• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 1981

A comparative study was conducted to evaluate the relationship of investing medium to the amount of vertical occlusal changes and to the differences of surface smoothness during denture construction. Three groups of 20 dentures, 30 sets of upper and lower were fabricated of conventional heatcuring acrylic denture base resin, using silicone-gypsum molding techniques, with or without covering the occlusal surfaces of the teeth by artificial stone and all-gypsum molding techniques. The distance between the two reference points indented by 1/2 round bur on the upper and lower frontal surfaces of each articulator were measured and recorded before processing and again after processing and remounting of each denture on the articulator. The differences between the two recordings indicated the amount of vertical opening during denture processing. The difference of surface smoothness were investigated and determined by 3 observers continual comparing of the two randomly selected dentures with each other, which were seperately selected as pairs from the different two groups of 20. The results obtained were as follows: 1. During resin processing no statistically significant differences of the amount of vertical occlusal changes were detected between any of the two groups of two silicone-gypsum and one allgypsum molding techniques, although the amount of vertical opening was somewhat increased when silicone-gypsum molding technique was used. 2. Surface smoothness of the processed denture was makedly by increased when silicone-gypsum molding technique was used.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.41-45
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• 1987

In this paper, we give several fixed point theorems in a complete metric space for two multi-valued mappings commuting with two single-valued mappings. In fact, our main theorems show the existence of solutions of functional equations f($\chi$)=g($\chi$)$\in$S$\chi$∩T$\chi$ and $\chi$=f($\chi$)=g($\chi$)$\in$S$\chi$∩T$\chi$ under certain conditions. We also answer an open question proposed by Rhoades-Singh-Kulsherestha. Throughout this paper, let (X, d) be a complete metric space. We shall follow the following notations : CL(X) = {A; A is a nonempty closed subset of X}, CB(X)={A; A is a nonempty closed and founded subset of X}, C(X)={A; A is a nonempty compact subset of X}, For each A, B$\in$CL(X) and $\varepsilon$>0, N($\varepsilon$, A) = {$\chi$$\in$X; d($\chi$, ${\alpha}$) < $\varepsilon$ for some ${\alpha}$$\in$A}, E$\sub$A, B/={$\varepsilon$ > 0; A⊂N($\varepsilon$ B) and B⊂N($\varepsilon$, A)}, and (equation omitted). Then H is called the generalized Hausdorff distance function fot CL(X) induced by a metric d and H defined CB(X) is said to be the Hausdorff metric induced by d. D($\chi$, A) will denote the ordinary distance between $\chi$$\in$X and a nonempty subset A of X. Let R$\^$+/ and II$\^$+/ denote the sets of nonnegative real numbers and positive integers, respectively, and G the family of functions ${\Phi}$ from (R$\^$+/)$\^$s/ into R$\^$+/ satisfying the following conditions: (1) ${\Phi}$ is nondecreasing and upper semicontinuous in each coordinate variable, and (2) for each t>0, $\psi$(t)=max{$\psi$(t, 0, 0, t, t), ${\Phi}$(t, t, t, 2t, 0), ${\Phi}$(0, t, 0, 0, t)} $\psi$: R$\^$+/ \longrightarrow R$\^$+/ is a nondecreasing upper semicontinuous function from the right. Before sating and proving our main theorems, we give the following lemmas:

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.65-70
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• 2016

PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare the electromyography (EMG) activity for the middle deltoid (MD) and upper trapezius (UT) muscles in various shoulder abduction angles in patients with adhesive capsulitis (AC). METHODS: A total of 15 subjects participated in the study: 6 without AC (control group) and 9 with AC (AC group). The muscle activities of the UT and MD were measured using EMG during maximal static shoulder abductions in both groups. Each subject performed three repetitions of horizontal abduction at $0^{\circ}$, $30^{\circ}$, $60^{\circ}$, and $90^{\circ}$ of the shoulder abduction angle in a sitting position. The measurement data from the middle 3-seconds of the 5-second periods were used. The mean value of three separate sets of measurements was used in the data analysis. For each muscle, independent t-tests were performed to determine group differences. A measured repeated-measures ANOVA was performed using Bonferroni's post-hoc test. RESULTS: The muscle activity of the UT was significantly greater in the AC group; than in the control group (p<.05). The muscle activity of the MD was significantly lower in the AC group; than in the control group (p<.05). The greatest level of muscle activity for both the MD and UT was demonstrated at the $0-60^{\circ}$ and $0-90^{\circ}$ of shoulder abduction angles in the AC group. CONCLUSION: These findings showed that low muscle activation of the MD may contribute to hyperactivity of the UT during shoulder abduction in AC patients.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.901-906
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• 2009

