• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.11-23
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• 2004

It is easy to access to the infinity information and programs, but it gives rise to the side effect. There are many side effects(ex. Hacking, Cracking, expose the personal information, etc). Nowadays, the computer virus raise the serious problems. The making program called Vaccine is work out a count measure. The Anti-Virus programs install on the client side computer and upgrade by downloading on the server's signature, the latest date, the program bound both of them is shown, but these programs have the defect that they have no remote control and no signature update because user's unconcern, This paper reported the research of existing virus infecting technology and the development of Web based Anti-Virus Scanner using the remote control on the internet server. Through this paper, I want to set up the counter measure for new virus easily, and to make more fast the vaccine for virus.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.253-260
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• 2002

Fowl red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae, is the most important ectoparasite affecting egg layers worldwide. More than 35 compounds have been used for fowl red mite control. Although some of them are efficient, several compounds are unsuitable in terms of food safety and environmental problems. Some compounds are efficient in theory but inadequate in practice. It is also expensive in material and labor to control effectively. Effective doses are very close to toxic doses and repeated treatment is required. Repeated, long term treatment of compounds on fowl red mite populations, may cause heritable resistance against the mites. In this study, antigenicity of fowl red mite and house dust mite, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, were identified by SDS-PAGE, silver staining, Western blotting and ELISA to investigate immune effects against fowl red mite using somatic antigens of fowl red mite and house dust mite. By SDS-PAGE, silver staining and Western blotting, several common antigens (110, 60, 56, 49, 46 kDa) of both fowl red mite and house dust mite were recognized. To identify immune effect of somatic antigens of fowl red mite and house dust mite, sixty white leghorn broilers(1 week old) were used. Among sixty white leghorn broilers, twenty were immunized with fowl red mite somatic antigens(Group I), twenty immunized with house dust mite antigens(Group II), and twenty were control group without antigen(Group III), respectively. After immunization, it was identified that antibody titers were increased both in group and II. Then all groups were challenged with fowl red mites. After 2 months, measurements of body weights, packed cell volume(PCV), ELISA OD values and numbers of mites were significant(p<0.05). These results suggest that fowl red mite and house dust mite, which are easy to collect and maintain, can be good vaccine candidates against fowl red mite in chicken.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.2060-2069
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• 2017

Newcastle disease is a serious infectious disease in the poultry industry. The commercial vaccines can only offer limited protection and some of them are expensive and need adjuvants. At present, DNA vaccines are widely used. However, the immune responses induced by DNA vaccines are too slow and low. Here, we constructed the transfer vectors with a different number of C3d as molecular adjuvants (n = 1, 2, 4, or 6), and the vectors were cloned into the optimal eukaryotic expression plasmid (pVAXI-optiF) that expressed the F gene of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), and named pVAXI-F(o)-C3d1, pVAXI -F(o)-C3d2, pVAXI-F(o)-C3d4, and pVAXI-F(o)-C3d6, respectively. Cell transfection test indicated that pVAXI-F(o)-C3d6 showed the highest expression. In vivo immunization showed that the chickens immunized with pVAXI-F(o)-C3d6 intramuscularly induced better immune responses than the chickens immunized with the other plasmids. The protective efficacy of pVAXI-F(o)-C3d6 was 80% after challenge with the highly virulent NDV strain F48E9. The results in this study showed that C3d6 could be used as a molecular adjuvant to quickly induce an effective immune response to control NDV.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.738-742
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• 1999

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) vaccination on performance of broiler chicks for five weeks. Two types of poultry houses and three patterns of vaccination ($NDV^-/IBDV^-$, $NDV^+/IBDV^-$ and $NDV^+/IBDV^+$) were factorially assigned to six treatments. NDV, B1 strain and IBDV, Bursin-2 vaccine were orally administered at 5, 14 and 7, 18 days, respectively. Forty eight hundred chicks were grouped into four replications with two hundnyd hybro $\times$ hybro chicks per each treatment. Weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), mortality and product index were surveyed at the end of experiment. Bursa index and IBDV antibody titer of chicks were weekly measured. Weight gain of chicks vaccinated with $NDV^+/IBDV^+$ was significantly increased compared to that of other treatments at both window and windowless poultry houses (p<0.05). Chicks vaccinated with $NDV^+/IBDV^+$ also showed significantly improving the FCR and mortality compared to those of other treatments at both poultry houses (p<0.05). The bursa indecies of both poultry houses were high from one-day- to three-weeks-old, but were low for the rest of two weeks. IBDV antibody of all chicks was detected 100% by agar gel precipitation (AGP) test at one day old, but was not detected in $NDV^-/IBDV^-$ and $NDV^+/IBDV^-$ treatments at four weeks old. However, it showed 100% in $NDV^+/IBDV^+$ treatment. Antibody titer using ELISA showed similar trend to that of AGP test. The results of this experiment confirmed that IBDV and NDV combined vaccine significantly improved the performance of broiler chicks.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.155-165
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• 1985

