• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.893-901
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• 2018

Influenza viruses that cause recurrent seasonal epidemics to humans can be controlled with vaccine and antiviral therapy. However, the medical treatments often exhibit limited efficacy in the elderly or immunosuppressed individuals. In these cases, daily uptake of probiotics may be an option to bring in health benefits against influenza. Here, we demonstrate the effects of probiotics Lactobacillus plantarum (Lp) and Leuconostoc mesenteroides (Lm) against seasonal and avian influenza viruses. As assessed by the plaque size reduction of human H1N1 and avian influenza H7N9 viruses, including green fluorescent protein-tagged H1N1 strain in cells, the selected Lp and Lm strains restrained viral replication in mouse lungs with statistical significance. Against lethal viral challenge, the Lp and Lm strains exhibited their beneficial effects by increasing the mean days and rates of survival of the infected mice. These results suggest that, despite rather narrow ranges of protective efficacy, the dietary supplement of Lactobacillus and Leuconostoc probiotics may promote health benefits against influenza.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.128-133
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• 2000

This study was designed to verify the efficacy of garlic extracts for protecting the infecton of influenza and Japanese B encephalitis virus. Influenza virus (AO/PR8 strain) and Japanese B encephalitis virus (JaGAr O1 strain) were used to attack mouse through nasal route and each vaccines were injected subcutaneously. 0.002 and 0.2 mL/day of garlic extracts were orally administered to mice. The blood and serum samples were taken from the mice to measure LD50, Defense Index (DI), virus-neutralizing antibody for comparing virus influence inhibiting activities. Defense indices of the male and female mice were not significantly different at every experiment. Vaccination effectively inhibited the influence of influenza virus and 0.002 mL/day garlic extract (0.55$\pm$0.05) resulted in significantly higher DI than the control (0$\pm$0.05) (p<0.05). Although 0.002 mL/day garlic extract (0.55$\pm$0.05) resulted in significantly lower DI than the vaccination (1.10$\pm$0.05), 0.2 mL/day garlic extract (2.05$\pm$0.05) resulted in 10 times higher DI than the vaccination (1.10$\pm$0.05). Garlic extract did not affect DI in Japanese B encephalitis virus influence of the vaccinated mouse, but significantly reduced DI of the non-vaccinated mouse (p<0.05). Garlic extracts did not affect the production of the neutralizing antibody against influenza by vaccination. However, neutralizing antibody production of Japanese B encephalitis was accelerated by vaccination. Consequently, the current study proved the efficacy of garlic on inhibition of influenza virus. Finally, it is very hard to show the higher preventing effect on flu through ingestion of garlic as a food than vaccination.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.99-104
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• 2021

In this study, we investigated safety and efficacy of a low temperature immunization protocol with NNV in red spotted grouper, Epinephelus akaara and long tooth grouper, Epinephelus bruneus and seven band grouper, Hyporthodus septemfasciatus. Further, growth rate between immunized and naïve fish was evaluated during the experiment to check side effect of immunization. Three grouper species were immunized by immersion method with live NNV at 10^5.0 TCID₅₀/mL at 16.5℃ for 30 min and reared for 120 days at natural sea water temperature. To evaluate growth rate, total length and wet weight was measured 7 times after immunization. Immunized three grouper species were challenged by intramuscular inoculation with NNV at 10^4.2 TCID₅₀/100 µL/fish. Immunization at low temperature with live NNV did not show any clinical symptoms of infection, mortality and inhibition of growth. After challenge, cumulative mortality of naïve seven band grouper, red spotted grouper, long tooth grouper were 45, 10, 20 %, respectively. However no mortality was observed at immunized groupers. Thus, it was demonstrated that immunization at low temperature with live NNV are able to protect three different species of groupers without inhibition of growth.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.159-166
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• 2003