This paper proposes a call admission control(CAC) method for wireless networks, which is based on the upper bound of a possibility distribution of handoff calls dropping rates. The possibility distribution is estimated in a fuzzy inference and a learning algorithm in neural network. The learning algorithm is considered for tuning the membership functions(then parts)of fuzzy rules for the inference. The fuzzy inference method is based on a weighted average of fuzzy sets. The proposed method can avoid estimating excessively large handoff calls dropping rates, and makes possibile self-compensation in real time for the case where the estimated values are smaller than real values. So this method makes secure CAC, thereby guaranteeing the allowed CDR. From simulation studies we show that the estimation performance for the upper bound of call dropping rate is good, and then handoff call dropping rates in CAC are able to be sustained below user's desired value.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.959-982
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• 2015

In this study, a non-stationary random earthquake Clough-Penzien model is used to describe earthquake ground motion. Using stochastic direct integration in combination with an equivalent linear method, a solution is established to describe the non-stationary response of lead-rubber bearing (LRB) system to a stochastic earthquake. Two parameters are used to develop an optimization method for bearing design: the post-yielding stiffness and the normalized yield strength of the isolation bearing. Using the minimization of the maximum energy response level of the upper structure subjected to an earthquake as an objective function, and with the constraints that the bearing failure probability is no more than 5% and the second shape factor of the bearing is less than 5, a calculation method for the two optimal design parameters is presented. In this optimization process, the radial basis function (RBF) response surface was applied, instead of the implicit objective function and constraints, and a sequential quadratic programming (SQP) algorithm was used to solve the optimization problems. By considering the uncertainties of the structural parameters and seismic ground motion input parameters for the optimization of the bearing design, convex set models (such as the interval model and ellipsoidal model) are used to describe the uncertainty parameters. Subsequently, the optimal bearing design parameters were expanded at their median values into first-order Taylor series expansions, and then, the Lagrange multipliers method was used to determine the upper and lower boundaries of the parameters. Moreover, using a calculation example, the impacts of site soil parameters, such as input peak ground acceleration, bearing diameter and rubber shore hardness on the optimization parameters, are investigated.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2020

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the immediate effects of intervention using neuromuscular control, self-stretching (SS), and neck stabilization exercises (NSEs) on neck pain, range of motion (ROM), and proprioception of position sense in adults with neck discomfort. Design: Three-group pretest-posttest design. Methods: Forty-four adults who complained of neck pain participated in the experiment. They were randomly assigned to the following groups: neuromuscular control exercise (NMCE) group (n=15), SS group (n=14) and NSE group (n=15). The NMCE group did rolling with only upper limb pattern on both sides. The SS group performed neck stretching on each side, 3 sets of 30 seconds for each muscle. The NSE group had the pressure biofeedback applied with increases in pressure by 2 mmHg at a time from 20-30 mmHg while in the hook-lying position. All groups performed exercises for 10 minutes. Neck pain, ROM, and proprioception were measured to determine differences between the intervention methods. Results: Intra-group comparisons showed significant improvement after exercise in pain, ROM, and proprioception in the NMC group (p<0.05). In the comparison between groups, the NMC group had a significant decrease in pain compared to the other two groups (p<0.05). There was no difference in ROM between the groups but the NMC group showed significant improvement in left rotation compared to the stabilization exercise group (p<0.05). For proprioception, the NMC group had significantly lower error than the other two groups (p<0.05). Conclusions: NMCEs through upper extremity pattern rolling exercise is effective in improving neck pain, ROM, and proprioception.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.184-197
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• 2015