Effects of binary ethylenimine (BEI) treatment on the inactivation of infectivity and hemagglutinin of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were studied in comparison with those of formalin treatment. Immune responses of chickens vaccinated with BEI-inactivated NDV vaccines were also investigated. The results were summarized as followings; 1. Complete loss of infectivity of NDV (Bl) was observed at 3, 7, and 24 hours after the treatment at $37^{\circ}C$ with BEI concentrations of 0.01M, 0.005M and 0.001M, respectively. 2. The hemagglutinin activity of NDV (Bl) remained constant when treated with 0.01M BEI at $37^{\circ}C$. However, it gradually decreased when treated with 0.1% or 0.2% formalin at $37^{\circ}C$. 3. When 4-week-old chickens were vaccinated with NDV vaccines prepared from Bl or Miyadera strains of NDV, inactivated with 0.1M BEI and adsorbed to aluminium hydroxide gel, favorable immune responses were observed throughout the 8 weeks of observation period. 4. When these chickens were revaccinated at 8 weeks after the first vaccination, strong anamnestic responses were evoked and the immunity maintained for 4 weeks of the observation. Though slightly bettor immune responses were observed after primary vaccination in chickens vaccinated with Bl vaccine compared with those vaccinated with Miyadera vaccine, the differences were not significant. 5. On the electron microscopy, BEI (0.01M) gave least effect to the envelope as well as capsid of NDV.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.226-232
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• 2006

Swarming has proven to be a good in vitro model for bacterial surface adherence and colonization, and the swarming differentiation of a bacterium has been shown to be coupled with changes in the expression of virulence factors associated with its invasiveness, particularly in the early stages of infection. In this study, we attempted to determine whether the expression of vvhA, which encodes for hemolysin/cytolysin (VvhA), is either upregulated or downregulated during the swarming differentiation of V. vulnificus. The insertional inactivation of vvhA itself exerted no detectable effect on the expression of V. vulnificus swarming motility. However, in our lacZ-fused vvhA transcriptional reporter assay, vvhA expression decreased in swarming V. vulnificus as compared to non-swarming or planktonic V. vulnificus. The reduced expression of vvhA in swarming V. vulnificus increased as a result of the deletional inactivation of luxS, a gene associated with quorum sensing. These results show that vvhA expression in swarming V. vulnificus is downregulated via the activity of the LuxS quorum-sensing system, suggesting that VvhA performs no essential role in the invasiveness of V. vulnificus via the adherence to and colonization on the body surfaces required in the early stages of the infection. However, VvhA may playa significant role in the pathophysiological deterioration occurring after swarming V. vulnificus is differentiated into planktonic V. vulnificus.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.43.1-43.13
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• 2024

Importance: Haemaphysalis longicornis is an obligate blood-sucking ectoparasite that has gained attention due its role of transmitting medically and veterinary significant pathogens and it is the most common tick species in Republic of Korea. The preferred strategy for controlling ticks is a multi-antigenic vaccination. Testing the efficiency of a combination antigen is a promising method for creating a tick vaccine. Objective: The aim of the current research was to analyze the role of subolesin and enolase in feeding and reproduction of H. longicornis by gene silencing. Methods: In this study, we used RNA interference to silence salivary enolase and subolesin in H. longicornis. Unfed female ticks injected with double-stranded RNA targeting subolesin and enolase were attached and fed normally on the rabbit's ear. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to confirm the extent of knockdown. Results: Ticks in the subolesin or enolase dsRNA groups showed knockdown rates of 80% and 60% respectively. Ticks in the combination dsRNA (subolesin and enolase) group showed an 80% knockdown. Knockdown of subolesin and enolase resulted in significant depletion in feeding, blood engorgement weight, attachment rate, and egg laying. Silencing of both resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in tick engorgement, egg laying, egg hatching (15%), and reproduction. Conclusions and Relevance: Our results suggest that subolesin and enolase are an exciting target for future tick control strategies.

• Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.97-106
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• 2023

Purpose: Rabies is a fatal but preventable disease with proper pre-exposure anti-rabies vaccination (ARV). Dogs, as household pets and strays, are the reservoir and vector of the disease, and dog bites have been associated with human rabies cases in Sri Lanka over the past few years. However, other susceptible species having frequent contact with humans may be a source of infection. One such species is sheep and immunity following ARV has never been tested in sheep reared in Sri Lanka. Materials and Methods: We have tested serum samples from sheep reared in the Animal Centre, Medical Research Institute of Sri Lanka for the presence of anti-rabies antibodies following ARV. Sheep serum samples were tested with Bio-Pro Rabies enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antibody kits used for the first time in Sri Lanka and our results were verified by a seroneutralization method on cells (fluorescent antibody virus neutralization, FAVN test) currently recommended by World Organization for Animal Health and World Health Organization. Results: Sheep received annual ARV and maintained high neutralizing antibody titers in their serum. No maternal antibodies were detected in lamb around 6 months of age. Agreement between the ELISA and FAVN test, i.e., coefficient concordance was 83.87%. Conclusion: Annual vaccination in sheep has an effect on maintaining adequate protection against rabies by measurements of anti-rabies antibody response. Lambs need to be vaccinated earlier than 6 months of age to achieve protective levels of neutralizing antibodies in their serum. Introducing this ELISA in Sri Lanka will be a good opportunity to determine the level of anti-rabies antibodies in animal serum samples.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.5.1-5.22
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• 2021

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has developed as a pandemic, and it created an outrageous effect on the current healthcare and economic system throughout the globe. To date, there is no appropriate therapeutics or vaccines against the disease. The entire human race is eagerly waiting for the development of new therapeutics or vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Efforts are being taken to develop vaccines at a rapid rate for fighting against the ongoing pandemic situation. Amongst the various vaccines under consideration, some are either in the preclinical stage or in the clinical stages of development (phase-I, -II, and -III). Even, phase-III trials are being conducted for some repurposed vaccines like Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, polio vaccine, and measles-mumps-rubella. We have highlighted the ongoing clinical trial landscape of the COVID-19 as well as repurposed vaccines. An insight into the current status of the available antigenic epitopes for SARS-CoV-2 and different types of vaccine platforms of COVID-19 vaccines has been discussed. These vaccines are highlighted throughout the world by different news agencies. Moreover, ongoing clinical trials for repurposed vaccines for COVID-19 and critical factors associated with the development of COVID-19 vaccines have also been described.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.12
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• pp.1576-1586
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• 2023

Vaccination is the most effective method for preventing the spread of the influenza virus. Cell-based influenza vaccines have been developed to overcome the disadvantages of egg-based vaccines and their production efficiency has been previously discussed. In this study, we investigated whether treatment with forskolin (FSK), an adenylyl cyclase activator, affected the output of a cell-based influenza vaccine. We found that FSK increased the propagation of three influenza virus subtypes (A/H1N1/California/4/09, A/H3N2/Mississippi/1/85, and B/Shandong/7/97) in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Interestingly, FSK suppressed the growth of MDCK cells. This effect could be a result of protein kinase A (PKA)-Src axis activation, which downregulates extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 activity and delays cell cycle progression from G1 to S. This delay in cell growth might benefit the binding and entry of the influenza virus in the early stages of viral replication. In contrast, FSK dramatically upregulated ERK1/2 activity via the cAMP-PKA-Raf-1 axis at a late stage of viral replication. Thus, increased ERK1/2 activity might contribute to increased viral ribonucleoprotein export and influenza virus propagation. The increase in viral titer induced by FSK could be explained by the action of cAMP in assisting the entry and binding of the influenza virus. Therefore, FSK addition to cell culture systems could help increase the production efficiency of cell-based vaccines against the influenza virus.