목 적 : 폐구균은 비인두에 존재하는 정상균주이나 중이염 등의 국소 감염 뿐 아니라 폐렴, 뇌수막염, 패혈증 등의 침습성 질환을 유발하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 최근 전 세계적으로 다제내성 폐구균이 증가하는 추세를 보여 큰 문제가 되고 있는바 이에 저자들은 폐구균의 혈청형과 항생제 감수성을 검사하고, 향후 시행될 폐구균 예방접종의 효용성 등을 예측해 보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 2001년 9월부터 2003년 1월까지 연세의료원에 내원한 환자 중 배양 검사상 폐구균이 검출된 116명을 대상으로 하였다. 폐구균의 혈청형 검사는 Quellung 반응을 통해 결정하였고, 페니실린 내성 여부는 oxacillin 디스크 확산법으로 판정하였다. 결 과 : 폐구균은 객담 76례(65.5%), 혈액 13례(11.2%), 이루 12례(10.3%), 인두 7례(6.0%), 비강 2례(1.7%), 뇌척수액, 안구분비물, 복수, 수술 후 창상부위, 두부 농양, 도관 각 1례(0.9%)로 총 116례에서 배양되었으며, 98례에서 혈청형 검사가 가능하였다. 분리된 혈청형을 살펴보면 19F 15례(15.3%), 19A 11례(11.2%), 11A 8례(8.2%), 6A, 14와 3이 각 7례(7.1%), 6B, 23F와 35가 각 6례(6.1%)의 순이었다. 총 116례 중 82례(70.7%)에서 페니실린 내성을 보였으며, 페니실린 내성균주의 혈청형은 19F, 19A, 11A, 23F, 6A, 9V등이 49례(59.8%)를 차지하였고, cotrimoxazole(74.4%), tetracycline(69.5%), erythromycin(90.3%) 등의 다른 항생제에도 높은 내성률을 보였다. 소아 환자 22례 중 20례에서 혈청형 분석이 가능하였고, 19A, 19F가 각 5례(25.0%), 6A, 6B, 23F가 각 2례(10.0%), 11A, 14, 19, 29가 각 1례(5.0%)를 차지하여 7가 폐구균 단백결합백신에 포함되는 혈청형이 50%(10/20), 백신관련 혈청형을 포함하여 85%(17/20)이었으며, 22례 중 86.4%(19/22)에서 페니실린 내성을 보였다. 결 론 : 이전의 보고에 비해 백신포함 혈청형의 빈도가 약간 낮은 소견을 보였으며, 최근 일부 폐구균 혈청형의 변화가 보고되고 있는 바 7가 폐구균 단백결합 백신의 상용화에 앞서 전국적인 폐구균 혈청형의 조사가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제21권12호
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• pp.1264-1269
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• 2011

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a vital cytokine secreted by activated T lymphocytes, and plays an important role in the regulation of cellular functions and immunity of animals. In this study, the recombinant duck IL-2 (rduIL-2) was secretory expressed in Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris). The recombinant P. pastoris strain was cultured in shake flasks and then scaled up in a 5.0-l bioreactor. The result showed that the maximal fresh-cell-weight of 594.1 g/l and the maximal $OD_{600}$ of 408 were achieved in the bioreactor. The rduIL-2 was purified by two steps of purification procedures, and approximately 311 mg of rduIL-2/L fermentation supernatant was obtained. SDS-PAGE showed that the purified rduIL-2 constituted a homogeneous band of ~16 kDa or ~14 kDa corresponding to the glycosylated or non-glycosylated duIL-2 protein in size, respectively. The bioactivity of rduIL-2 was determined by lymphocyte proliferation assay. The result indicated that the rduIL-2 greatly promoted the proliferation of ConA-stimulated lymphocytes in vitro. The P. pastoris expression system described here could provide promising, inexpensive, and large-scale production of the rduIL-2, which lays the foundation for development of novel immunoadjuvants to enhance both the immunity of ducks against various infectious pathogens and vaccine efficacy.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.98-103
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• 2009

The potential utility of the rockbream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) $\beta$-actin 5'-upstream sequence as a regulatory element for DNA vaccination was evaluated based on in vitro and in vivo heterologous expression assays. In the in vitro transfection experiment, the efficacy of the rockbream $\beta$-actin promoter to drive the expression of a downstream lacZ gene was significantly higher (more than fourfold) than that of the human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) promoter in two fish cell lines (grunt Haemulon plumierii fin and bluegill Lepomis macrochirus fry cell lines). In contrast, the functional activity of the rockbream $\beta$-actin promoter was hardly detectable in a mammalian mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line. Rockbream skeletal muscles injected in vivo with a GFP reporter construct driven by the $\beta$-actin promoter displayed the significantly higher expression of a GFP protein (more than threefold) than did those injected with hCMV promoter driven construct. Data from this study suggest that the homologous rockbream $\beta$-actin promoter could be used as a potential regulator for DNA vaccination in this species.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.5-12
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• 2003

