry. Therefore, production of wood based bioethanol can be an effective utilization route of second generation biomass, and its raw materials are more abundant than first generation resources. Furthermore, it is possible to secure cheap raw materials. One of the biggest advantages of using biofuels is that it contributes to the reduction of greenhouse gases by minimizing the environmental impact, unlike fossil fuels. In this study, we investigated the greenhouse gas reduction effects that can be achieved through the use of Lignocellulosic bioethanol and government policies on renewable energy currently being implemented in ASEAN countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines). In these four countries, policies and incentives related to biofuels have been developed. It is expected that the reduction ratio of carbon dioxide emission and the mixed biofuel will be gradually increased in the future.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.363-369
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• 2016

A putative cyclomaltodextrinase gene (licd) was found from the genome of Listeria innocua ATCC 33090. The licd gene is located in the gene cluster involved in maltose/maltodextrin utilization, which consists of various genes encoding maltose phosphorylase and sugar ABC transporters. The structural gene encodes 591 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 68.6 kDa, which shares less than 58% of amino acid sequence identity with other known CDase family enzymes. The licd gene was cloned, and the dimeric enzyme with C-terminal six-histidines was successfully produced and purified from recombinant Escherichia coli. The enzyme showed the highest activity at pH 7.0 and 37℃. licd could hydrolyze β-cyclodextrin, starch, and maltotriose to mainly maltose, and it cleaved pullulan to panose. It could also catalyze the hydrolysis of acarbose to glucose and acarviosine-glucose. In particular, it showed significantly higher activity towards β-cyclodextrin and maltotriose than towards starch and acarbose. licd also showed transglycosylation activity, producing α-(1,6)- and/or α-(1,3)-linked transfer products from the acarbose donor and α-methyl glucopyranoside acceptor.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.357-363
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• 2011

This study focus was primarily the development of liquid starters for Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus niger prepared with wheat bran as a low cost culture medium. For the preparation of the liquid media wheat bran was added at rates of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% and the Aspergillus sp. strains were then inoculated to these prepared broths. The results indicated that the more that wheat bran was contained in the medium, the more mycelia was produced for A. oryzae and A. niger. The highest enzyme activities were obtained with a 10~15% adding rate of wheat bran for both strains. Changes in the enzyme activities of the liquid starters during various incubation times (0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hrs), indicated that the highest enzyme activities were seen between 48 and 72 hrs of culture. In addition, a comparative study was carried out on the production of enzymes using wheat as a substrate in nuruk, with liquid starter made from fermented agents according to the same concentrations used with the wheat bran. The pH, acidity, amino acidity, reducing sugar content and enzyme activity (${\alpha}$-amylase, glucoamylase, acidic protease) of wheat nuruk made with liquid starter were compared with those of wheat nuruk made with solid starter. The results suggest that the liquid starter is superior in both cases.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 2009

Ginseng saponins (a secondary metabolite, termed ginsenosides) are the principal bioactive ingredients of ginseng, and modification of the sugar chains may markedly change the its biological activity. One of soil bacteria having $\beta$-glucosidase (to transform ginsenoside $Rb_1$) activity was isolated from soil of a ginseng field in Daejeon. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that the isolate belonged to the genus Cellulosimicrobium, with highest sequence similarity (99.7%) to Cellulosimicrobium funkei ATCC BAA-$886^T$. The strain, Gsoil 235, could transform ginsenoside $Rb_1$ into Rd, $Rg_3$ and 3 of un-known ginsenosides by the analyses of TLC, HPLC. By investigating its deglycosylation progress, the optimal broth for, $\beta$-glucosidase was nutrient broth (In 48 hours, almost ginsenoside $Rb_1$ could be transformed into minor ginsenosides). On the contrary, the optimal broth for growth was determined as trypic soy broth (TSB).