This paper builds on a recent method, chain routing with even energy consumption (CREEC), for designing a wireless sensor network with chain topology and for scheduling the communication to ensure even average energy consumption in the network. In here a new suboptimal design is proposed and compared with the CREEC design. The chain topology in CREEC is reconfigured after each group of n converge-casts with the goal of making the energy consumption along the new paths between the nodes in the chain as even as possible. The new method described in this paper designs a single near-optimal Hamiltonian circuit, used to obtain multiple chains having only the terminal nodes different at different converge-casts. The advantage of the new scheme is that for the whole life of the network most of the communication takes place between same pairs of nodes, therefore keeping topology reconfigurations at a minimum. The optimal scheduling of the communication between the network and base station in order to maximize network lifetime, given the chosen minimum length circuit, becomes a simple linear programming problem which needs to be solved only once, at the initialization stage. The maximum lifetime obtained when using any combination of chains is shown to be upper bounded by the solution of a suitable linear programming problem. The upper bounds show that the proposed method provides near-optimal solutions for several wireless sensor network parameter sets.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.235-247
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• 2014

Based on two dimensional model partition method proposed in Part 1, Part 2 provides detailed model specification and implementation. To mathematically delineate a model's behaviors and interactions among them, we extend the DEVS (Discrete Event Systems Specification) formalism and newly propose CE-DEVS (Combat Entity-DEVS) for an upper abstraction sub-model of a combat entity model. The proposed CE-DEVS additionally define two sets and one function to reflect essential semantics for the model's behaviors explicitly. These definitions enable us to understand and represent the model's behaviors easily since they eliminate differences of meaning between real-world expressions and model specifications. For model implementation, upper abstraction sub-models are implemented with DEVSim++, while the lower sub-models are realized using the C++ language. With the use of overall modeling techniques proposed in Part 1 and 2, we can conduct constructive simulation and assess factors about combat logics as well as battle field functions of the next-generation combat entity, minimizing additional modeling efforts. From the anti-torpedo warfare experiment, we can gain interesting experimental results regarding engagement situations employing developing weapons and their tactics. Finally, we expect that this work will serve an immediate application for various engagement warfare.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.371-381
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• 2022

Purpose: Forward head posture (FHP) is known to cause pain, limit range of motion, and reduce quality of life. Joint mobilization is commonly used to correct FHP. However, no study has compared cervical, thoracic, and combined cervical and thoracic joint mobilization for FHP. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the effects of each mobilization technique on range of motion in the sagittal plane and pain in patients with FHP. Methods: Forty-five patients were recruited and randomly divided into three groups: the mobilization group (CM; n = 15), the cervical and thoracic mobilization group (CTM; n = 15), and the thoracic mobilization group (TM; n = 15). Each intervention was performed in sets of three and repeated six times. Range of motion and pain were assessed pre- and post-intervention. The cervical range of motion was evaluated using a goniometer, and pain was evaluated using a visual analogue scale and pain thresholds of the suboccipital and upper trapezius muscles. Results: All groups showed an increase in range of motion post-intervention, but the increase in the CTM group was significantly greater than in the CM and TM groups (p < 0.05). Pain measured using the visual analogue scale decreased in all groups, but the decreases in the CM and CTM groups were significantly greater than in the TM group (p < 0.05). The pain thresholds of the suboccipital and upper trapezius muscles increased in all groups, but the increase in the CTM group was significantly greater than in the CM and TM groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Overall, our findings suggest that CTM may be more effective than CM or TM for improving cervical range of motion in the sagittal plane and pain in patients with FHP.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.241-252
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• 2017

This study aims to evaluate applicability of both online and offline parameter calibration techniques on rainfall-runoff modeling using a conceptual lumped hydrologic model. To achieve the goal, the storage function model was selected and then two different automatic calibration techniques: SCE-UA (offline method) and particle filter (online method) were applied to calibrate the optimal parameter sets for 9 rainfall events in the Cheoncheon catchment, upper area of the Yongdam multi-purpose dam. In order to assess reproducibility of hydrographs from the parameter sets of both techniques, the observed discharge of each event was divided into low flow (below average flow) and high flow (over average flow). The results show that the particle filter method, updating the parameters in real-time, provides more stable reproducibility than the SCE-UA method regardless of low and high flow. The optimal parameters estimated by SCE-UA are very sensitive to the selected objective functions used in this study: RMSE and HMLE. In particular, the parameter sets from RMSE and HMLE demonstrate superior goodness-of-fit values for high flow and low flow periods, respectively.