Influenza virus is a major cause of respiratory infection in the epidemic season. Especially, the elderly with underlying health problems are at increased risk for complications of influenza. The objective of this study was to investigate that influenza vaccination can reduce the hospital admission rate related to the respiratory diseases. This study was a retrospective study of two age groups, who are the healthy children aged 6 months to 9 years (n=237) and the adults aged over 20 years with respiratory disease (n=327). The vaccinated groups were compared to the controls that were matched in sex and age. The children were vaccinated in winter season of 1995-96 and the adults were vaccinated in 1996-97. The efficacy of influenza vaccine was evaluated with the number of outpatient visits in children group, the admission rate and the mean admission days in both children and adult group. As results, there were not significant differences between the vaccinated and the control group of children. In the elderly over 61 years, however, the influenza vaccination can reduce the admission rate $(8.9\%\;vs.\;25.6\%,\;p<0.05)$ and the mean admission days (1.3 vs. 3.8 days, p<0.05) compared to the control. In conclusion, influenza vaccination can effectively reduce the events related to respiratory infection in the elderly than the children. The elderly should be recommended for influenza vaccination.

• 생약학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.196-203
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• 1989

Experimental studies were conducted to investigate the effect of Sagan-Tang on analgesic, sedative, antipyretic, isolated ileum and blood vessel and so on. The results of this investigation were summarized as follows; Analgesic action by the acetic acid stimulating method in mice were recognized. Prolonging action against the hypnotic duration induced by thiopental-Na was noted in mice. Antipyretic effect in typhoid vaccine febrile rats was recognized. Spontaneous motility of the isolated ileum of mice was suppressed and contractions of the isolated ileum of mice and guinea-pig induced by accetylcholine chloride, barium chloride and histamine were remarkably inhibited. Vaso-diating and hypotensive actions were recognized in rabbits. GOT and GPT activities in the serum of rats damaged by $CCl_4$ and galactosamine were decreased remarkably.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.41-47
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• 2023

The rapid development of mRNA vaccines has contributed to the management of the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, suggesting that this technology may be used to manage future outbreaks of infectious diseases. Because the antigens targeted by mRNA vaccines can be easily altered by simply changing the sequence present in the coding region of mRNA structures, it is more appropriate to develop vaccines, especially during rapidly developing outbreaks of infectious diseases. In addition to allowing rapid development, mRNA vaccines have great potential in inducing successful antigen-specific immunity by expressing target antigens in cells and simultaneously triggering immune responses. Indeed, the two COVID-19 mRNA vaccines approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration have shown significant efficacy in preventing infections. The ability of mRNAs to produce target proteins that are defective in specific diseases has enabled the development of options to treat intractable diseases. Clinical applications of mRNA vaccines/therapeutics require strategies to safely deliver the RNA molecules into targeted cells. The present review summarizes current knowledge about mRNA vaccines/ therapeutics, their clinical applications, and their delivery strategies.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.12-24
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• 2024

본세계적으로 소아 코로나바이러스 감염 2019 (COVID-19) 환자 수가 질병 초기와 비교하여 증가하고 있으며, 이는 고도로 전염성이 있는 중증 급성 호흡기 증후군 코로나바이러스 변이와 성인 COVID-19 백신 접종 증가와 관련이 있다. 본 연구는 청소년 대상 COVID-19 백신 접종의 무작위 임상시험 (randomized controlled trial, RCT) 후향적 관찰연구를 대상으로 신속 체계적 문헌고찰과 메타 분석을 수행했다. 체계적 문헌고찰 결과, 17개의 연구가 최종적으로 포함되었다. 메타 분석 결과, 청소년 대상 예방접종은 후향적 관찰 연구에서 COVID-19 감염을 예방하는 데 유의미하게 효과적이었으나 (risk ratio [RR], 0.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.22-0.37; I²=100%), RCT보다 COVID-19 감염을 예방하는 효과가 낮았다 (RR, 0.05; 95% CI, 0.01-0.27). 5개의 후향적 관찰 연구에서, 국민 10만 명당 심근염 및/또는 심낭염 비율은 2.33명 (95% CI, 0.97-5.61 명)이었다. 성별 및 백신 접종 횟수에 따른 하위 그룹 분석 결과, 남성 (국민 10만 명당 5.35 명) 및 두 번째 접종 (국민 10만 명당 9.71명)은 여성 (국민 10만 명당 1.09명) 및 첫 번째 접종 (국민 10만 명당 1.61명)보다 심근염 및/또는 심낭염 발생률이 유의하게 높았다. 본 연구에서는 청소년을 대상으로 mRNA COVID-19 백신을 접종하는 것은 RCT 및 관찰연구 모두에서 COVID-19에 대해 효과적이었다. 또한 청소년 대상 BNT162b2 백신의 안전성 결과를 탐색하였으며, 성별 및 백신 접종 횟수에 따른 안전성의 차이를 확인했다. 향후 mRNA COVID-19 예방접종 후 부작용 발생은 계속 모니터링할 필요가 있다.